Force Mode Research Articles

Observed variability and trends in global precipitation during 1979–2020

How global precipitation might have changed on the interdecadal-to-multi-decadal time scales during the satellite (post-1979) era is examined by means of the satellite-based GPCP V2.3 monthly precipitation analysis. Comparisons with the results from CMIP6 and AMIP6 are further made in terms of global mean precipitation change and regional features of precipitation change, aiming to provide not only an improved understanding of the effects of major physical mechanisms on precipitation change, but also an assessment of the skills of current climate models and likely some clues for diagnosing possible limitations in observed precipitation. Long-term change/trend in global mean precipitation is generally weak in GPCP. Although the GPCP trend is statistically significant at the 90% confidence level over global land + ocean during 1979–2020, it is not significant over either global land or ocean separately. For the shorter, overlap period with the CMIP6 historical experiments (1979–2014), GPCP positive trends can’t reach the 90% confidence level, while significant and more intense precipitation trends appear in CMIP6 ensemble-means. However, a roughly similar global sensitivity to surface temperature change can be derived in GPCP, CMIP6, and AMIP6, providing confidence in both observed and simulated global mean precipitation change. Large regional trends with positive and negative values can readily be seen across the world in GPCP. AMIP6 can generally reproduce these large-scale spatial features. Comparisons with CMIP6 confirm the combined effects from anthropogenic greenhouse-gases (GHG) forcing and internal modes of climate variability such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). Limiting the PDO/AMO effect makes the trend patterns in GPCP residuals more similar to those in CMIP6, implying that the GHG effect would become more readily detectable in observed precipitation in the near future with regards to both global mean and regional precipitation changes. Furthermore, similar changes in precipitation seasonal range, especially over global lands, occur in GPCP, CMIP6, and AMIP6, suggesting that the GHG effect might already be discernible in certain aspects of precipitation change.

Effects of surface roughness in multiple microchannels on mixed convective heat transfer

• Effect of process-induced surface roughness on mixed convection was investigated. • Height, width and average roughness parameters were studied on multiple microchannels. • Surface roughness is an important geometric parameter and affects heat transfer. • Mixed convection increases with decreasing cross-section and increasing roughness. The most widely used type of heat transfer in applications is convection heat transfer, and both natural and forced convection modes have an effect in total heat transfer to a certain extent, whether any of these modes is neglected or not. In this study, the contribution of natural and forced convection effects to total heat transfer in rectangular microchannels was investigated experimentally for determining the effect of manufacturing process-induced surface roughness in multiple microchannels fabricated using stainless steel material. The experiments were conducted with microchannel heat sinks having three different surface roughness values of 1.1 µm, 1.8 µm, and 3.0 µm, three microchannel widths of 300 µm, 500 µm and 700 µm and two heights of 300 µm and 450 µm. During the manufacturing process, surface roughness values were controlled by changing electro-erosion fabrication parameters, and detailed surface maps were generated for the microchannel heat sinks. In the experiments using pure water as the working fluid, constant heat flux was applied to the bottom surface of the microchannel heat sink. The experiments were conducted in the range of 10–80 Reynolds numbers to ensure mixed convection conditions. In conclusion, it was determined that surface roughness had a significant effect on mixed convective heat transfer. An increase in surface roughness from 1.1 µm to 1.8 µm in microchannel heat sinks with cross-sections of 300 µm × 300 µm, 700 µm × 300 µm, 300 µm × 450 µm, and 700 µm × 450 µm s led to an increase of about 24 %, 19 %, 17 %, and 13 %, respectively, in the Nusselt number. Likewise, the increase in surface roughness from 1.8 µm to 3.0 µm resulted in an increase of 17 %, 15 %, 14 %, and 10 %, respectively, in the Nusselt number in the same channel cross-sections. In general, an increase in hydraulic diameter led to a reduction in the effect of surface roughness on overall heat transfer. For a constant microchannel width and height, the effect of surface roughness on mixed convection could be observed only with the increase in the Grashof number. Among the eighteen microchannel heat sinks with different geometric parameters, the best heat transfer results were obtained for the smallest microchannel cross-section of 300 µm × 300 µm and the highest roughness value of 3.0 µm.

