Modification Of Sugarcane Bagasse Research Articles

Modification of Sugar Cane Bagasse with CTAB and ZnO for Methyl Orange and Methylene Blue Removal.

Sugar cane bagasse (SB) was modified with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), followed by impregnation with zinc oxide (ZnO) to create a synergistic adsorption and photocatalytic system for methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) removal. The presence of CTAB and ZnO was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and energy dispersive X-ray (for Zn and O). Modification of SB with CTAB (CSB) generated more positive sites on the surface of SB, which enhanced MO removal compared with that of pristine SB. ZnO impregnation induces a decrease in MO removal due to the ZnO presence on the CSB surface, which might reduce the positive sites on the CSB. In addition, the positive sites on CSB can interact with Zn2+ and O2- to form ZnO and lead to a decrease in MO removal. In contrast, the presence of ZnO facilitated good removal of MB compared to CSB, indicating that the photocatalytic process plays a greater role in removing MB. However, the addition of H2O2 can improve MO and MB removal under irradiation due to the formation of external •OH. The photocatalytic performance of MO and MB was also observed to be favored under acidic and alkaline conditions, respectively.

Modification of sugarcane bagasse as an efficient biosorbent for removal of methylene blue in aqueous solution

Modification of sugarcane bagasse as an efficient biosorbent for removal of methylene blue in aqueous solution

Modification of sugarcane bagasse as a novel lignocellulosic biomass adsorbent nanocomposite to improve adsorption of methylene blue

Modification of sugarcane bagasse as a novel lignocellulosic biomass adsorbent nanocomposite to improve adsorption of methylene blue

Modification of sugarcane bagasse with iron(III) oxide-hydroxide to improve its adsorption property for removing lead(II) ions

Lead contamination in wastewater results in toxicity of aquatic life and water quality, it is recommended to remove lead before discharging. Four sugarcane bagasse adsorbent materials of sugarcane bagasse powder (SB), sugarcane bagasse powder doped iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (SBF), sugarcane bagasse powder beads (SBB), and sugarcane bagasse powder doped iron(III) oxide-hydroxide beads (SBFB) were synthesized and characterized with various techniques. Their lead removal efficiencies were investigated by batch experiments on the effects of dose (0.1–0.6 g), contact time (1–6 h), pH (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11), and concentration (5–30 mg/L), adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and desorption experiments. All materials were amorphous phases presenting specific peaks of cellulose. SBB and SBFB detected sodium alginate peaks, and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide peaks were detected in SBF and SBFB. SB and SBF were scales or overlapping plate surfaces whereas SBB and SBFB had spherical shapes with coarse surfaces. The main functional groups of O–H, C=O, C–H, C–O, and C=C were observed in all materials, whereas Fe–O and –COOH were only found in materials with adding iron(III) oxide-hydroxide or bead material. The point of zero charges (pHpzc) of all materials was higher than 4. The optimum conditions of SB, SBF, SBB, and SBFB with the highest lead removal efficiency at a lead concentration of 10 mg/L and pH 5 were 0.6 g and 6 h (96.08%), 0.2 g and 3 h (100%), 0.2 g and 2 h (98.22%), and 0. 1 g and 2 h (100%), respectively. Since SBFB spent less adsorbent dose and contact time than other materials with a lead removal efficiency of 100%, it was a more potential adsorbent than other materials. Thus, adding iron(III) oxide-hydroxide and changing material form helped to improve material efficiencies for lead adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacities of SB, SBF, SBB, and SBFB were 6.161, 27.027, 23.697, and 57.471 mg/L, respectively by fitting the Langmuir model. Langmuir isotherm was best fitted for SB and SBB, whereas the Freundlich model was best fitted for SBF and SBFB. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was best fitted for all materials. Moreover, all adsorbents could be reused for more than 5 cycles with the lead removal efficiency of more than 73%. Therefore, SBFB was potential material to further apply for lead removal in industrial applications.

Multivariate optimization applied to the synthesis and reuse of a new sugarcane bagasse-based biosorbent to remove Cd(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions.

