Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles Research Articles

Preparation and characterization of magnetic ferrite-chitosan nanoparticles delivery for DOX

We propose a novel and simple method prepare chitosan (CS) modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for delivering doxorubicin (DOX), and Mn0.6Zn0.4Gd0.04Fe1.96O4 was chosen as the MNPs. Extensive efforts have been made to create a DOX loaded MNPs/CS composite using acetic acid. The MNPs/CS/DOX nanocomposites analyzed using by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), firstly. Then the factors such as the weight ratios between CS and MNPs, acetic acid concentration, and DOX concentration were studied for their influence on the loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of MNPs/CS. Experiment results revealed that DOX was loaded on the MNPs/CS composite successfully. The DOX ratio loaded on MNPs/CS increased with increasing CS and acetic acid concentration. In vitro release tests demonstrated that the MNPs/CS/DOX released quickly in the initial 48 h, and the remaining drug release was more gradual and continuing for 108 h in three solutions (saline, PBS and pH 5.75 solution). Interestingly, 40 % of the release rate of DOX was maintained up to 168 h in PBS solution at 43℃. These results suggest that MNPs/CS/DOX can sustain release over a much longer period, indicating its potential application in magnetic drug carriers.

Utilization of nanomaterials in accelerating the production process of sustainable biofuels

Around 84 % of the global energy needs are met by fossil fuels, notwithstanding their several drawbacks. Dependence on fossil fuels can be reduced when biofuels become more widely used. Compared to fossil fuel, biofuel is substantially less combustible and derived from renewable resources. Biofuel production from non-edible feedstocks can be enhanced by utilizing nanotechnology. Biofuel research to date has produced promising results, but very few recent studies have underlined the use of nanotechnology to enhance the biofuel production process. This study comprehensively reviews the potential use of nanotechnology in improving biofuel production processes. It also highlights the factors that affect nanomaterial performance in the biofuel production process. The nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles (NPs) are shown to be highly efficient, with harvestingChlorella vulgarisbiomass at an efficiency of 98.75 % in 1 min at pH 7. In terms of cost-effectiveness, naked modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) cost significantly less, ranging from £3-500 to £0.5–108 per kg following nanoparticle reactivation. Due to their toxicity, nanomaterials used in biofuel production systems have several detrimental effects on living organisms, the environment, and the economy. Developing non-toxic nanomaterials, utilizing cheaper nanoparticles, and doing additional research might increase knowledge availability and understanding to address the current issues.

Sulfanilamide Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles for Purification of Carbonic Anhydrase from Bovine Blood.

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been used for purification of specific biomolecules form mixtures. The aim of this study is to develop a new, cheap, reusable, and magnetic-based material to purify the carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme in a short time with high efficiency. In the first part of this study, silica-coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs) were obtained. Surface modification of Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs was accomplished with 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid (PA) and sulfanilamide (SA), respectively. SA is a selective inhibitor of CA, and it selectively binds to CA. The final particle was named Fe3O4@SiO2-PA-SA MNPs and characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, and FT-IR. It was determined that the produced MNPs contained multicore, were smaller than 100nm in size, and had a spherical morphology. The CA was purified from bovine blood hemolysate in a short time such as 2.5h and in a simple manner. The maximum enzyme purifying capacity of MNPs was calculated as 13.87 ± 3.27mg CA/g MNP. SDS-PAGE analysis was confirmed that high CA purification success was achieved.

Hemoglobin-modified nanoparticles for electrochemical determination of haptoglobin: Application in bovine mastitis diagnosis

Mastitis is the most common inflammatory disease in cattle, with an important economic impact on dairy farms and on the animals’ health. Haptoglobin (Hp) has been proposed as a novel and effective biomarker for this disease. This work reports on the fabrication and characterization of novel hemoglobin (Hb)-modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and their application in bovine Hp detection. Firstly, chitosan-modified MNPs (MNPs-Chi) were synthesized and coated with polydopamine (pDA). MNPs-Chi@pDA were then modified with Hb because of its high affinity to Hp. The different stages during the MNPs synthesis and their modifications were evaluated with UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FT-IR, thermogravimetric, electrical impedance and BET analysis. Finally, the MNPs were incorporated as solid support for Hp immobilization, and its further quantification was performed by means of an alkaline phosphatase-based assay with electrochemical detection. To do this, an electroactive substrate (1-naphthyl phosphate) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used for the indirect Hp determination. After the optimization of the main assay parameters such as incubation steps, antibody concentrations, enzymatic reaction time, among others; the Hp biosensing capacity was demonstrated in milk. The strategy presented in this work shows a wide range of detection (25–800 μg mL−1), achieving a limit of detection of 43 ng mL−1. The accuracy of the strategy was determined by recovery assays at four Hp concentrations in spiked milk samples, showing excellent results. The performance of the electrochemical sensing strategy offers an excellent and real alternative as on farm screening method for sub-clinical bovine mastitis detection.