Numerical modeling and design approach on restrained Q690 steel beams in fire

This paper presents a comprehensive numerical analysis of high-strength Q690 steel beams in fire. A FE model is developed and validated against the full-scale experiments on restrained high-strength Q690 steel beams in fire presented in a previous study by the authors. The FE model adequately replicates the deflection, axial force, and actual failure modes identified experimentally. An extensive parametric investigation was performed to determine the variables affecting the behavior of restrained Q690 steel beams in fire. The analysis indicates that several factors, including load ratio, cross-section temperature distribution, rotational restraint stiffness, and span-to-depth ratio are critical for the fire resistance of restrained high-strength Q690 steel beams. Furthermore, additional numerical analysis for the ultimate bearing capacity of high-strength Q690 steel beams under bending was carried out to estimate the flexural-torsional buckling behavior of Q690 steel beams at elevated temperatures. Additionally, based on the results of the FE models, design curves for determining the flexural-torsional buckling strength of high-strength Q690 steel beams at high temperatures were proposed. The findings were compared to the design curves specified by several design standards.

Techno-Economic Analysis of Integrated Solar Photovoltaic Winnower-Cum Dryer for Drying Date Palm Fruit

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits are widely grown in rural areas of arid Rajasthan of India. The grown date palm fruits are generally dried in forced convection mode. However, given the socio-economic status of farmers, dryer facility affordability has become crucial. Additionally, there is a critical need for a simple winnower, especially with its operation. To address the highlighted issues with the dryer and winnower and given a location already receiving abundant solar radiation, a solar photovoltaic (PV) winnower cum-dryer was designed and developed. The developed winnower cum-dryer was tested in actual conditions to realize the performance. First, the drying experiment for dehydrating date palm fruits and, second, the winnower experiment for separating grains from straw were carried out. The date palm fruits used for experimentation have a moisture content of 65% on a wet basis. During the drying trial, the dryer reduced this moisture content by 39% in 6 days. In contrast, in the open sun drying, it took 8 days. The drying chamber’s temperature gradient was reduced to 2–3 °C from 6–8 °C in the system provided with a preheater, resulting in uniform drying. The observed effective moisture diffusivity and the dryer’s efficiency are 4.34 × 10−9 m2·s−1 and 16.1%, respectively. A high IRR of 57.4% and a shorter payback period of 2.10 years were found in the economic analysis, indicating that the dryer is cost-effective. The winnower operation results suggest that about 200–300 kg grains could be separated daily when used as a winnower without natural wind. Overall, the developed winnower cum-dryer produced better-quality dried date palms in a shorter time than open drying by efficiently using solar energy and separating the grains from straw to enhance the utility throughout the year.

Governing dynamics and preferential binding of the AXH domain influence the aggregation pathway of Ataxin-1.

The present state of understanding the mechanism of Spinocerebellar Ataxia-1, a fatal neurodegenerative disease linked to the protein Ataxin-1 (ATXN1), is baffled by a set of self-contradictory, and hence, inconclusive observations. This fallacy poses a bottleneck to the effective designing of curable drugs as the field is currently missing the specific druggable site. To understand the fundamentals of pathogenesis, we tried to decipher the intricacies of the extremely complicated landscape by targeting the relevant species that supposedly dictate the structure-function paradigm. The atomic-level description and characterization of the dynamism of the systems reveal the existence of structural polymorphism in all the leading stakeholders of the overall system. The very existence of conformational heterogeneity in every species creates numerous possible combinations of favorable interactions because of the variability in segmental cross-talks and hence claims its role in the choice of routes between functional activity and dysfunctional disease-causing aggregation. Despite this emergent configurational diversity, there is a common mode of operative intermolecular forces that dictates the extent of stability of all the multimeric complexes due to the localized population of a specific type of residue. The present research proposes a dynamic switch mechanism between aggregability and functional activity, based on the logical interpretation of the estimated variables, which is practically dictated by the effective concentration of the interacting species involved in the cell.

