Modified Hummers Method Research Articles

Oxygen Functionalized Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Photocatalytic Degradation of Dye

Photocatalyst such as graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is being studied intensively due to its ability in photocatalysis. g-C3N4 is a metal-free semiconductor photocatalyst with a bandgap of approximately 2.7 eV which contributes to its good visible light harvesting ability. In this work, bulk g-C3N4 was produced via pyrolysis of melamine in a muffle furnace. Functionalized g-C3N4 with improved properties was synthesized via modified Hummers method. The powdered form of functionalized g-C3N4 were characterized using SEM and EDX to identify its physiological properties. The result showed that the introduction of oxygen into g-C3N4 is proven by the increased content of oxygen in the functionalized g-C3N4 upon oxidation using Hummers method. Besides, exfoliation of g-C3N4 to smaller particle size observed from the SEM images. Then, the phototcatalytic performances of the bulk g-C3N4 and functionalized g-C3N4 were evaluated by degrading of Methylene Blue (MB) dyes under LED light irradiation. The result revealed that the bulk g-C3N4 has a higher efficiency in removal of dyes (56.40 % in 150 minutes) than the functionalized g-C3N4 (22.60 % in 150 minutes) which indicates that it has a better photocatalytic degradation ability, which possibly due to the destruction of compound structure under strong acid treatment.

Synthesis of Porous Carbon Nanomaterials from Vietnamese Coal: Fabrication and Energy Storage Investigations

The choice of precursor and simple synthesis techniques have decisive roles in the viable production and commercialization of carbon products. The intense demand for developing high-purity carbon nanomaterials through inexpensive techniques has promoted the usage of fossil derivatives as a feasible source of carbon. In this study, Vietnamese-coal-derived porous carbon (PC) was used to fabricate coal-derived porous carbon nanomaterials (CDPCs) using the modified Hummers method. The resulting porous carbon nanomaterials achieved a nanoscale structure with an average pore size ranging from 3 to 10 nm. The findings indicate that CDPC exhibits well-developed micropores and mesopores. The presence of macropores and mesopores not only facilitates the complete immersion of the material in the electrolyte but also effectively shortens the ion diffusion pathways. CDPC boasts a high carbon content, constituting 80.88% by weight. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) Nyquist plot of electrodes made from CDPC showed good conductivity value with low charge-transfer resistance. This electrode worked well and stably with capacitance retention of 74.7% after 1000 cycles. The CDPC specific capacitance reached 236 F/g under a current density of 0.1 A using the constant current discharge method and then decreased as the current density increased. Based on the results of the electrochemical properties of the materials, the energy storage capacity of the CDPC material was good and stable. This investigation presents an eco-friendly methodology for the judicious utilization of coal in energy storage applications, specifically as electrodes for supercapacitors and anodes for Li-ion batteries.

Graphene oxide-catalyzed microwave-assisted esterification of oleic acid to biodiesel

The combination of graphene oxide (GO) catalyst and microwave (MW) heating was applied for the esterification of oleic acid with methanol to synthesize methyl oleate. GO was synthesized using the modified Hummers method from graphite powder and characterized by various instrumental methods. To optimize the reaction parameters, reaction temperature, reaction time, methanol-oleic acid molar ratio, and catalyst amount were investigated. An oleic acid conversion of 96.2% was achieved in a reaction time of 1 h at a reaction temperature of 100 °C, using a methanol-oleic acid molar ratio of 9:1 and 5 wt% of GO. In addition, to compare MW heating and conventional heating on the efficiency of esterification, the esterification reaction was carried out with conventional heating under optimized conditions. Finally, the catalytic effect of GO in the conversion of waste cooking oil (WCO) into biodiesel was investigated.

A novel digitonin/graphene oxide/iron oxide nanocomposite: synthesis, physiochemical characterization and antioxidant activity.