A Simple Strategy of Benzylbenzimidazolium Based Dicationic Ionic Liquids Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles for Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A Simple Strategy of Benzylbenzimidazolium Based Dicationic Ionic Liquids Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles for Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Enhanced Eradication of Bacterial/Fungi Biofilms by Glucose Oxidase-Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles as a Potential Treatment for Persistent Endodontic Infections.

Bacterial/fungal biofilm-mediated persistent endodontic infections (PEIs) are one of the most frequent clinical lesions in the oral cavity, resulting in apical periodontitis and tooth damage caused by loss of minerals. The conventional root canal disinfectants are poorly bio-safe and harmful to teeth and tissues, making them ineffective in treating PEIs. The development of nanomaterials is emerging as a promising strategy to eradicate disease-related bacteria/fungi. Herein, glucose oxidase (GOx)-modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized via a facile and versatile route for investigating their effects on removing PEI-related bacterial/fungal biofilms. It is found that GOx was successfully immobilized on the MNPs by detecting the changes in the diameter, chemical functional group, charge, and magnetic response. Further, we demonstrate that GOx-modified MNPs (GMNPs) exhibit highly effective antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Moreover, the antibacterial/fungal activity of GMNPs is greatly dependent on their concentrations. Importantly, when placed in contact with bacterial/fungal biofilms, the dense biofilm matrix is destructed due to the movement of GMNPs induced by the magnetic field, the formation of reactive oxygen species, and nutrient starvation induced by GOx. Also, the in vitro experiment shows that the as-prepared GMNPs have excellent cytocompatibility and blood compatibility. Thus, GMNPs offer a novel strategy to treat bacteria/fungi-associated PEIs for potential clinical applications.

Pd nanoparticles supported on Fe3O4@SiO2-Schiff base as an efficient magnetically recoverable nanocatalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction

In this work, Pd nanoparticles (Pd-NPs) were decorated on modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and used as an efficient and recyclable catalyst for the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of aryl halides with phenylboronic acid (PhB(OH)2) in a green solvent. The prepared nanocomposite was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometry. All analyses confirmed the successful modification of MNPs and immobilization of Pd on modified MNPs. This catalyst exhibited superior catalytic activity and stability in the suzuki cross-coupling reaction of PhB(OH)2 and aryl halide derivatives. This protocol includes some advantages, such as magnetically reusability of the catalyst, mild experimental conditions, green solvent, excellent yields of the product (52–98%), and short reaction times (4–33 min). The catalyst could be reused for six successive runs without any significant loss of its efficiency.

Evaluating physical changes of iron oxide nanoparticles due to surface modification with oleic acid

The physical characterization of a colloidal system of superficially modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is presented. The system consists of oleic acid-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (OAMNP) suspended in water. A structural analysis is carried out by using standard physical techniques to determine the diameter and shape of the MNPs and also the width of the coating shell. The colloidal stability and the polydispersity index of this ferrofluid are determined by using Zeta potential measurements. Additionally, the magnetic characterization is conducted by obtaining the DC magnetization loops, and the blocking temperatures are determined according to the ZFC–FC protocol. Finally, the values of power absorption density P of the ferrofluid are estimated by using a magneto-calorimetric procedure in a wide range of magnetic field amplitude H and frequency f. The experimental results exhibit spherical-like shape of OAMNP with (20 ± 4) nm in diameter. Due to the use of coating process, the parameters of the magnetization loops and the blocking temperatures are significantly modified. Hence, while the uncoated MNPs show a blocking state of the magnetization, the OAMNP are superparamagnetic above room temperature (300 K). Furthermore, the reached dependence P versus f and P versus H of the ferrofluid with coated MNPs are clearly fitted to linear and quadratic correlations, respectively, showing their accordance with the linear response theory.