Design and performance assessment of a novel self-anchored pedestrian suspension bridge

Conventional suspension bridge systems generally adopt a symmetrical layout, which has limited applicability in asymmetric urban terrain. However, the span capacity of the asymmetric bridge system is not as good as that of the conventional suspension bridge. Therefore, under the constraints of limited space, it is very urgent to design a new asymmetric pedestrian bridge with a strong crossing ability on the complex asymmetric terrain of the city. However, the design faced two challenges. (1) Because of the asymmetry of the structure, the cable balance equation and calculation theory of the new bridge need to be redetermined; (2) Because of the restriction of terrain conditions, it is necessary that optimize the preliminary design of the new bridge to achieve better mechanical properties. To address above problems, a new self-anchored continuous steel box girder composite system is proposed for use in suspension footbridges. This system uses connectors to reliably connect the suspension, main girders, and pylons. The continuous beam structure is used in the side span of the pedestrian bridge and the cable-stayed beam composite system is used in the main span. Therefore, the mechanical behavior of the structure is complex. To investigate the mechanical characteristics of the new structural system based on the preliminary conceptual design, the static and dynamic stability of the proposed structural system is comprehensively analyzed. A new force mode is proposed to improve the mechanical properties of the proposed structural system, and the applicability of the tuned mass damper to the new structural system was verified. Finally, an improved multi-objective genetic algorithm (I-MOGA) algorithm is hired to optimize the layout and mechanical properties of the proposed-composite system. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed-composite system bridge is verified to design for urban pedestrian bridges in limited terrain. Moreover, I-MOGA is used to optimize the design of the proposed mixed systems and obtain an improved structural layout for a complex pedestrian bridge in terms of forces, stability, and reliability. This study will provide a reference for the design of urban bridges on asymmetric terrain.

Dynamic behavior of RC columns confined with CFRP grid-reinforced ECC subjected to lateral low-velocity impact

To verify its feasibility of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) grid-reinforced engineered cementitious composites (ECC) on improving the impact resistance of reinforced concrete (RC) column, impact tests on cantilever RC column and RC column confined with CFRP grid-reinforced ECC were carried out. Detailed finite element model of the laboratory tests was established, a numerical material model of concrete named continuous surface cap model (CSCM) was employed to simulate dynamic behavior of ECC. Parametric studies were carried out to investigate the effect of ECC and CFRP on the dynamic behavior of CFRP grid-reinforced ECC confined columns. Test results showed that CFRP grid-reinforced ECC had a significant effect in limiting the development of shear cracks and improving the shear capacity of RC column. Numerical results indicated that the impact force, displacement and failure mode of CFRP grid-reinforced ECC confined column could be well predicted by the finite element model. Parametric analysis results demonstrated that under horizontal impact loading, ECC confined columns were prone to shear failure, while CFRP grid-reinforced ECC confined columns were more susceptible to overall failure at the column footings. Meanwhile, the effect of CFRP grid and ECC on the impact force and displacement of confined column was also discussed.

Feeling Like It: A Theory of Inclination and Will

<i>Feeling Like It: A Theory of Inclination and Will</i>

Mechanical Model Analysis of Dust on the PV Panels Surface in Low Latitude and High Altitude Plateau Area

This work selected a PV power station located in the low latitude and high altitude plateau area of Sichuan, China, as the research object. The environment, climate, operation and maintenance status of the PV power station were investigated and the dust on PV panels was collected to measure its properties to analyse the source and composition of the dust. The results showed that the main component of the dust was SiO2 and the dust particles were relatively uniform in size and regular in shape but not uniform spherical particles. Meanwhile, EDEM-FLUENT simulation soft wares were employed to simulate the accumulation process of dust on the surface of PV panels at different wind speeds under the installation inclination of 25 degrees and 35 degrees, respectively. Furthermore, systematically analysing the force between the dust and PV panels, exploring the action modes of various forces and sorting out the dominant force were carried out for the establishment of a mechanical model for dust accumulation or dust removal. The force of dust in this PV power station mainly included gravity 10−9~10−8N, van der Waals force 10−9N, electrostatic force 10−9~10−11N and fluid force. Meanwhile, the larger particles almost accumulated in the front row of PV modules while the smaller particles can float farther with the wind. Finally, combined with the mechanical model of dust on the PV panel’s surface, dust’s adhesion process and accumulation mechanism were explained.

CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORK SCHEDULES AS PART OF CONSTRUCTION ORGANIZATION PROJECTS AND WORKS PRODUCTION PROJECTS

"The article considers the basics of rational scheduling using modern organizational and technological models. The advantages and areas of the most effective use of network modeling are characterized. The requirements for the rational organization of network planning and management systems in the construction industry are stated. The classification of network diagrams in the composition of projects for the organization of construction and projects for the production of works is given. Relevant recommendations on the most rational use of their specific varieties are given. On the example of scheduling the construction of a town-planning complex, the optimal sequence for the development of a comprehensive integrated network schedule is recommended. The structure and interrelation of various elements of network modeling is detailed. Proposals and a list of related activities are presented that allow optimizing network schedules in time. It is noted that the optimization of the network schedule can be achieved in two main ways: by reducing the duration of individual critical works, i.e. transferring them to the forced mode of operation of teams and by restructuring the network topology, i.e. changes in the structure, technological sequence and interconnections of individual works. At the end of the article, a classification of network models is given according to the organizational structure of management, the characteristics of the models used, the features of the tasks being solved and the functioning in time, and the means of information processing. "

Increasing the durability of cold volume stamping equipment

The work examines the process of cold three-dimensional stamping, which is a very effective method of manufacturing blanks for machine parts. When using cold extrusion, high-cost stamping equipment wears out quickly and defects appear on the finished products. The development of rational technological processes of stamping helps to solve the tasks of expanding the possibilities of cold extrusion by reducing the specific force perceived by the punches, finding the optimal shape of the punch, and testing different grades of steel in order to select them according to the best operational properties. The process of radial extrusion was theoretically investigated and its mathematical model was built based on the energy method, which allows for the analysis of the force mode of extrusion and the kinematics of metal flow, to determine the relative specific force of deformation, to construct the velocity fields for different metal flow zones, and already from these data to calculate the total force deformations The resolution of the model made it possible to formulate recommendations for reducing production defects and increasing the durability of die equipment.

Effect of the Late-1990s Change in Tropical Forcing on Teleconnections to the Amundsen–Bellingshausen Seas Region during Austral Autumn

Abstract Tropical sea surface temperature (SST) and associated precipitation, acting as diabatic heat forcing, has far-reaching climatic impacts across the globe through exciting poleward-propagating Rossby waves. It is found that the leading mode of tropical Pacific forcing in austral autumn experiences a significant interdecadal shift from an eastern Pacific (EP) to a central Pacific (CP) type around the late 1990s. More specifically, the EP-type precipitation anomaly mode before 1998 drives a quadrupole-like teleconnection pathway emanating from the tropical Pacific to the Ross Sea and Amundsen–Bellingshausen Seas (ABS) region, whereas the CP-type mode after 1999 excites a Pacific–South American (PSA)-like teleconnection orienting along a great circle. Divergent flows induced by different precipitation anomaly modes primarily determine the generation of Rossby waves by means of the vortex stretching and vorticity advection processes. Furthermore, the synoptic high-frequency transient eddy activity along with its dynamic forcing effect differs greatly before and after 1998/99, contributing to different locations of the teleconnection lobes at mid- to high latitudes. In contrast, the subseasonal low-frequency transient eddy activity exerts a limited influence. Our findings also indicate that the EP-type (CP-type) tropical forcing mode could significantly modulate the zonal displacement (strength) of the Amundsen Sea low, which could lead to distinct climate responses of West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula in austral autumn.

Experimental and numerical study on seismic performance of a novel type of cold-formed steel shear wall with built-in sandwich panels

The purpose of this paper is to study the seismic behavior of the cold-formed thin-walled steel composite wall with built-in honeycomb sandwich and analyze its failure mechanism. A total of 13 monotonic and cyclic loading tests of wall specimens were completed in this paper, including four for observing the force and failure mode of the built-in sandwich of cold-formed steel (CFS) frame specimens, and nine specimens sheathed with double-sided oriented strand board (OSB). The mechanical performance indicators such as shear bearing capacity, stiffness, ductility, energy dissipation capacity and stiffness degradation of the honeycomb sandwich and other sandwich CFS shear walls were compared and analyzed. The experimental results demonstrate that the failure mode of the wall specimens is mainly ductile failure, including chord stud buckling or tearing, screw tilted, sank into the panel, or cut off at the connection between the honeycomb sandwich and the track. The built-in honeycomb sandwich can play a better role as a skin, which can significantly improve the shear bearing capacity and stiffness of the composite wall, but reduce the ductility. The sheathing and studs can effectively limit the out-of-plane buckling deformation of the sandwich panel and give full play to the properties of the sandwich material, thereby improving the shear bearing capacity, stiffness and energy dissipation capacity of the wall, as well as improving the ductility. The effects of wall aspect ratio and sandwich thickness on the seismic behavior for the built-in honeycomb sandwich CFS shear wall were analyzed by finite element analysis (FEA) and compared with the flat steel plate sandwich and OSB plate sandwich wall. And the nonlinear simplified analysis model of the composite wall under cyclic loading was established by SAP2000.