In this work, iron oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were prepared via the co-precipitation technique and the Modified Hummer method. Fe3O4 MNPs and GO nanosheets were combined to prepare Fe3O4/GO nanocomposite and subsequently conjugated with Digitonin (DIG) in order to obtain a dual-targeted delivery system based on DIG/Fe3O4/GO nanocomposite. SEM images reveal the presence of Fe3O4 MNPs at a scale of 100nm, exhibiting dispersion between the GO nanosheets. Aggregation of the DIG/Fe3O4/GO nanocomposite was observed at various size scales. The XRD structural analysis confirms the crystal structure of the prepared samples. The Fe3O4 MNPs demonstrated the main XRD-diffracted peaks. Also, GO nanosheets exhibit crystalline characteristics on the (001) and (002) planes. The predominant peaks observed in the DIG/GO/Fe3O4 nanocomposite are attributed to the crystal phases of Fe3O4 MNPs. The FT-IR vibrational modes observed in the GO/DIG/Fe3O4 nanocomposite indicate the presence of crosslinking between GO nanosheet layers and the Fe3O4 MNPs. The antioxidant activity of the prepared samples was measured and the DIG/GO/Fe3O4 nanocomposite demonstrated a significantly high antioxidant activity in both 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS·+) tests.

Rheology of amino-functionalized graphene oxide suspensions in hydrogels

This work investigates the effects of amino-functionalized graphene oxide (AFGO) suspensions on the rheological behavior of Carbopol® hydrogels at pHs 5, 7, and 9. The AFGO concentration and media pH were evaluated and related to the suspension's microstructure and rheology. Graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were synthesized using the modified Hummers method and functionalized with triethylenetetramine via microwave-assisted reaction to produce AFGO. The nanosheets were characterized by different techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The suspensions were characterized by rheological tests through steady-state and dynamic flow, zeta potential, and cryo-SEM for microstructure analysis. All samples presented a viscoplastic behavior and were modeled by the Herschel–Bulkley equation. Concerning the base hydrogels, the sample prepared at pH 9 showed lower viscosity, yield stress, and elastic modulus. At all pHs, the increase in the nanosheet concentration promotes a drop in the yield stress, viscosity, storage, and loss moduli. The cryomicrographs showed the impact of pH on the base hydrogel structure. It was also possible to observe that increasing nanoadditive concentration affects the Carbopol microgel swelling and weakens the suspension microstructure.

Oxidative Desulfurization of Simulated Diesel Fuel by Synthesized Tin Oxide Nano-Catalysts Support on Reduced Graphene Oxide

The modified Hummers method was applied to prepare graphene oxide (GO) from the graphite powder. Tin oxide nanoparticles with different loading (10-20 wt.%) supported on reduced graphene oxide were synthesized to evaluate the oxidative desulfurization efficiency. The catalyst was synthesized by the incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) technique. Different analysis methods like FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, AFM, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) were utilized to characterize graphene oxide and catalysts. The XRD analysis showed that the average crystal size of graphene oxide was 6.05 nm. In addition, the FESEM results showed high metal oxide dispersions on the rGO. The EDX analysis shows the weight ratio of Sn is close to its theoretical weight. The reduction of metal oxide and (GO) has occurred in one step at temperatures of 400 °C for 2 hours. The performance of the catalysts for dibenzothiophene (DBT) removal using H2O2 as an oxidizing agent was determined under a range of different operating conditions. The results showed that the maximum desulfurization was 71.68% in the best conditions (DBT concentration = 385 ppm, time = 90 min, temperature = 60 oC, catalyst dosage = 0.04g, and amount of oxidant = 0.375 ml).

Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution by Nano Graphene Oxide

The study's objective is to produce and evaluate Nano Graphene Oxide (GO) before using it for batch adsorption to remove heavy metals (vanadium V+5, nickel Ni+2, and cadmium Cd+2) ions from aqueous solutions polluted with these metals, which were used to imitate the contaminating elements found in the liquid industrial wastewater of the Doura oil refinery in Baghdad, Iraq. This study used a modified Hummers method to synthesize. The main constituents in preparation GO were graphite powder (40-100 micron), H2SO4 acid, and KMnO4 powder. The GO structure synthesized and optical properties were investigated by FTIR, UV-vis, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and EDX. The effects of various parameters were investigated to obtain the most efficient removal of V+5, Ni+2, and Cd+2, where pH of the acidic function is 7–8. The agitation speed was 375 RPM, with 150 minutes of equilibrium time for all metal ions. The removal efficiency is inversely associated with the temperature, where the highest removal is at 20 °C and the lowest at 50 °C. For Cd+2 and Ni+2, the appropriate amount of GO was 0.5 g, while for V+5, it was 0.6 g.