This study reports the use of multivariate tools to optimize the synthesis of a new agricultural-based biosorbent derived from sugarcane bagasse (SB) for the removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions, as well as to optimize the process of desorption of these ions from the spent biosorbent using an acidic solution. The effects of the reaction parameters temperature (T), time (t), and the ratio of 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (BTCAD) to raw SB (wBTCADwrawSB-1) on the chemical modification of raw SB with BTCAD and on the equilibrium adsorption capacity (qe) for Cd(II) and Pb(II) were investigated by application of a 23 Doehlert experimental design (DED), followed by optimization using a statistical desirability tool to produce the best adsorbent in terms of performance and cost. The best reaction condition was wBTCADwrawSB-1 of 4.0gg-1, t of 1h, and T of 70ºC. The optimal synthesis condition resulted in a modified sugarcane bagasse (MSB) that provided qe values for Cd(II) and Pb(II) of 0.50 and 0.61mmolg-1, respectively, obtained under the following conditions: 0.311mmolCd(II)L-1, 0.632mmolPb(II)L-1, pH 5.0, 4h, 0.2gL-1 MSB, 130rpm, and 25°C. The desorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from MSB was investigated by a 22 DED, with optimization using the desirability tool to obtain the best desorption condition in terms of HNO3 solution concentration ([Formula: see text]) and t. The desorption efficiencies for Cd(II) and Pb(II) were 90 ± 4% and 88 ± 3%, respectively, obtained using 0.7molL-1 HNO3, t of 42min, and 1.0gL-1 MSB-M(II) (M = Pb or Cd). Infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the natures of the interactions involved in the adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) on MSB, as well as possible changes in the chemical structure of MSB after desorption. The synthesis of MSB can be performed under mild reaction conditions (t = 1h, T = 70ºC), and the solvents used can be recovered by distillation. BTCA is commercially available at moderate cost and can alternatively be obtained employing microbial succinic acid, metal-free catalysis, and modest use of petrochemical feedstocks. Furthermore, MSB can be reused, which could contribute to increasing the economic feasibility of water and wastewater treatment processes.

Batch and continuous adsorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions from aqueous solution on bi-functionalized sugarcane-based biosorbent.

A new one-pot synthesis method optimized by a 23 experimental design was developed to prepare a biosorbent, sugarcane bagasse cellulose succinate pyromellitate (SBSPy), for the removal of Cu(II) and Zn(II) from single-component aqueous solutions, in batch and continuous modes. The bi-functionalization of the biosorbent with ligands of different chemical structures increased its selectivity, improving its performance for removing pollutants from contaminated water. The succinate moiety favored Cu(II) adsorption, while the pyromellitate moiety favored Zn(II) adsorption. Sugarcane bagasse (SB) and SBSPy were characterized using several techniques. Analysis by 13C Multi-CP SS NMR and FTIR revealed the best order of addition of each anhydride that maximized the chemical modification of SB. The maximum adsorption capacities of SBSPy for Cu(II) and Zn(II), in batch mode, were 1.19 and 0.95mmolg-1, respectively. Homogeneous surface diffusion, intraparticle diffusion, and Boyd models were used to determine the steps involved in the adsorption process. Isothermal titration calorimetry was used to assess changes in enthalpy of adsorption as a function of SBSPy surface coverage. Fixed-bed column adsorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) was performed in three cycles, showing that SBSPy has potential to be used in water treatment. Breakthrough curves were well fitted by the Thomas and Bohart-Adams models.

Cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB)-treated sugarcane bagasse for the removal of chromate in aqueous solution

Modification of sugarcane bagasse (SB) by cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) creating surfactant-modified SB (SBC) for the removal of chromate has been studied. The CPB adsorbed increased in line with the increased CPB concentrations, and infrared spectroscopy showed preserved SB structure after modification. SB showed little adsorption capacity in the adsorption study; however, the adsorption of chromate is proportional to the amount of CPB adsorbed on SB, possibly due to the attached CPB molecules on the SB. CPB molecules create a bilayer formation on SB, generating anion exchange sites for chromate to be adsorbed on SBC. The adsorption behavior of chromate on SBC followed the Langmuir equation model better than the Freundlich model. A better adsorption capacity was noted at the lower pH value of the chromate solution. In conclusion, surfactant-modified SB could be a potential alternative adsorbent for removing toxic chromate anion in water.