Energy absorption investigation of octagonal multi-layered origami thin-walled tubes under quasi-static axial loading

Origami crash tubes have concerned nowadays due to their superior crashworthiness behaviour by controlling the initial buckling force and collapse modes. In this paper, a new multi-layered origami pattern is proposed and fabricated, and a numerical study is performed under quasi-static axial compressive loading and validated by the experimental result of the fabricated origami crash box. To compare the energy absorption efficiency of this proposed origami tube, its mechanical responses are normalised with the conventional octagonal tube. Moreover, the crashworthiness behaviour of 64 samples is investigated for the dihedral angle 2θ, outer layer height e, and module number M in the parametric study. It is demonstrated that by increasing M for tubes with a constant value of e, the critical angle of θ decreases. By increasing the value of e for tubes; while, considering the values of M and θ constant, the mechanical responses of the tubes increase, and these trends are valid as long as θ is below the critical angle. The number of modules M, angle θ, and outer layer height e have the highest effect on the mechanical responses. Finally, the results show that by maintaining the specific energy absorption of the conventional octagonal tube, the initial peak force can be reduced about 55%. In consequence, the proposed pattern reduces the initial peak force while maintaining the specific energy absorption.

Study of activation energy and moisture diffusivity of various dipping solutions of ivy gourd using solar dryer.

The study is aimed to enhance the shelf life of ivy gourd through the solar drying method in open, forced, and natural convection mode. Ivy gourd is treated as the primary agent to prepare medicines and the stems, leaves and flowers are used to cure diseases related to diabetics, ulcer and skin. The normal shelf life is 2-3days and it can be increased up to 6months with an effective drying process. The experiment is intended to find the best drying process among the open, natural, and forced convection mode with an initial dipping method with ascorbic acid, lemon juice, sugar solution, honey solutions individually, and a control sample (without dipping). A 3kg sample of ivy gourd is dipped in 10g/L of each of the solutions and it is used for the three drying processes individually. The obtained results are indicating that the forced convection method for ascorbic acid is best among the other drying method, with the highest moisture diffusivity is 7.88 × 10-8 m2/s and the lowest activation energy of 21.12kJ/mol. The lemon juice sample is found to have better sensory appeal in terms of colour (darkness) and shrinkage followed by honey, ascorbic acid, and control sample, whereas the honey-dipped sample offers a better taste followed by lemon juice-dipped samples, control, and ascorbic acid-dipped samples, respectively. The influence of dipping solution and drying mechanisms on the functionalities of drying are discussed with suitable illustrations.

The Hidden Flower in WS2 Flakes: A Combined Nanomechanical and Tip-Enhanced Raman Exploration.

We report on tungsten disulfide (WS2) flakes grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), which exhibit a flower-like surface structure above the primary few-layer flake with a triangular shape. The fine structure is only revealed in the mechanical, chemical, and electronic properties of the flake but not in the topography. The origin of this structure is the peculiar one-step growth during the CVD process that permits to control the sulfur concentration at any time. A high concentration of S at the onset of the deposition process leads to a rapid growth of the flake, resulting in tungsten vacancies. Reducing the sulfur concentration toward the end of the growth slows down the reaction and leads to sulfur vacancies. These microscale domains were studied by confocal- and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy revealing their chemical composition with high spatial resolution. A strong quenching of the photoluminescence in the tungsten-vacancy domains is observed. Atomic force microscope measurements, performed in intermittent contact mode, force modulation mode (including lateral force mode), and PeakForce quantitative nanomechanics mode, show that the mechanical properties of these domains differ. Within the tungsten-vacancy domains, the adhesion force is reduced, while the friction force increased. Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements show that the electronic properties of the flakes are modulated by these domains. The combined nanomechanical and nanospectroscopy measurements provide detailed insights on the inhomogeneous surface properties of the single WS2 flake, further highlighting how its multidomain properties can be finely tuned using CVD.