Experimental exploration of mechanical behaviour of graphene oxide blend polymer nanocomposites

Purpose This study aims to evaluate the development of composites made of epoxy (E) resin with different weight percentages of polypropylene (PP) and graphene oxide (Go) to form nanocomposite plates. Design/methodology/approach A hand lay-up process was used to develop 21 different composites, with varying concentrations of PP (5%–35%) and Go (5%–35%). A ternary composite of E matrix was produced by combining binary fillers PP and Go (5%–35%) in a 1:1 ratio to a (95%–5%) solution. With the help of adopting the melt condensation deal to extract Go, the modified Hummers method was used to make Go platelets. Findings Through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction investigations, the particulate’s size and structural characteristics were identified. Based on the FESEM analysis of the collapsed zones of the composites, a warp-and-weft-like structure is evident, which endorses the growth yield strength, flexural modulus and impact strength of the composites. Originality/value The developed nanocomposites have exceptional mechanical capabilities compared to plain E resin, with E resin exhibiting better tensile strength, modulus and flexural strength when combined with 10% PP and 10% Go. When compared to neat E resin, materials formed from composites have exceptional mechanical properties. When mixed with 10% PP and 10% Go, E resin in particular displays improved tensile strength (23 MPa), tensile modulus (4.15 GPa), flexural strength (75.6 MPa) and other attributes. Engineering implications include automobile side door panels, spacecraft applications, brake pads and flexible battery guards.

Synthesis of reduced graphene oxide based on rubber seed shells and rice husks and their composites using the modified Hummer method

Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) is a thin material, has a hexagonal two- dimentional lattice and is considered as an interesting material for many applications. This study aims to synthesize reduced graphene oxide (RGO) from rubber seed shells (RSS) and rice husks (RH) and their composites using the modified hummer method. The modification was done by replaceNaNO3 with H3PO4 so can eliminated of NO2 and N2O4 as toxic gas. RSS contains 48.64% cellulose and 21.60% lignin. Meanwhile, 38% cellulose, 18% hemicellulose and 22% lignin were contained in RH. Synthesis was carried out with three steps, that are synthesis graphite with calcination at 550°C, then graphite oxide synthesis using H2SO4 and H3PO4 (9:1) and KMnO4 as oxidator, finally synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) using ultrasonicated and Zn as reductor. Analysis of RGO sample was carried out through measured from XRD and FTIR. Based on results XRD analysis was obtained 2θ of RGO RSS, RH, and RRC respectively 23.5, 21.2, and 24.3° with crystallinity by 17%, 13%, and 10%. those results showing amorphous material properties. FTIR characterization shows change structure on RGO after reduction with loss of O atoms as well loss OH groups present in RGO.

SnO2-MoO2 nanoparticles coated on graphene oxide as a high-capacity, high-speed, long-life lithium-ion battery anode

Ternary SnO2-MoO2-GO (SMGO) nanocomposites were synthesized by hydrothermal method, modified Hummers method, and ball milling method. SMGO nanocomposites have the following advantages, including mitigating volume expansion during cycling, enhancing conductivity, and reducing the transmission path length for both electrons and Li+. Consequently, the SMGO composite material demonstrates a capacity of 1215.2 mAh/g after 200 cycles at 0.2 Ag−1, and a capacity of 1032.9 mAh/g after 1000 cycles at 1.0 Ag−1. Moreover, subsequent SEM analysis of the electrode material reveals the absence of accumulation or notable cracks, underscoring the remarkable cycling stability of the SMGO composite material.

