Mode Of Attachment Research Articles

AI Voice Cloning Technology under Human-machine Attachment Shared Mechanism Behavior Research

AI voice cloning technology, with its unique anthropomorphic and authenticity characteristics, successfully replicates human voice and endows it with eternal value, thus spawning a new mode of human-machine attachment. Based on the SOR model, this study introduces key variables to reconstruct the voice sharing model and uses structural equation modeling (SEM) to conduct a deep analysis of 302 questionnaire data. The research results show that the anthropomorphism and authenticity of technology, as well as users' attachment emotions, have significant positive effects on sharing behavior, while trust attitude shows a negative effect. In addition, attachment and trust play intermediary roles in sharing behavior. Based on these findings, this paper proposes suggestions for eliminating barriers, building trust, and returning to the user as the main subject to restart the human-machine attachment relationship, providing a new perspective for the research on the mechanism of voice sharing behavior under the background of human-machine attachment, aiming to build a closer and more stable human-machine voice symbiotic relationship.

Possibility of Lightning Strike to Surface-Mounted Antennas on Aircraft

Lightning is considered a significant electromagnetic hazard for airplanes. One of the initial stages in developing lightning protection systems for airplane involves determining potential areas where lightning may strike and attach to the airplane. The most common mode of attachment to the airplane, known as the airplane-initiated mode, is caused by airplane-initiated bipolar leaders. Previous research has indicated that airplane components, such as the nosecone, wingtips, and stabilizer tips, play a crucial role in the commencement of connecting leaders. Apart from these, other extremities formed by the surfacemounted antennas are also present on the airplane. These antennas are typically 40-50 cm tall, providing sharp protrusions where significant field intensification can occur under the influence of the ambient field. Lightning attachment to the antenna subjects it to high rate of rise of current and large variation in local electric field. Moreover, the initial attachment can result in local intense heating and consequential damage. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate how these surface-mounted antennas are vulnerable to attachment compared to other airplane extremities. The current investigation aims to measure the likelihood of lightning striking antennas on airplane.

Diatom metacommunity structuring in a large lake: geomorphic, water chemistry and dispersal effects on diatom guilds in Lake Ladoga (north-western Russia)

The relative importance of environmental filtering and dispersal in structuring metacommunities of littoral periphytic diatoms was assessed within a large lake (Lake Ladoga, north-western Russia). We hypothesized that different diatom functional guilds (high-profile, low-profile, motile and planktic) would respond differently to environmental and spatial variables, depending on their mode of attachment and dispersal ability. Guilds showed distinct distributional patterns along a gradient of wave-induced disturbance: low-profile diatoms dominated in exposed shorelines (high disturbance), whereas high-profile and motile diatoms were more abundant in coastal wetlands (low disturbance). Redundancy analysis with variation partitioning of the entire diatom community revealed that environmental variables (littoral geomorphology and water chemistry) outperformed spatial variables, indicating a predominant role of species sorting. When the diatom community was deconstructed into functional groups, benthic guilds (i.e., low-profile, high-profile and motile) showed higher dependence on environmental factors, whereas the planktic guild was primarily predicted by spatial factors. Thus, benthic taxa with lower dispersal abilities were less impacted by mass effects than planktic taxa. Among benthic guilds, motile diatoms were less sensitive to water chemistry compared to low-profile and high-profile diatoms, suggesting that a group-specific habitat preference may interfere with diatom responses to water quality changes. Hence, the response of diatom guilds to water quality parameters was related to their resistance to wave action. Overall, we concluded that the higher importance of environmental filtering than dispersal-related processes in shaping the diatom metacommunity resulted from a combination of a strong environmental gradient in geomorphology/water chemistry and the intermediate spatial scale of our study.

Energy is not a convex function of particle number for r-k interparticle potentials with k > log34.

The energy of a many-particle system is not convex with respect to particle number for r-k interparticle repulsion potentials if k > log34 ≈ 1.262. With such potentials, some finite electronic systems have ionization potentials that are less than the electron affinity: they have negative band gap (chemical hardness). Although the energy may be a convex function of the number of electrons (for which k = 1), it suggests that finding an analytic proof of convexity will be very difficult. The bound on k is postulated to be tight. An apparent signature of non-convex behavior is that the Dyson orbital corresponding to the lowest-energy mode of electron attachment has a vanishingly small amplitude.