Interlayer interaction characteristics of multi‐layered plain woven glass fabric in hemisphere forming

AbstractCharacterizing the interlayer interaction is beneficial to mitigate the manufacturing defects in the multi‐layered fabric forming of composite. However, the interlayer interactions including the force and sliding distance, and their effects on the defect generation have not been reported yet. Here, the monolayer and multi‐layered fabric hemisphere forming were conducted by experiments. Firstly, the forming force and deformation modes at different hemisphere regions are confirmed in the monolayer fabric forming as a reference. Then, in the multi‐layered forming, the interlayer interaction is confirmed to still exist in the configuration with the same ply orientations, whereas the forming force, forming force rate, and interlayer sliding are smaller than that in the configuration with different ply orientations. In addition, with the increase of layer number, the extent of interlayer interaction is improved, which intensifies the defect from the out of plane yarn buckling to the macro wrinkle in the tensile direction. Especially, it is revealed that the tensile direction of lower layer should be avoided under the shear direction of upper layer to reduce the interlayer sliding. These results obtained here provide an important reference to the multi‐layered plain woven fabric forming.

A Combined Liquid Cold Plate and Heat Sink Based Hybrid Cooling Approach for the Temperature Control of Integrated Circuit Chips

Abstract The study focuses on the experimental and numerical investigations on the cooling of seven protruding asymmetric integrated circuit (IC) chips arranged optimally at various positions in a switch mode power supply (SMPS) board. The chips are cooled under the laminar forced convection mode using the hybrid cooling technique (liquid cold plate integrated with the heat sinks). Fifteen heat sink cases (combinations) are considered for the analysis with the goal to keep the IC chip’s temperature under the safe limit (less than 100 °C). Variable power (heat) inputs to the IC chips along with a water flow rate of 0.5 kg/s (corresponding to the velocity of 4 m/s) inside the liquid cold plate are considered for the analysis. The heat sinks absorb the heat dissipated from the IC chips and reduce their temperature substantially by enhancing their heat removal rate up to 32%. The convection contribution of the IC chips has also improved by 62% using the heat sinks. Hence, hybrid cooling is found to be an effective technique for the temperature control of the IC chips. Numerical analyses are also carried out using the ansys fluent (v r16) to support the experiments. Both the results agree with each other in the error band of 6–12%.

Shape stability of 3D printable concrete with river and manufactured sand characterized by squeeze flow

Without formwork support, shape stability is one of the most critical properties of 3D printable concrete. This study evaluated the influence of the substitution of river sand by manufactured sand (0%, 15%, 25%, 35%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by volume) on the shape stability of freshly printed concrete. Shape stability was measured by squeeze flow tests with two different loading modes including an increasing force mode and a constant force mode. In the increasing force squeeze flow test, the elastic and plastic behaviors of mixtures were analyzed, while in the constant force squeeze flow test, modified yield stress was derived, with the consideration of the strength correction factor. Furthermore, two series of square wall layouts were printed and the failure patterns (either plastic collapse or elastic buckling) were well predicted by the squeeze flow. In addition, results demonstrated that the substitution of river sand by manufactured sand enhanced the shape stability of the 3D printable concrete, which closely related to the packing fraction of aggregate.

A fundamental-period-preserving seismic retrofit methodology for low-rise buildings with supplemental inerters

Stiffness retrofit is a very effective technique to increase the seismic capacity of low-rise buildings. However, the shift of the fundamental period might lead to potential adverse effects when considering the spectral content of the ground motions. To address this issue, this paper proposed a fundamental-period-preserving (FPP) retrofit methodology. By augmenting traditional stiffness retrofit techniques with inerters, the fundamental period can be preserved. In addition, the normalized seismic input force and higher mode effects can be reduced. Different retrofit examples were evaluated through a series of nonlinear static and nonlinear dynamic analyses. Different performance objectives, including roof drift, story drift, story acceleration, base shear, and the force generated by inerters were used to demonstrate the effectiveness and the applicability of FPP approach in structure retrofit. The results showed that the FPP approach is an attractive alternative to the seismic retrofit of low-rise buildings.