Preconcentration of Copper and Lead Using Deep Eutectic Solvent Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles and Determination by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

Preconcentration of Copper and Lead Using Deep Eutectic Solvent Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles and Determination by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

Metal-organic framework-1210(zirconium/cuprum) modified magnetic nanoparticles for solid phase extraction of benzophenones in soil samples

MOF-1210(Zr/Cu) is a new heterometallic cluster-based metal-organic framework material as well as a promising solid phase extraction coating material with ordered spatial structure, permanent high porosity and large specific surface area. In this work, a novel MOF-1210(Zr/Cu) modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was successfully prepared for magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of benzophenones, including 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-3) and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrehydroxybenzophenone (BP-6). The MOF-1210(Zr/Cu)-MNPs were synthesized in one step by a simple solvothermal method and showed high extraction efficiency towards analytes (with enrichment factors of 91–122). The extraction mechanism studies showed that the hydrogen bond interaction and coordination interaction between MOF-1210(Zr/Cu) and BPs played important roles during the extraction process. By coupling with HPLC, the MOF-1210(Zr/Cu)-MNPs-based MSPE-HPLC method showed wide linear range (0.1–300.0 ng·mL−1), good linearity (R ≥ 0.9982), excellent reproducibility (RSD ≤ 3.60%) and remarkable sensitivity (LODs in the range of 0.01–0.02 ng·mL−1). This method was also successfully applied to the extraction and detection of benzophenones in soil samples. Good recoveries were obtained (87.6%–113.8%) with RSDs less than 11.12%, which demonstrated the practicality of the proposed method.

Synthesis of SDS micelles-coated Fe3O4/SiO2 magnetic nanoparticles as an excellent adsorbent for facile removal and concentration of crystal violet from natural water samples

In this research, a simple and rapid method for the separation and preconcentration of trace amounts of crystal violet (CV) from aqueous sample solutions by modified magnetic nano-particles (MNPs) has been developed. The modification of magnetite nanoparticles was conducted by tetra ethoxysilane (TEOS) followed by micelles of anionic surfactant (SDS) to enhance the preconcentration of CV. To characterize the shape and structure of the nanoadsorbent, FT-IR and XRD procedures were used. Also, the average size of the synthesized nanoparticles was achieved between 30 and 40 nm by TEM technique. The effects of some important parameters such as: aqueous solution pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, temperature and desorption conditions on the separation and concentration of CV were investigated. So, under optimal experimental conditions: aqueous solution pH 6, solution temperature = 20 °C, 7 mg of adsorbent, 1 mL of eluent (0.8 mL of acetonitrile + 0.2 mL of acetic acid), the recovery of CV from river water samples was achieved 98.32 ± 0.056% (n = 5) in two short periods of time for extraction (5 min) and elution (2 min). The maximum sorption capacity of the nano-composite was determined to be 16.37 mg/g. Also linear dynamic range and limit of detection were calculated to be 10–2500 ppb and 1.82 ppb, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied for the separation and concentration of CV from the real water samples and the results were satisfied.Graphical abstractUnder optimal conditions, a significant amount of nanocomposite was added to the dye solution. After dye removal in a short time, the nanoadsorbent-containing dye was magnetically separated from the solution and then the adsorbed dye was eluted into low volume of a suitable eluting solution.

Recovery of Bisphenol A by pH-Triggered Magnetic Nanoparticles

Bisphenol A is not only one of the frequent contaminants of industrial wastewater, but also one of the main ingredients in polycarbonate and epoxy resins. This study synthesizes a pH-triggered Fe3O4@mSiO2@DPDES adsorbent for recycling Bisphenol A through adsorption–desorption process. Due to the strong [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] interaction between the phenyl groups in diphenyldiethoxysilane modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and Bisphenol A, absorbance reached 120.17[Formula: see text]mg/g at pH 7, allowing the bisphenol A adsorbed to Fe3O4@mSiO2@DPDES to be trivially separated from aqueous solutions with a magnet. Desorption of the adsorbed bisphenol A in aqueous solution occurred at pH 2, allowing an impressive 95% recovery rate. The durability of the Fe3O4@mSiO2@DPDES adsorbent was tested by repeated separation of bisphenol A from an aqueous solution, with the recovery efficiency remaining greater than 85% after five cycles.