Origin and Early Evolution of Echinoderms

Echinoderms are a major group (phylum) of invertebrate animals with a rich fossil record stretching back to the Cambrian period, approximately 518 million years ago. While all modern species are characterized by pentaradial (i.e., fivefold) symmetry, Cambrian echinoderms also include taxa with different types of symmetry (e.g., bilateral symmetry). These distinct forms were present from very early in the phylum's history, demonstrating that the initial diversification of echinoderm body plans was extremely rapid. The phylogenetic relationships of Cambrian echinoderms have long been debated, hindering efforts to reconstruct the evolution of the phylum, but recent analyses have consistently recovered bilaterally symmetrical forms as the earliest-diverging echinoderms. This reveals the sequence of character acquisition in echinoderm evolution, indicating that radial symmetry is a derived character of the group, which evolved after the acquisition of a mineralized skeleton. Cambrian echinoderms were adapted to diverse modes of life, with ecology an important factor shaping their early evolution. However, the reasons why echinoderms evolved their unique pentaradial body plan remain unclear. ▪The Cambrian fossil record provides valuable insights into the origin and early evolution of echinoderms over half a billion years ago.▪Cambrian echinoderms were morphologically diverse, with several extinct groups exhibiting character combinations that distinguish them from living species.▪Phylogenetic analyses of bilateral, asymmetrical, triradial, and pentaradial fossils have allowed us to decipher the assembly of the modern echinoderm body plan.▪Echinoderms became ecologically diverse early in their history, with varied modes of feeding, locomotion, and attachment.

In vitro reconstitution of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1-induced mRNA cleavage reveals the key roles of the N-terminal domain of Nsp1 and the RRM domain of eIF3g.

SARS CoV-2 nonstructural protein 1 (Nsp1) is the major pathogenesis factor that inhibits host translation using a dual strategy of impairing initiation and inducing endonucleolytic cleavage of cellular mRNAs. To investigate the mechanism of cleavage, we reconstituted it in vitro on β-globin, EMCV IRES, and CrPV IRES mRNAs that use unrelated initiation mechanisms. In all instances, cleavage required Nsp1 and only canonical translational components (40S subunits and initiation factors), arguing against involvement of a putative cellular RNA endonuclease. Requirements for initiation factors differed for these mRNAs, reflecting their requirements for ribosomal attachment. Cleavage of CrPV IRES mRNA was supported by a minimal set of components consisting of 40S subunits and eIF3g's RRM domain. The cleavage site was located in the coding region 18 nt downstream from the mRNA entrance, indicating that cleavage occurs on the solvent side of the 40S subunit. Mutational analysis identified a positively charged surface on Nsp1's N-terminal domain (NTD) and a surface above the mRNA-binding channel on eIF3g's RRM domain that contain residues essential for cleavage. These residues were required for cleavage on all three mRNAs, highlighting general roles of the Nsp1 NTD and eIF3g's RRM domain in cleavage per se, irrespective of the mode of ribosomal attachment.

Determining Modes of Thiol Collector Attachment at Sulfide Minerals by Optical, Electron Scanning and Laser Microscopy

Determining Modes of Thiol Collector Attachment at Sulfide Minerals by Optical, Electron Scanning and Laser Microscopy

The role of pet attachment in alleviating the negative effects of loneliness on a health-promoting lifestyle: An empirical study based on threshold effects for pet owners.