Carboxylate modification of sugarcane bagasse for effectively Cd(II) removal from aqueous solutions: a low-cost renewable and environment-friendly agricultural waste-based adsorbent

Carboxylate modification of sugarcane bagasse for effectively Cd(II) removal from aqueous solutions: a low-cost renewable and environment-friendly agricultural waste-based adsorbent

Simultaneous action of surfactant modified sugarcane bagasse: Adsorbent and antibacterial agent

Simultaneous action of surfactant modified sugarcane bagasse (SBH) for dye adsorption and antibacterial activity were investigated. SBH was subjected for adsorption of cationic dye, methylene blue (MB) and anionic dye, methyl orange (MO). Antibacterial activity of SBH was tested against gram negative bacterium (Escherichia coli ATCC11229) and gram positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538). SBH was prepared by reacting sugarcane bagasse (SB) with different concentrations of cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide HDTMA-Br) (0.1, 1.0 and 4.0 mM). The adsorbed amount of HDTMA-Br onto SBH was determined after modification process. SB and SBH were structurally characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. Results from simultaneous action study demonstrated that SB showed adsorption affinity towards MB and MO while the antibacterial activity of SB increased after the surfactant modification reaction. SB modified with 4.0 mM of HDTMA-Br (SBH4.0) exhibited the highest adsorption capacity and antibacterial activity. SBH demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity against gram negative in comparison to gram positive bacteria. In conclusion, the modification of SB with high concentration of HDTMA-Br enhanced the simultaneous action of cationic and anionic dye adsorption and the antibacterial activity against gram negative bacteria.

Improving the properties of an anion exchanger based on sugarcane bagasse by applying pretreatment methods

Sugarcane bagasse (SB) was pretreated using the microwave-induced hydrothermal method (MIHM), ultrasonic pretreatment, dilute-acid hydrolysis, and organosolv processes, and subsequently modified using a combination of epichlorohydrin, N,N-dimethylformamide, ethylenediamine, and triethylamine to synthesize anion exchangers. The characteristics of AE with different pretreatment methods were investigated using proximate and ultimate analysis, Zeta potential, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The kinetics of nitrate removal by different AE at a pH of 7.0 were well linearized with a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and thermodynamics at pH of 4.0 and 7.0 was best fitted using Langmuir isotherm and the Dubinin–Radushkevich model. Results confirmed that all pretreatments enhanced the modification of SB and that the optimum pretreatment was MIHM, with the highest nitrogen content (8.20%) and nitrate sorption capacity (95.7 mg/g at pH 4.0 and 100.2 mg/g at pH 7.0).

Carboxyl Modification of Sugarcane Bagasse Hemicelluloses With Succinic Anhydride in Aqueous Solution

Abstract In this paper, we describe the modification of sugarcane bagasse with succinic anhydride to introduce carboxylic functions to sugarcane bagasse. The properties of the sugarcane bagasse hemicelluloses change after carboxyl modification. The influences of the chemical reaction on the conditions, the chemical composition, and the thermal stability of the modified product are described. One gram of dried sugarcane bagasse was modified using 3.0 g succinic anhydride and 0.1 g N-bromination succinic imide with a reaction time of 6 h at 70°C. The obtained materials were characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy.

Homogeneous Modification of Sugarcane Bagasse with Succinic Anhydride in Novel Solvent Systems without Additional Catalysts

Homogeneous modification of sugarcane bagasse with succinic anhydride (SA) was investigated in novel solvent systems ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride/dimethyl sulfoxide ([C4mim]Cl/DMSO) and dimethyl sulfoxide/N-methylimidazole (DMSO/NMI), respectively. The results showed that succinoylation of SCB with SA was accomplished in [C4mim]Cl/DMSO at high temperature and in DMSO/NMI at room temperature without any additional catalysts. Increasing SA/SCB mass ratio from 2:1 to 3:1 and 4:1 resulted in an improvement of WPG from 21.1 to 29.6 and 30.4 in [C4mim]Cl/DMSO at 120oC, and from 97.3 to 102.5 and 118.4 in DMSO/NMI at room temperature, respectively. The high succinoylation efficiency in DMSO/NMI at room temperature was probably due to the special role of NMI as a solvent, a base and a catalyst in this solvent system. FT-IR and CP/MAS 13C-NMR analyses also provided evidences of succinoylation reaction of SCB with additional catalysts in [C4mim]Cl/DMSO and in DMSO/NMI. The results indicated that the succinoylation of lignin and carbohydrates all occurred.

Modification of sugarcane bagasse with acetic anhydride and butyric anhydride in ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride

Bagasse acetate butyrates were prepared homogeneously in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl) ionic liquid from ball-milled sugarcane bagasse by acylation with acetic anhydride and butyric anhydride. The parameters, including reaction temperature, reaction time, feeding method of adding anhydrides, the dosage of total anhydrides to SCB, and the molar ratio of acetic anhydride to butyric anhydride, were considered, and the extent of acylation was measured by weight percent gain (WPG). The results showed the positive effects of reaction duration and total anhydride dosage on WPG and the negative effects of reaction temperature and molar ratio of AA/BA on WPG. The feeding method of acetylation after butyrylation resulted in the increased WPG compared with acetylation before butyrylation. FT-IR and 1H–13C correlation 2D NMR (HSQC) studies provided evidence for acylation. The bagasse acetate butyrates showed increased thermal stability after acylation. This study provides a new way for high value-added utilization of renewable lignocellulosic biomass.

Life cycle assessment on producing a heavy metals biosorbent from sugarcane bagasse

Modification of sugarcane bagasse with sulphuric acid improves the metal ion binding capacity of the bagasse. The process for this modification must be optimized for being cost effectively and environmentally accepted. In this regard, the objective of this study is to employ life cycle assessment (LCA) to quantify and compare the potential environmental impacts of producing this modified biosorbent of heavy metals obtained from the sugarcane bagasse by a conventional process with two new alternatives proposed in this work. The results of the life cycle assessment on laboratory scale showed that the reuse of the non-reacted sulphuric acid and water of the washing and, drying the bagasse in trays under sun were of paramount importance because they involve a lower environmental impact. Therefore, it is recommended that this environmentally-friendly alternative be carefully considered in further assessments to develop and employ the production of chemically modified sugarcane bagasse on a larger scale.

Removal of calcium ions from aqueous solutions by sugar cane bagasse modified with carboxylic acids using microwave-assisted solvent-free synthesis

Removal of Ca(II) from aqueous solutions was potentially achieved using two new naturally benign sorbents. They were obtained via modification of sugar cane bagasse (SCB) with tartaric acid (TA) and citric acid (CA) using microwave-assisted solvent-free synthesis. The highest percentages of surface loading were realized under optimize conditions of mass ratio of SCB and TA or CA, microwave radiation power and time of radiation. Changes in spectral band positions of binding sites of SCB and its modified forms (SCB-TA and SCB-CA) were characterized using FT-IR before and after calcium ions sorption. Also, changes in surface morphology were explored in parallel, using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Moreover, for obtaining maximum Ca(II) removal, batch experiments were carried out at different parameters including hydrogen ion concentration, initial Ca(II) concentrations, mass of the sorbent and finally shaking times. Results of sorption isotherms were better fitted with the Langmuir model ( r 2 = 0.959 and 0.995 for SCB-TA and SCB-CA, respectively). In addition, the kinetics data were best fitted with the pseudo-second-order type. Applications of the new natural sorbents for lowering hardness and consequently conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) in different water samples was superior compared to the cation exchange resin Dowex 50W-X8.

Sugar cane bagasse and curaua lignins oxidized by chlorine dioxide and reacted with furfuryl alcohol: characterization and stability

Sugar cane bagasse and curaua acidolysis lignins were used to get a better understanding of the mechanism involved in a new chemical modification of sugar cane bagasse and curaua fibres, consisting in a selective oxidation of lignin by chlorine dioxide and reacting some of the created unsaturated units (quinones or muconic derivatives) with furfuryl alcohol (FA). The objective of the treatment was to create a fibre coating increasing compatibility between fibres and phenolic resins in composites. The lignins were reacted with chlorine dioxide to oxidize the phenolic units of the polymer and then treated with furfuryl alcohol. Weight percent gain of 14% and 10% were obtained for sugar cane bagasse and curaua, respectively. 1H and 31P NMR, as well as FT-IR results showed that bagasse lignin had more guaiacyl than syringyl units and the reverse for curaua lignin. 1H NMR of oxidized lignins revealed a decrease of the aromatic and methoxy content after the ClO 2 oxidation, due to partial degradation of the macromolecule. Thermal analysis showed that sugar cane lignin decomposes at lower temperature than curaua lignin, partly due to the high content of condensed structural units present in curaua lignin. Condensed units decompose at higher temperatures than uncondensed ones. The reaction of oxidized lignin with FA shifted the decomposition exotherm to lower temperature for both curaua and sugar cane bagasse lignins, due to the modification introduced into their structures.

Alkaline surface modification of sugar cane bagasse

One of the most important issues in producing composite materials is fibre sizing, due to the usual incompatibility between the fibres and the matrix. In the present work, the evaluation of an alkaline surface treatment of sugar cane bagasse fibres through Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), X-ray microanalysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) is reported. The results show that the treatment with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] chemically modifies the surface of the bagasse fibre producing a calcium carbonate deposit on the surfaces, whereas sodium hydroxide [NaOH] has little or no effect. The main action of NaOH on the fibre is to remove the lignin binder of the cellulosic material.