The synthesis, adsorption mechanism and application of polyethyleneimine functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for the analysis of synthetic colorants in candies and beverages

A green and simple method was designed to synthesize polyethyleneimine (PEI)-modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), which were later used as adsorbents in magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) process. A new MSPE-HPLC method was then established for the simultaneous determination of four representative synthetic colorants (Amaranth, Ponceau 4R, Sunset yellow and Allure red) in food samples. Several important factors, such as the pH of the sample solution, the amount of adsorbent, the adsorption time, and the type of the eluent were investigated in detail. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the four colorants were measured with good linearity, detection limit and quantification limit. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms were also investigated to elucidate the adsorption mechanism. The detection of four colorants in candy, jelly and carbonated drink proved that the established MSPE-HPLC method was simple and effective and can be used for the analysis of colorants in real samples.

Polyaniline modified magnetic nanoparticles coated with dicationic ionic liquid for effective removal of rhodamine B (RB) from aqueous solution.

Polyaniline (PANI) modified magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) nanocomposites coated with newly synthesized dicationic ionic liquid (DICAT) forming MNP-PANI-DICAT were successfully synthesized as a potential material for the removal of Rhodamine B (RB) from water samples. The synthesized material was successfully characterized using a few techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Several parameters have been optimized to enhance the efficiency of the removal process. The adsorption kinetics were investigated and the results showed that MNP-PANI-DICAT was best fitted to a pseudo-second order model for the adsorption of RB. As for the isotherm studies, Temkin's model was found to fit well with the adsorption isotherm of RB on MNP-PANI-DICAT. Other than that, thermodynamics results showed negative values of ΔG° for the adsorption of RB, which indicated that the process is thermodynamically feasible, spontaneous and chemically controlled at lower temperature. The negative value of enthalpy ΔH° (−40.41) indicated that the adsorption was an exothermic process. The percentage removal of RB was found to be 94.7% by MNP-PANI-DICAT under optimized conditions.

Light/magnetic hyperthermia triggered drug released from multi-functional thermo-sensitive magnetoliposomes for precise cancer synergetic theranostics

Precise delivery of antineoplastic drugs to specific tumor region has drawn much attention in recent years. Herein, a light/magnetic hyperthermia triggered drug delivery with multiple functionality is designed based on methotrexate (MTX) modified thermo-sensitive magnetoliposomes (MTX-MagTSLs). In this system, MTX and oleic acid modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) can be applied in biological and magnetic targeting. Meanwhile, lipophilic fluorescent dye Cy5.5 and MNPs are encapsulated into the bilayer of liposomes, which can not only achieve dual-imaging effect to verify the MTX-MagTSLs accumulation in tumor region, but also provide an appropriate laser irradiation region to release Doxorubicin (Dox) under alternating magnetic field (AMF). Both in vitro and in vivo results revealed that MTX-MagTSLs possessed an excellent targeting ability towards HeLa cells and HeLa tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, the heating effect of MTX-MagTSLs was amplified 4.2-fold upon combination with AMF and local precise near-infrared laser irradiation (808nm) (DUAL-mode) to rapidly reach the phase change temperature (Tm) of MTX-MagTSLs in 5min compared with either AMF or laser stimulation alone, resulting in a significantly enhanced release of Dox at tumor region and precise cancer synergetic theranostics.

Facile synthesis of carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin conjugated magnetic nanoparticles for selective enrichment of glycopeptides.

Selective enrichment of glycopeptides prior to mass spectrometry (MS) analysis is essential due to the low abundance of the modified glycopeptides in complex samples, ion suppression effects during MS ionization and detection caused by the co-presence of non-glycosylated peptides, etc. Among different enrichment approaches, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-based magnetic separation has become one of the most popular methods in recent years, due to its high efficiency and selectivity for glycopeptide enrichment. Herein, novel carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CMCD)-modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized via a carbodiimide activation method. CMCD was covalently bonded with the -OH group on the surface of MNPs through carbodiimide, and the proposed procedure provides a rapid and efficient alternative for glycopeptide enrichment due to its stable interaction, time-saving, and easy operation. The prepared absorbents with a mean diameter of 15nm demonstrated a strong magnetic response to an externally applied magnetic field. The results of thermogravimetric analysis showed the content of bound CMCD was 3wt%. The outer CMCD layer conjugated on the Fe3 O4 core showed high hydrophilic surface property. In the analysis of a complex mouse liver sample, a total of 666 unique N-glycosylation sites corresponding to 494 glycosylated proteins were identified successfully. The study demonstrated an easy-to-use CMCD-modified MNPs-based approach with high selectivity and high capacity in the enrichment of low-abundance glycopeptides from complex biological samples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Fast and sensitive detection of foodborne pathogen using electrochemical impedance analysis, urease catalysis and microfluidics

Early screening of pathogenic bacteria is a key to prevent and control of foodborne diseases. In this study, we developed a fast and sensitive bacteria detection method integrating electrochemical impedance analysis, urease catalysis with microfluidics and using Listeria as model. The Listeria cells, the anti-Listeria monoclonal antibodies modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), and the anti-Listeria polyclonal antibodies and urease modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were incubated in a fluidic separation chip with active mixing to form the MNP-Listeria-AuNP-urease sandwich complexes. The complexes were captured in the separation chip by applying a high gradient magnetic field, and the urea was injected to resuspend the complexes and hydrolyzed under the catalysis of the urease on the complexes into ammonium ions and carbonate ions, which were transported into a microfluidic detection chip with an interdigitated microelectrode for impedance measurement to determine the amount of the Listeria cells. The capture efficiency of the Listeria cells in the separation chip was ∼93% with a shorter time of 30min due to the faster immuno-reaction using the active magnetic mixing. The changes on both impedance magnitude and phase angle were demonstrated to be able to detect the Listeria cells as low as 1.6×102CFU/mL. The detection time was reduced from original ∼2h to current ∼1h. The recoveries of the spiked lettuce samples ranged from 82.1% to 89.6%, indicating the applicability of this proposed biosensor. This microfluidic impedance biosensor has shown the potential for online, automatic and sensitive bacteria separation and detection.

Adsorption behaviors of DNA by modified magnetic nanoparticles: Effect of spacer and salt

Abstract The isolation of nucleic acid is an essential operation before biochemical and diagnostic processes. Here the adsorption of plasmid DNA and salmon sperm DNA on amine magnetic nanoparticles coated with ligand acridine orange was investigated. Spacers such as 6-bromohexanoic acid, 4-bromobutyric acid, and 2-bromoacetic acid were used to facilitate connection between the magnetic nanoparticles and acridine orange. We carried out adsorption mechanism with a study of adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetics to find out the strong evidence for the influence of electrostatic and intercalating forces which enhance the DNA separation efficiency. The modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were characterized using TEM, SQUID, Zeta potential and FTIR. The maximum adsorption capacity of acridine orange modified MNPs using the 6-bromohexanoic acid as the spacer for plasmid DNA was found to be 181.1 μg mg−1. The addition of 0.5 M CaCl2 in the solution could further enhance the adsorption capacity to 335.8 μg mg−1. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics fitted well to the Langmuir model and the pseudo-first-order model. The acridine orange modified MNPs exhibited very short equilibrium time (2 min) for the adsorption of plasmid DNA and salmon sperm DNA. The facile method could facilitate the development of simple and fast separation of nucleic acid.

Isolation and Immobilization of His-Tagged Alcohol Dehydrogenase on Magnetic Nanoparticles in One Step: Application as Biosensor Platform

His-tagged Alcohol dehydrogenase was produced as a recombinant protein in E. coli. Afterwards, isolation and immobilization of the enzyme was carried in one-step via copper modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) by the effect of interactions between Cu and histidine. The resulting enzyme bound MNPs was then attached to the surface of carbon paste electrode by the magnetic force and used as an electrochemical biosensor for the alcohol sensing applications.

Morphology, structure and function characterization of PEI modified magnetic nanoparticles gene delivery system.

Modified magnetic nanoparticles are used as non-viral gene carriers in biological applications. To achieve successful gene delivery, it is critical that nanoparticles effectually assemble with nucleic acids. However, relatively little work has been conducted on the assemble mechanisms between nanoparticles and DNA, and its effects on transfection efficiency. Using biophysical and biochemical characterization, along with Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we investigate the morphologies, assembling structures and gene delivering abilities of the PEI modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) gene delivery system. In this gene delivery system, MNP/DNA complexes are formed via binding of DNA onto the surface of MNPs. MNPs are favorable to not only increase DNA concentration but also prevent DNA degradation. Magnetofection experiments showed that MNPs has low cytotoxicity and introduces highly stable transfection in mammalian somatic cells. In addition, different binding ratios between MNPs and DNA result in various morphologies of MNP/DNA complexes and have an influence on transfection efficiency. Dose–response profile indicated that transfection efficiency positively correlate with MNP/DNA ratio. Furthermore, intracellular tracking demonstrate that MNPs move though the cell membranes, deliver and release exogenous DNA into the nucleus.