Study the effect of ZnO additive in rGO/ZnO nanocomposites for the investigation of ammonia sensing characteristics

This study reports the synthesis and gas-sensing properties of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), and their nanocomposites (rGO/ZnO NCs). ZnO NPs, rGO, and rGO/ZnO NCs were synthesized using the co-precipitation, modified Hummers method, and the ultrasonic-assisted technique, respectively. The XRD diffraction patterns confirmed the presence of graphitic lattice planes in rGO and the formation of hexagonal ZnO NPs. SEM micrographs revealed the wrinkled sheet-like morphology of rGO and the distribution of ZnO NPs over the rGO surface. The UV–Vis spectroscopy indicated the rGO and ZnO NPs peaks in NC spectrum. FTIR spectroscopy analysis showed the purity of synthesized specimens. Among the samples, ZnO NPs and rGO/ZnO (70/30) NC-based sensors exhibited the best capacitive and resistive response within the 2.5–36 ppm range at 100 Hz, with the later showing quick response/recovery time of 12 s/20 s at 36 ppm. The fabricated sensors also displayed long-term stability and excellent selectivity.

Analysis of Microwave Absorption Properties of Graphene Oxide from Rice Husk Waste

Graphene Oxide (GO) was synthesized with variations in carbonization temperatures of 250 °C, 300 °C, and 350 °C using the modified Hummers method. The results of the synthesis of GO will then be tested for microwave absorbing properties because it can be applied in various fields, such as information technology, medical equipment, industry, polymer synthesis, and organic synthesis. Therefore, in this report, GO uses rice husk waste instead of graphite as a carbon source because rice husk waste is abundant in nature and easy to obtain than graphite. In addition to reducing waste in Indonesia, this study aimed to determine the crystal size and GO functional groups and analyze the properties of microwave absorbers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the crystal size. The GO functional groups were determined using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and the microwave absorption characteristics of GO were analyzed using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The XRD results show GO peaks between 26° peaks and 44° peaks. In the FTIR results, there are a collection of GO practices, in particular CO, C = C, and C = O. In the VNA results, the best microwave absorption properties are at an ignition temperature of 350 °C with the lowest reflection value - 39.95 dB, the highest absorption coefficient is 99%, and the absorption bandwidth is 0.06 GHz at a frequency of 8.5 GHz

Coconut shell waste-derived graphene oxide composite with neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) for advanced applications

This paper reports the synthesis and physical properties of graphene oxide/neodymium oxide (GO/Nd2O3) composites. The GO/Nd2O3 composite was prepared by a simple Sonochemical Method, and graphene oxide was synthesized by a modified hummers method. The synthesized composites were characterized by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Raman Spectroscopy, and UV–Vis Spectroscopy. The XRD data confirmed that the GO/Nd2O3 composite had a hexagonal phase structure and showed that the more Nd2O3 nanoparticles were added to GO, the more the crystallinity index increased. The FT-IR spectra showed six types of bonds of functional groups of the GO/Nd2O3 composite, namely the hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (C]O), (C]C), (C–O–H), (C–O–C), and the absorption band at 678 cm−1 shows REOs (Nd2O3). Raman spectroscopic analysis showed that the intensity of the ratio of ID/IG was (∼0.85) with the size of sp2 graphitic area of ∼22.6 nm. The addition of Nd2O3 particles to GO did not affect the intensity ratio of ID/IG and was almost the same for the GO and GO/Nd2O3 composite. SEM results show that the composite has a porous three-dimensional carbon network structure. The optical properties were analyzed using UV–Visible spectroscopy. The results of Urbach Energy showed that the GO/Nd2O3 composite is a semiconductor material with an Urbach Energy value of 0.050–0.063 eV, showing the potential application of GO/Nd2O3 composites in electronic devices.

Boosting the nonlinear optical absorption of graphene oxide, and gold nanorods by tailoring graphene oxide-gold nanorods hybrids

Tailoring efficient nonlinear optical materials continues to be a topic of great interest in the scientific field. In this paper, we study the nonlinear response of graphene oxide nanosheets GO, gold nanorods AuNRs, and graphene oxide/gold nanorods hybrid nanocomposite GO@AuNRs respectively, GO was prepared by modified Hummer method while AuNRs were prepared by the seed-mediated method and GO@AuNRs prepared by simple ex-situ method. The nonlinear absorption was measured via open aperture Z scan using nanosecond pulses at 532 nm, The nonlinear absorption coefficients were measured for the proposed materials in colloidal and polymeric forms. The results show an enhancement of the nonlinear absorption and optical limiting of GO@AuNRs over GO and AuNRs. Furthermore, enhanced optical nonlinearity and stability are achieved in polymeric form compared to colloidal forms. These materials could potentially be used in optical limiting applications and photonic devices.Graphical abstract

Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide anchored Fe3O4‐Pd hetero‐nanostructure: An efficient, magnetically separable and reusable catalyst for Beckmann rearrangement of aldoximes to amides

The multifaceted Fe3O4‐Pd@rGO nanocomposite (NC) has been synthesized successfully by a biogenic method using Ocimum tenuiflorum leaf extract. The preparation of graphene oxide (GO) was done by the well‐known modified Hummer method. The as‐synthesized Fe3O4‐Pd@rGO NC was extensively characterized by various analytical techniques, namely, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy‐energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (FESEM‐EDX), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis. The absence of peak corresponding to υ(CO) at 1732 cm−1 in the FTIR spectrum of Fe3O4‐Pd@rGO enumerates the reduction of GO to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) during Fe3O4‐Pd nanoparticle (NP) synthesis with O. tenuiflorum leaf extract. The XRD pattern reveals the existence of rGO, cubic‐phased spinel‐structured Fe3O4 along with the formation of metallic Pd NP without any impurities. The FESEM image designates the spherical and flake‐like morphology of the NC. The crystallite size of the NC was calculated employing the Debye–Scherrer equation and was found to be 3.45 nm corresponding to the (220) plane. The average particle size of Fe3O4‐Pd NPs as estimated from the particle size distribution curve was ascertained as 3.03 nm. The utmost saturation magnetization value of the NC as evaluated by VSM study has appeared at 0.6219 emu g−1 having coercivity value of 335.1 Oe and remanent magnetization value of 0.0767 emu g−1, suggesting the existence of a ferromagnetic material in the synthesized NC. It was a stable and highly efficient catalyst for Beckmann rearrangement of aldoximes using in an environment‐friendly medium. It afforded up to 99% isolated yield of the preferred products under acid‐free condition, avoiding the use of any harsh chemicals that will be beneficial for future industrial applications. Finally, the magnetic component of the NC allowed for easy recovery of the catalyst, thereby eliminating the chance of leaching of metal atoms, and was reusable till six successive cycles without apparent loss of its catalytic performance.

Free-standing 2D gallium nitride for electronic, excitonic, spintronic, piezoelectric, thermoplastic, and 6G wireless communication applications

Two-dimensional gallium nitride (2D GaN) with a large direct bandgap of ~5.3 eV, a high melting temperature of ~2500 °C, and a large Young’s modulus ~20 GPa developed for miniaturized interactive electronic gadgets can function at high thermal and mechanical loading conditions. Having various electronic, optoelectronic, spintronic, energy storage devices and sensors in perspective and the robust nature of 2D GaN, it is highly imperative to explore new pathways for its synthesis. Moreover, free-standing sheets will be desirable for large-area applications. We report our discovery of the synthesis of free-standing 2D GaN atomic sheets employing sonochemical exfoliation and the modified Hummers method. Exfoliated 2D GaN atomic sheets exhibit hexagonal and striped phases with microscale lateral dimensions and excellent chemical phase purity, confirmed by Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. 2D GaN is highly stable, as confirmed by TGA measurements. While photodiode, FET, spintronics, and SERS-based molecular sensing, IRS element in 6G wireless communication applications of 2D GaN have been demonstrated, its nanocomposite with PVDF exhibits an excellent thermoplastic and piezoelectric behavior.

Effect of temperature and time on hydrothermally synthesized nitrogen-doped graphene

Graphene attracts attention due to its high surface area and its great electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. Studies about graphene have been conducted to develop synthesis methods and to determine the effects of synthesis parameters on productivity and properties. In recent years, studies have focused on doping graphene with foreign atoms to improve its properties. Nitrogen (N) is of interest among doping materials because it increases graphene’s electrocatalytic activity and electrochemical performance. In this study, the production of nitrogen-doped graphene was studied, and a 2-stage synthesis procedure was used. In the first stage, graphene oxide was obtained from graphite by using the Modified Hummers method. To obtain N-doped graphene (N-graphene) from synthesized graphene oxide, N doping and hydrothermal method were used in the second stage. To determine the effect of temperature and time on the hydrothermal production of N-graphene from graphene oxide, 3 different temperatures and 3 different times were studied. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analyses, and the Debye-Scherrer equation indicated that nitrogen-doped graphene was obtained. The effects of temperature and time on synthesizing N-graphene were discussed within the scope of the parameters used in the hydrothermal method.