A health-promoting lifestyle is acknowledged as a 'positive ageing' strategy for older people. The inevitable decline in their social networks may lead to loneliness and subsequently damage their health-promoting lifestyle. Therefore, pet owning has become a popular way for them to alleviate loneliness. However, the attachment resulting from pet ownership may either facilitate or impede older people's ability to counteract the negative effect of loneliness on health-promoting lifestyles, and this effect may only be observed when pet owners have limited human confidants. To identify the role of pet attachment in alleviating the negative impact of loneliness on a health-promoting lifestyle and its supplementary role in the deficiency of social relationships by analysing the correlation mechanism between pet attachment, loneliness and a health-promoting lifestyle. Self-report questionnaires were sent to 879 older people (aged ≥60) with pets in China by using a multistage stratified random sampling method. Cross-sectional threshold regression models were established to analyse the nonlinear effects of loneliness on a health-promoting lifestyle and the different threshold effects among different social relationship levels. A single threshold value (0.444) was drawn to determine the action mode of pet attachment on the negative relationship between loneliness and a health-promoting lifestyle. When the level of pet attachment exceeded 0.444, the inhibition of loneliness on a health-promoting lifestyle decreased significantly. Additionally, this threshold effect was evident among older people at different levels of social relationships. The negative effect of loneliness on a health-promoting lifestyle is alleviated by the single threshold effect of pet attachment. Pet-owner relationships can compensate for a lack of social relationships to some extent and alleviate both an individual's loneliness and its negative effect on a health-promoting lifestyle. To alleviate loneliness and promote healthy ageing in older people who lack social relationships, the tailored pet intervention strategies that prioritize 'one health' at the animal-ecosystem interface that consider their different individual levels of social relationship should be developed.

Electrostatic and Covalent Binding of an Antibacterial Polymer to Hydroxyapatite for Protection against Escherichia coli Colonization.

Orthopedic-device-related infections are notorious for causing physical and psychological trauma to patients suffering from them. Traditional methods of treating these infections have relied heavily on antibiotics and are becoming ineffectual due to the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Mimics of antimicrobial peptides have emerged as exciting alternatives due to their favorable antibacterial properties and lack of propensity for generating resistant bacteria. In this study, the efficacy of an antibacterial polymer as a coating material for hydroxyapatite and glass surfaces, two materials with wide ranging application in orthopedics and the biomedical sciences, is demonstrated. Both physical and covalent modes of attachment of the polymer to these materials were explored. Polymer attachment to the material surfaces was confirmed via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. The modified surfaces exhibited significant antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative bacterium E. coli, and the activity was retained for a prolonged period on the surfaces of the covalently modified materials.

Direct Adsorption of Graphene Oxide on a Glassy Carbon Electrode: An Investigation of Its Adsorption and Electrochemical Activity.

Different modes of attachment of graphene oxide (GO) on an electrode surface resulted in unusual catalytic behavior respective of attachment because of film thickness. The present work investigates the direct adsorption of GO to the surface of a glassy carbon (GC) electrode. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that multilayers of GO get adsorbed on the GC substrate and the adsorption was limited by folding up of the GO sheets at their edges. π-π and hydrogen bonding interactions between the GO and GC substrate flagged the adsorption of GO. pH studies revealed that higher adsorption of GO was achieved at pH = 3 rather than at pH = 7 and 10. Even though the electroactive surface area of adsorbed GO (GOads) was not remarkable (0.069 cm2), upon electrochemical reduction of GOads (Er-GOads), the electroactive surface area was escalated to be 0.174 cm2. Similarly, the RCT of Er-GOads was boosted to 2.9 kΩ compared to GOads which is 19 kΩ. Open circuit voltage was recorded to study the adsorption of GO on the GC electrode. Multilayered GO best fitted with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm, and the Freundlich constants like n and KF were found to be 4 and 0.992, respectively. The Freundlich constant "n" revealed the adsorption of GO on the GC substrate to be a physisorption process. Furthermore, the electrocatalytic performance of Er-GOads was demonstrated by taking uric acid as a probe. The modified electrode showed excellent stability toward the determination of uric acid.

Synthesis of multi fluorine containing polyoxometalate sandwich type compound with drug delivery, DNA interaction and protein binding studies

The combination of polyoxometalates (POMs) and fluorinated anhydride in a variety of modes ofinteractionturned out to be the key for unlocking new directions in the study of biological activities. In this study, two new compounds such as a sandwich type covalently attached fluorinated anhydride [C27H24F6N2O10](FDA-Di-Tris) and a Dawson POM hybrid, [{N(C4H9)4}10 {C22H16F6N2O128P4V6W30·CH3CN}](FDA@Di-POM) were synthesized. These compounds were clearly characterized and their formation was confirmed by spectroscopic(UV–visible, FT-IR, NMR) techniques, elemental analyses and scanning electron microscopy techniques(SEM). FDA-Di-Tris and FDA@Di-POM were evaluated for drug delivery, DNA binding and protein binding. It is found that drug loading efficiency was 82% and 57% for FDA@Di-POM and FDA-Di-Tris,respectively. While drug release for FDA-Di-Tris was found to be lowest (14%) in basic media (pH = 11) and highest (59%) in acidic media (pH = 3) and FDA@Di-POM exhibited approximately similar behavior in both media such as (55%) in basic media (pH = 11) and (49%) in acidic media (pH = 3) respectively. UV–visible study of FDA-Di-Tris and FDA@Di-POM with salmon sperm DNA (SS-DNA) showed hypochromism trend which indicate intercalation mode of attachment and exhibited binding constant value 6.29 × 105M−1 and 8.33 × 105 M−1 for FDA-Di-Tris and FDA@Di-POM, respectively, referring that FDA@Di-POM has more binding affinity than FDA-Di-Tris. Protein binding study presented binding constant value (Kb) FDA@Di-POM and FDA-Di-Tris, which are 2.28 × 108 M−1 and 1.55 108 M−1, correspondingly.

Different modes of attachment of graphitic carbon nitrides on glassy carbon electrode and their electrocatalytic activity

The present investigation reveals the attachment of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (GCNS) on glassy carbon (GC) electrode by adsorption, drop casting and potentiodynamic methods and their electrocatalytic activity. The bulk GCN was derived from urea and then converted into GCNS via water exfoliation aided by sonication. The GCNS was then directly attached to the GC electrode (GCNS-a) by immersing it in GCNS for 12 h. The initial adsorption of GCNS on the GC electrode is similar to Michael's like nucleophilic addition, and subsequent attachment may occur via π-π stacking. In the next mode of attachment, GCNS was fabricated by drop casting (GCNS-b) a known quantity of GCNS and dried at room temperature. In the third mode of attachment (GCNS-c), GCNS was fabricated on GC electrode by fifteen potential cycles in 0.1 M H2SO4 containing 1 mg mL−1 GCNS. The GCNS modified by these three different protocols were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The SEM studies reveal that the morphology of GCNS varies with respect to the mode of attachment. The GCNS modified by potential cycling shows termitarium like structure whereas sheet like structure and an aggregated transparent thin sheet were noticed for direct adsorption and drop casting methods, respectively. Among the three different modes of attachments, improved electroactive surface area (EAS) and less charge transfer resistance (RCT) value were obtained for GC/GCNS-c electrode. Further, the GCNS attached by potentiodynamic method exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic performance towards ascorbic acid (ASA), dopamine (DPA) and hydrogen peroxide (HDP) in contrast to GCNS modified by adsorption and drop casting methods. The elevated electrochemical activity was due to larger EAS and lower impedance of GCNS-c electrode. The oxidation current increased linearly increases when increasing the concentration of HDP from 100 nM to 1 mM and the limit of detection was 5.2 nM (S/N = 3). Further, GCNS-c electrode also selectively determines HDP in the presence of 500-fold higher concentration of major interferents.

Covalent synthesis, structural characterization and biological behavioral study of tin captured porphyrin-polyoxometalate based polymeric hybrid

The combination of polyoxometalates(POMs) and tin-based porphyrin in a variety of modes ofinteractionturned out to be the key for unlocking new directions in the study of biological activities. In this study, a new sandwich type covalently attached porphyrin C52H48N6O6Sn (SnTPP-Di-Tris) and Anderson POM-porphyrin polymeric hybrid, with molecular formula as [{N(C4H9)4}8{C62H60Mn2Mo12N6O48Sn·CH3CN}](PolySnP@POM). These compounds were clearly characterized and their formation was confirmed by spectroscopic (UV–visible, FT-IR, NMR) techniques, powder XRD, elemental analyses, cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy techniques(SEM). SnTPP-Di-Tris and PolySnP@POM were evaluated for drug delivery, DNA binding, protein binding and antibacterial studies. It is found that drug loading efficiency was 89% and 93% for PolySnP@POM and SnTPP-Di-Tris, respectively. While drug release was more efficient in acidic media (pH = 3) as 100 % for both compounds in 1.5 h as compared to basic media (pH = 11) 65.93% and 72.6% for SnTPP-Di-Tris and PolySnP@POM, respectively. Uv–visible study of SnTPP-Di-Tris and PolySnP@POM with salmon sperm DNA (SS-DNA) showed hypochromism trend which indicate intercalation mode of attachment and exhibited binding constant value 4.9 × 103 M−1 and 2.7 × 104 M−1 for SnTPP-Di-Tris and PolySnP@POM, respectively, referring that PolySnP@POM has more binding affinity than SnTPP-Di-Tris. Protein binding Study presented binding constant value (Kb) 3.09 × 104 M−1 and 1.30 × 104 M−1 for PolySnP@POM, and SnTPP-Di-Tris, correspondingly. Antibacterial activity results showed minor to significant activity. Furthermore, enhanced antibacterial activity of SnTPP-Di-Tris over its corresponding hybrid PolySnP@POM was observed because of lipophilic and more proliferating nature of SnTPP-Di-Tris.

Customised cheek plumper for completely edentulous patient- A clinical report

Facial aesthetics is of utmost importance in person’s life. Aging is associated with loss of teeth, residual ridge resorption and reduced tonicity of the facial muscles, leading to an unesthetic appearance and sunken cheeks in some individuals. Aesthetics in such individuals seeking complete dentures can be improved with the help of cheek plumper by supporting and lifting the cheeks. This article describes an innovative, simple, cost-effective attachment system made by modifying the casted sprue as mode of attachment in completely edentulous patient requiring complete denture prostheses with detachable cheek plumper.

The effect of deletions of genes encoding Pho3p and Bgl2p on the polyphosphate level, stress adaptation and attachment of these proteins in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> cell wall

Inorganic polyphosphates (polyP), according to literature data, are involved in the regulatory processes of molecular complex of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall (CW). The aim of the work was to reveal relationship between polyP, acid phosphatase Pho3p, and the major CW protein, glucanosyl transglycosylase Bgl2p, which is the main glucan-remodelling enzyme with amyloid properties. It has been shown that the yeast cells with deletion of the PHO3 gene contain more high molecular alkali-soluble polyP and are also more resistant to exposure to alkali and manganese ions compared to the wild type strain. This suggests that Pho3p is responsible for hydrolysis of the high molecular polyP on the surface of yeast cells, and these polyP belong to the stress resistance factors. The S. cerevisiae strain with deletion of the BGL2 gene is similar to the Δpho3 strain both in the level of high molecular alkali-soluble polyP and in the increased resistance to alkali and manganese. Comparative analysis of the CW proteins demonstrated correlation between the extractability of the acid phosphatase and Bgl2p, and also revealed a change in the mode of Bgl2p attachment to the CW of the strain lacking Pho3p. It has been suggested that Bgl2p and Pho3p are able to form a metabolon or its parts that connects biogenesis of the main structural polymer of the CW, glucan, and catabolism of an important regulatory polymer, polyphosphates.

PrM-reactive antibodies reveal a role for partially mature virions in dengue virus pathogenesis

Cleavage of the flavivirus premembrane (prM) structural protein during maturation can be inefficient. The contribution of partially mature flavivirus virions that retain uncleaved prM to pathogenesis during primary infection is unknown. To investigate this question, we characterized the functional properties of newly-generateddengue virus (DENV) prM-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) invitro and using a mouse model of DENV disease. Anti-prM mAbs neutralized DENV infection in a virion maturation state-dependent manner. Alanine scanning mutagenesis and cryoelectron microscopy of anti-prM mAbs in complex with immature DENV defined two modes of attachment to a single antigenic site. Invivo, passive transfer of intact anti-prM mAbs resulted in an antibody-dependent enhancement of disease. However, protection against DENV-induced lethality was observed when the transferred mAbs were genetically modified to inhibit their ability to interact with Fcγ receptors. These data establish that in addition to mature forms of the virus, partially mature infectious prM+ virions can also contribute to pathogenesis during primary DENV infections.

Site-specific covalent metalation of DNA oligonucleotides with phosphorescent platinum(ii) complexes.

Phosphorescent Pt(II) complexes, composed of a tridentate N^N^C donor ligand and a monodentate ancillary ligand, were covalently attached to DNA oligonucleotides. Three modes of attachment were investigated: positioning the tridentate ligand as an artificial nucleobase via a 2'-deoxyribose or a propane-1,2-diol moiety and orienting it towards the major groove by appending it to a uridine C5 position. The photophysical properties of the complexes depend on the mode of attachment and on the identity of the monodentate ligand (iodido vs. cyanido ligand). Significant duplex stabilization was observed for all cyanido complexes when they are attached to the DNA backbone. The luminescence strongly depends on whether a single or two adjacent complexes are introduced, with the latter showing an additional emission band indicative of excimer formation. The doubly platinated oligonucleotides could be useful as ratiometric or lifetime-based oxygen sensors, as the green photoluminescence intensities and average lifetimes of the monomeric species are drastically boosted upon deoxygenation, whereas the red-shifted excimer phosphorescence is nearly insensitive to the presence of triplet dioxygen in solution.

Effect of Deletions of the Genes Encoding Pho3p and Bgl2p on Polyphosphate Level, Stress Adaptation, and Attachments of These Proteins to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell Wall.

Inorganic polyphosphates (polyP), according to literature data, are involved in the regulatory processes of molecular complex of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall (CW). The aim of the work was to reveal relationship between polyP, acid phosphatase Pho3p, and the major CW protein, glucanosyltransglycosylase Bgl2p, which is the main glucan-remodelling enzyme with amyloid properties. It has been shown that the yeast cells with deletion of the PHO3 gene contain more high molecular alkali-soluble polyP and are also more resistant to exposure to alkali and manganese ions compared to the wild type strain. This suggests that Pho3p is responsible for hydrolysis of the high molecular polyP on the surface of yeast cells, and these polyP belong to the stress resistance factors. The S. cerevisiae strain with deletion of the BGL2 gene is similar to the Δpho3 strain both in the level of high molecular alkali-soluble polyP and in the increased resistance to alkali and manganese. Comparative analysis of the CW proteins demonstrated correlation between the extractability of the acid phosphatase and Bgl2p, and also revealed a change in the mode of Bgl2p attachment to the CW of the strain lacking Pho3p. It has been suggested that Bgl2p and Pho3p are able to form a metabolon or its parts that connects biogenesis of the main structural polymer of the CW, glucan, and catabolism of an important regulatory polymer, polyphosphates.

Keeping Faith with Literature

Keeping Faith with Literature

The pollen-specific class VIII-myosin ATM2 from Arabidopsis thaliana associates with the plasma membrane through a polybasic region binding anionic phospholipids

Pollen tubes display polarized tip-growth and are a model to study the coordination of vesicular trafficking and cytoskeletal control. The molecular details of how dynamic actin filaments associate with the plasma membrane are currently unclear. In Arabidopsis thaliana, plasma membrane attachment of actin filaments may be mediated by four myosins representing the plant-specific myosin-subclass VIII, which localize to the plasma membrane and display only minor motor-activity. Here we explore the mode of membrane attachment of the pollen-expressed class VIII-myosins ATM2 and VIII-B through interaction with anionic membrane phospholipids. A fluorescent mCherry-ATM2-fusion decorated plasma membrane-peripheral actin filaments when expressed in tobacco pollen tubes, consistent with a role of class VIII-myosins at the membrane-cytoskeleton interface. As recombinant proteins, class VIII-myosins are prone to aggregation and to proteolysis, creating a challenge for their biochemical characterization. We describe a purification scheme for guanidinium chloride (GdmCl)-denatured recombinant proteins, followed by a renaturation protocol to obtain pure, soluble protein fragments of ATM2 and VIII-B. The fragments represent the C-terminal tail and coiled-coil-regions and lack the N-terminal actin-binding regions, IQ or motor domains. Based on lipid-overlays and liposome-sedimentation assays, the fragments of ATM2 and VIII-B bind anionic phospholipids. Small polybasic regions at the extreme C-termini were sufficient for lipid-binding of the respective protein fragments. When expressed in tobacco pollen tubes, a fluorescence-tagged variant of ATM2 lacking its lipid-binding region displayed substantially reduced plasma membrane association. The data indicate that class VIII-myosins may facilitate actin-plasma membrane attachment through interaction with anionic phospholipids, mediated by polybasic C-terminal lipid-binding domains.