GRAPHENE OXIDE-MODIFIED DIHYDROPYRIMIDINES

This study is devoted to the synthesis of various ensembles on the basis of graphene oxide nanolayers and dihydropyrimidines and the investigation of their antimicrobial activity. The “building blocks” of ensembles, viz dihydropyrimidines were synthesized by the Biginelli reaction in the presence of low-toxic copper triflate under microwave conditions. The positive side of the reaction is the absence of any additional purification stage, formed after cooling the solution precipitate just washed with a few amount of distilled water. The structures of synthesized compounds were determined by 1H, 13C and dept135 NMR spectroscopy methods. The second component, viz graphene oxide nanolayers, was synthesized by a modified Hummer method. The modification of the method is caused by the increasing of the oxidizing agent (H2SO4+KMnO4) concentration, which allowed to receive purier nanolayers. The structure and morphology of nanolayers were investigated by SEM and XRD methods, according to which it was determined that the thickness of nanolayers is 1 nm. Subsequently, graphene oxide was modified with dihydropyrimidines. The synthesis of ensembles was performed by non-covalent coupling of dihydropyrimidines with graphene oxide nanolayers by sonication. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of ensembles against S. aureus, Ps. aeruginosa and E. coli was performed. Obtained during the analysis results were compared with the activity of pristine antibiotic ampicillin. It was found that the addition of graphene oxide nanolayers to the dihydropyrimidine molecule allowed to improve the antimicrobial activity of dihydropyrimidines

Microstructure analysis of graphene oxide synthesized from corn cobs waste

Graphene oxide is one carbon-based material decorated by oxygen functional group that has been applied in various field. Active oxygen functional group allows graphene oxide served as precursor for many applications including DSSC, Field Effect Transistor, LED, and Transparent Conductive Film. Unfortunately, high cost of pure raw material inhibits the wide application of graphene oxide. Corn cobs is one of highly produced waste from agricultural activity that become an unsolved environmental problem. Meanwhile, high content of carbon material in corn cob allows it to be a potential carbon source for graphene oxide synthesis. In this report the synthesis of graphene oxide from corn cobs using modified hummers method is discussed. As synthesized sample was analysed using FTIR, XRD, and SEM to confirm the successful of graphene oxide form corn cobs.

Cotton Fabric Coating by rGO and Polymethylsiloxane Layer with Antibacterial, Hydrophobic and Photothermal Properties

The cotton fabric, which is widely used as personal protective equipment, is vulnerable to droplets that may contain pathogens. Thus, the functionalization of cotton fabric is usually carried out to get the desired properties. Graphene-based materials have some interesting properties like hydrophobic, photothermal, and antibacterial properties that can be used to modify cotton fabric. This research has made a cotton fabric coated with graphene from coconut shells and polymethyl siloxane. Graphite was obtained from burning coconut shells, and the modified Hummers method was used to get a graphene oxide solution (GO). A graphene oxide layer on cotton fabrics was added by the dip-pad-dry process, followed by reduction using ascorbic acid to produce a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and immersion of cotton fabrics with methyl trichlorosilane in n-hexane to produce a polymethyl siloxane (PMS) layer. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) are used to determine the morphology and functional groups in rGO-PMS-coated cotton fabric. Contact angle measurements to determine the hydrophobicity of the rGO-PMS-coated cotton fabric, which exhibits hydrophobic properties with a contact angle of 146.3 °, which can show self-cleaning ability while preventing water droplets from entering the fabric. Antibacterial activity was carried out using the disc diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and delivered a good result. The rGO-PMS-coated cotton fabric also shows photothermal capability when irradiated with infrared lamps. HIGHLIGHTS Graphene is a material that has various properties that can be exploited for the functionalization of ready-to-use materials Waste derived from natural resources can be used as a source of graphene, which can reduce the cost of graphene production Cotton fabric as a functionalized material can adopt the combined properties of graphene and silane such as photothermal, antibacterial, and hydrophobic properties GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT