Active Modes Research Articles

Travel mode choice behavior analysis using multinomial logit models towards creating sustainable college campus: a case study of the University of Toledo, Ohio

By employing descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression models, the paper investigates factors that affect the travel mode choice behavior of a college community for both commuting to the campus from their residences and commuting on campus from one facility to another. Results show that car ownership, travel distance, age, gender, academic status, income, perception of safety, number of weekly trips, and weather conditions affect people’s mode choice decisions significantly. The study finds that increasing travel distance, age, and being a staff member positively impact car mode choice, faculty members are more likely to bike and walk compared to undergraduate students, and unlike the authors’ predictions, the higher-income people are more likely to walk on campus. Results also reveal that car users change travel modes more often than active transport mode users based on semesters and that although women are less likely to bike to the campus, they are more likely to walk and bike on campus. If the number of trips increases, people prefer cars to walk, bike, and ride a bus to commute to the campus while they prefer walking to driving a car on campus. The study contributes to help create pollution-free and healthy urban college campuses that, on larger scales, will further contribute to developing sustainable cities to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals as described by the United Nations, particularly goal number 11, “to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable,” and thereby contribute to improving urban living conditions.

FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BISMUTH TELLURIDE THIN FILMS BY THERMAL EVAPORATION TECHNIQUE

An interest in the study of the structural and optical properties of topological insulators, led to the selection of Bismuth telluride thin films. Among the topological insulators, Bismuth telluride is one of the promising materials that exhibit applications in the field of thermoelectric power generation. The films were prepared using the thermal evaporation method under vacuum conditions of [Formula: see text] mbar on glass substrates maintained at a temperature of 120∘C. The thickness of the film samples ranges from 400 Å to 1400 Å. Pure phases of Bi2Te3 with a rhombohedral structure are confirmed using X-ray Diffraction. The crystallite size was calculated using Debye–Scherrer’s formula. Structural morphology and compositions are examined using SEM and EDAX. The UV–Vis study reflects the optical behavior of the thin film samples. The absorption spectra gives the direct and allowed transition band gap of the Bi2Te3 thin film samples for various thicknesses. The band gap decreases with the increase in the thickness of the Bi2Te3 thin films, suggesting that the material has significant absorption towards the visible spectrum. The Photoluminescence (PL) emissions for Bi2Te3 thin film samples of various thicknesses are examined and analysed. Raman study reveals the presence of two active modes.

Ski S. V. Influence of gamma irradiation on the reverse current-voltage characteristics of silicon photomultipliers

The study investigated the effect of Co60 gamma-quanta on the reverse current-voltage characteristic (IV) of silicon photomultiplier (SiPMs) with 1004 cells, which themselves were optically isolated from each other n+ –p–p+ -structures. The cells were optically isolated from each other by trenches filled with tungsten after passivation of the walls with SiO2 and Si3N4 layers. Two variants of structural design of SiPMs were studied. Two variants were tested for the trench metal connection in the SiPMs: variant BI connected the trench metal to the n+-region of the cell through a quenching polysilicon resistor, while variant BII connected it to the p+-region. The breakdown voltage of the investigated SiPMs was Ubr = 34 ± 1.0 V. The samples were irradiated in both the active electrical mode (avalanche breakdown mode) and the passive mode (reverse bias Ub = 0 V). It was discovered, that at dose of D = 106 rad, the dark current for SiPM (BI) and (BII) increased by 6–7 times when irradiated in passive mode and by 15–16 times for SiPM (BII) when irradiated in active mode. For SiPM (BI) irradiated in the avalanche breakdown mode, the dark current increased by 104 times at D = 105 rad. The research demonstrates that the radiation-induced degradation of the dark current in the SiPMs under study is due to an increase in the generation and, primarily, surface components. This is a result of the accumulation of positive charge in the insulating layer of the separating trenches.

Oxygen vacancies engineering in Mn3O4 for regulating peroxymonosulfate activation and efficient bisphenol A degradation

In this work, oxygen vacancies (VO)-rich Mn3O4 was synthesized via changing reactive solvent. The effects of VO amount on PMS activation mechanism and bisphenol A (BPA) degradation were explored. Introduction of moderate amount of VO in Mn3O4 facilitated charge transfer and the exposure of surface Mn3+ species, which could oxidize BPA. Meanwhile, VO content could affect the PMS adsorption and activation modes. PMS adsorbed on bridged Mn-Mn sites in Mn3O4-x with more VO was likely to extract electrons from BPA to oxidize it directly. SO4•–, •OH, and 1O2 made negligible contributions to BPA degradation due to the presence of these two oxidation processes, but they were effective in the VO-free Mn3O4 system. Mn3O4-x/PMS system had good anti-interference ability in the degradation of BPA in complicated matrixes. The normalization kinetic constant was 103.2 min−1 M−1, which was 8.3 times higher than that of VO-free Mn3O4. The good catalytic activity (BPA = 20 ppm, with a removal ratio of above 90.0% in 180 min) in the continuous-flow experiment further revealed the potential of Mn3O4-x/PMS in practical wastewater applications. This study provides a new method to regulate the amount of VO in Mn3O4 and presents deep insights into the influence of VO on PMS activation.

Praseodymium induced symmetry switching and electrochemical characteristics of LaCoO3 nanostructures

A comparative study of the crystal structures and electrochemical characteristics of bulk and nanoscale La1-xPrxCoO3 (x = 0, 0.3 and 0.6) perovskites is made using synchrotron x-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge/discharge methods. It is shown that the sol-gel synthesized nano structures and bulk LaCoO3 exhibit different crystal structures, viz., rhombohedral [a = b = 5.4401 Å, c = 13.134 Å (on hexagonal axes), Z = 6, R3‾c] and monoclinic [am = 5.3865 Å, bm = 5.4482 Å, cm = 7.6365 Å, βm = 89.010°, Z = 4, I2/a], respectively. The evidence for CoO6 octahedra distortion in bulk LaCoO3 is also gathered from the three distinct Raman active modes at 518, 646, and 688 cm−1 emerging due to the Jahn-Teller effect, which, in-turn, reduces the crystal symmetry for achieving structure stabilization. This amounts to changes in Co–O bond lengths and Co–O–Co bond angles with promotion of t2g electron to eg level simultaneously for Co3+(3d6) to attain an intermediate spin state (S = 1) or higher. However, Pr-insertion induces phase transition to orthorhombic in both but with space group Pnma in nanostructures and equivalent Pbnm in bulk. The substitution effect on the specific capacitance (C) is opposite in nature, i.e., while ‘C’ decreases from 149 to 12 F/g in nano structures, it increases from 0.4 to 4 F/g in bulk with increase in Pr-content from x=0 to 0.6. A galvanostatic charge-discharge test of pristine nano LaCoO3 performed at a constant scan rate of 50 mVs−1 reveals electrode electrochemical stability by retaining 96 % of specific capacitance ∼82.5 F/g for 2000 cycles at least. The variation in the crystal structure and bond length and/or angle plays a key role in controlling the electrochemical performance of Pr-substituted LaCoO3 perovskites.

The zinc-finger transcription factor Sfp1 imprints specific classes of mRNAs and links their synthesis to cytoplasmic decay

To function effectively as an integrated system, the transcriptional and post-transcriptional machineries must communicate through mechanisms that are still poorly understood. Here, we focus on the zinc-finger Sfp1, known to regulate transcription of proliferation-related genes. We show that Sfp1 can regulate transcription either by binding to promoters, like most known transcription activators, or by binding to the transcribed regions (gene bodies), probably via RNA polymerase II (Pol II). We further studied the first mode of Sfp1 activity and found that, following promoter binding, Sfp1 binds to gene bodies and affects Pol II configuration, manifested by dissociation or conformational change of its Rpb4 subunit and increased backtracking. Surprisingly, Sfp1 binds to a subset of mRNAs co-transcriptionally and stabilizes them. The interaction between Sfp1 and its client mRNAs is controlled by their respective promoters and coincides with Sfp1’s dissociation from chromatin. Intriguingly, Sfp1 dissociation from the chromatin correlates with the extent of the backtracked Pol II. We propose that, following promoter recruitment, Sfp1 accompanies Pol II and regulates backtracking. The backtracked Pol II is more compatible with Sfp1’s relocation to the nascent transcripts, whereupon Sfp1 accompanies these mRNAs to the cytoplasm and regulates their stability. Thus, Sfp1’s co-transcriptional binding imprints the mRNA fate, serving as a paradigm for the cross-talk between the synthesis and decay of specific mRNAs, and a paradigm for the dual-role of some zinc-finger proteins. The interplay between Sfp1’s two modes of transcription regulation remains to be examined.

The zinc-finger transcription factor Sfp1 imprints specific classes of mRNAs and links their synthesis to cytoplasmic decay.

To function effectively as an integrated system, the transcriptional and post-transcriptional machineries must communicate through mechanisms that are still poorly understood. Here, we focus on the zinc-finger Sfp1, known to regulate transcription of proliferation-related genes. We show that Sfp1 can regulate transcription either by binding to promoters, like most known transcription activators, or by binding to the transcribed regions (gene bodies), probably via RNA polymerase II (Pol II). We further studied the first mode of Sfp1 activity and found that, following promoter binding, Sfp1 binds to gene bodies and affects Pol II configuration, manifested by dissociation or conformational change of its Rpb4 subunit and increased backtracking. Surprisingly, Sfp1 binds to a subset of mRNAs co-transcriptionally and stabilizes them. The interaction between Sfp1 and its client mRNAs is controlled by their respective promoters and coincides with Sfp1's dissociation from chromatin. Intriguingly, Sfp1 dissociation from the chromatin correlates with the extent of the backtracked Pol II. We propose that, following promoter recruitment, Sfp1 accompanies Pol II and regulates backtracking. The backtracked Pol II is more compatible with Sfp1's relocation to the nascent transcripts, whereupon Sfp1 accompanies these mRNAs to the cytoplasm and regulates their stability. Thus, Sfp1's co-transcriptional binding imprints the mRNA fate, serving as a paradigm for the cross-talk between the synthesis and decay of specific mRNAs, and a paradigm for the dual-role of some zinc-finger proteins. The interplay between Sfp1's two modes of transcription regulation remains to be examined.

Hybrid magnetic nanocomposite NiFe2O4/TiO2 for Photocatalytic dye degradation and green hydrogen (H2) generation

The present paper focuses on designing and developing nanocomposites to modify their properties to increase the ability to generate hydrogen and degrade photocatalytic dyes. A nanocomposite of nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4)/Titanium dioxide (TiO2) was formulated using the sol-gel self-ignition method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) tool was adopted to analyze the structural behavior of pure nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4), pure titanium dioxide (TiO2), and nanocomposite of NiFe2O4/TiO2. XRD pattern of NiFe2O4 and TiO2 shows a monophasic nature whereas the XRD pattern of nanocomposites shows mixed phases of NiFe2O4 and TiO2. FTIR spectra confirm the formation of NiFe2O4, TiO2, and their composites with absorption bands near 400 cm-1 and 600 cm-1, 1500 cm-1. Raman spectra unveiled the presence of five active Raman modes in the case of NiFe2O4 whereas three active Raman modes are seen in TiO2. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images exposed the dense structure with spherical cluster-like morphology in the case of NiFe2O4. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis confirms the presence of all the desired elements of NiFe2O4, TiO2, and their composites in stoichiometric proportions. BET analysis of nickel ferrite NPs suggests a large surface area of the order of 31.54 m2/gm in comparison with TiO2 (19.23 m2/gm). The optical characterization was made through the UV-visible spectroscopic technique. TiO2 shows a maximum band gap of the order of 3.02 eV while NiFe2O4 shows a low band gap of the order of 1.74 eV. A typical M-H curve with saturation magnetization of the order of 27.54 emu/gm was observed for pure NiFe2O4. No magnetic properties were observed for TiO2 as it is a semiconductor. Enhancement in magnetic properties is observed with increases in NiFe2O4 content in a composite of NiFe2O4/TiO2. The photocatalytic activities were examined by degrading Methylene Blue (MB) dye under sunlight for pure nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4), pure titanium dioxide (TiO2), and a nanocomposite of NiFe2O4/TiO2. Photocatalytic hydrogen production reactions were carried out in a methanol/water solution under visible light. Consequently, the best configuration of the photocatalyst was determined as 25% wt% NiFe2O4/ TiO2 which had shown the maximum hydrogen (H2) production rate as 146.3 μmol/g/h after 8 h owing to its reduced bandgap energy and delayed e- / h+ recombination.

The Role of STING-Mediated Activation of Dendritic Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy.

The signaling pathway that comprises cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP or GMP-AMP) synthase (cGAS) and Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) is emerging as a druggable target for immunotherapy, with tumor-resident dendritic cells (DC) playing a critical role in mediating its effects. The STING receptor is part of the DNA-sensing cellular machinery, that can trigger the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators, priming effector T cells and initiating specific antitumor responses. Yet, recent studies have highlighted the dual role of STING activation in the context of cancer: STING can either promote antitumor responses or enhance tumor progression. This dichotomy often depends on the cell type in which cGAS-STING signaling is induced and the activation mode, namely acute versus chronic. Of note, STING activation at the DC level appears to be particularly important for tumor eradication. This review outlines the contribution of the different conventional and plasmacytoid DC subsets and describes the mechanisms underlying STING-mediated activation of DCs in cancer. We further highlight how the STING pathway plays an intricate role in modulating the function of DCs embedded in tumor tissue. Additionally, we discuss the strategies being employed to harness STING activation for cancer treatment, such as the development of synthetic agonists and nano-based delivery systems, spotlighting the current techniques used to prompt STING engagement specifically in DCs.

Development of a multifactorial prediction model for commute mode choice in 10 983 Finnish public sector employees: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to examine the feasibility of using survey data to identify factors that predict commute mode choice.DesignThe study design is cross-sectional.SettingSurvey data from the Finnish...

Physical Activity and Excess Body Weight and Adiposity for Adults. American College of Sports Medicine Consensus Statement.

Excessive body weight and adiposity contribute to many adverse health concerns. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recognizes that the condition of excess body weight and adiposity is complex, with numerous factors warranting consideration. The ACSM published a position stand on this topic in 2001 with an update in 2009, and a consensus paper on the role of physical activity in the prevention of weight gain in 2019. This current consensus paper serves as an additional update to those prior ACSM position and consensus papers. The ACSM supports the inclusion of physical activity in medical treatments (pharmacotherapy, metabolic and bariatric surgery) of excess weight and adiposity, as deemed to be medically appropriate, and provides perspectives on physical activity within these therapies. For weight loss and prevention of weight gain, the effects may be most prevalent when physical activity is progressed in an appropriate manner to at least 150 min·wk-1 of moderate-intensity physical activity, and these benefits occur in a dose-response manner. High-intensity interval training does not appear to be superior to moderate-to-vigorous physical activity for body weight regulation, and light-intensity physical activity may also be an alternative approach provided it is of sufficient energy expenditure. Evidence does not support that any one single mode of physical activity is superior to other modes for the prevention of weight gain or weight loss, and to elicit holistic health benefits beyond the effects on body weight and adiposity, multimodal physical activity should be recommended. The interaction between energy expenditure and energy intake is complex, and the effects of exercise on the control of appetite are variable between individuals. Physical activity interventions should be inclusive and tailored for sex, self-identified gender, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, age, and developmental level. Intervention approaches can also include different forms, channels, and methods to support physical activity.

Physical Activity and Excess Body Weight and Adiposity for Adults. American College of Sports Medicine Consensus Statement

ABSTRACT Excessive body weight and adiposity contribute to many adverse health concerns. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recognizes that the condition of excess body weight and adiposity is complex, with numerous factors warranting consideration. The ACSM published a position stand on this topic in 2001 with an update in 2009, and a consensus paper on the role of physical activity in the prevention of weight gain in 2019. This current consensus paper serves as an additional update to those prior ACSM position and consensus papers. The ACSM supports the inclusion of physical activity in medical treatments (pharmacotherapy, metabolic and bariatric surgery) of excess weight and adiposity, as deemed to be medically appropriate, and provides perspectives on physical activity within these therapies. For weight loss and prevention of weight gain, the effects may be most prevalent when physical activity is progressed in an appropriate manner to at least 150 min·wk−1 of moderate-intensity physical activity, and these benefits occur in a dose–response manner. High-intensity interval training does not appear to be superior to moderate-to-vigorous physical activity for body weight regulation, and light-intensity physical activity may also be an alternative approach provided it is of sufficient energy expenditure. Evidence does not support that any one single mode of physical activity is superior to other modes for the prevention of weight gain or weight loss, and to elicit holistic health benefits beyond the effects on body weight and adiposity, multimodal physical activity should be recommended. The interaction between energy expenditure and energy intake is complex, and the effects of exercise on the control of appetite are variable between individuals. Physical activity interventions should be inclusive and tailored for sex, self-identified gender, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, age, and developmental level. Intervention approaches can also include different forms, channels, and methods to support physical activity.

Pore-scale simulation of two-phase flow in biporous media

Enhancing both permeability and capillary pumping in porous structures has emerged as a key focus for researchers, leading to the development of biporous media. While experimental studies on these structures have been conducted recently, there is a lack of numerical simulations due to difficulties in describing the geometry. To address this gap, the present study explores pore-scale numerical simulation of two-phase capillary flow in biporous media. A new simplified biporous structure is proposed, featuring a staggered arrangement of clusters, with each cluster composed of closely packed solid particles. For comparison, a monoporous media case is contrasted and represented using a conventional staggered arrangement of solid particles. Both passive and active capillary flow modes are considered in the present study. The numerical results align well with previous experimental findings on biporous media, indicating that the proposed biporous geometry effectively models two-phase flow in complex structures at a reasonable computational cost. The results show that capillary effects in biporous media are up to two times more effective than in monoporous structures. Simultaneously, permeability is enhanced by a factor of four in biporous media under similar circumstances, with most of the mass flow rate (more than 95%) passing through the larger pores between clusters. This combined impact of increased capillary action and higher permeability leads to enhanced wicking performance in biporous structures. The outcomes can help to understand two-phase flow physics in the biporous structure and develop reliable models for the simulation of biporous media on a macroscopic scale. Numerical modeling and comprehension of capillary structures play a crucial role in designing optimized geometries to enhance their performance.

COVID-19 Pandemic and Transformation of Activity Space: Implications for Urban Area Planning in the Yogyakarta Metropolitan Area

Abstract Travel patterns and spatial behavior of people in the Yogyakarta Metropolitan Area during the COVID-19 pandemic have experienced adjustments due to restrictions on out-of-home activities. Spatial behavior has information on the coordinates of the location of the activity visited, and the area that represents this behavior is called activity space. Exploration of activity space may play an essential part in urban area planning. This study utilizes travel activity diary data before and during the pandemic for change analysis with a quantitative approach. Data before the pandemic used the Probability Proportional to Size method and random selection of respondents. While re-measurement during the pandemic, respondents were collected using convenience sampling on 109 individuals willing to re-engage in the survey while still considering population size. The generalization of findings applies to workers and part of middle-income families. A literature review strengthens the empirical findings and explores their implications. The findings indicate that the coverage area for activities has shrunk due to the pandemic, with most activity places falling within a short distance of one’s residence and from one another. The consistency of these findings in the future has implications for providing more flexible, multifunctional, and decentralized spaces equipped with safe and comfortable paths for active transportation modes and integrated with reliable communication technology services.

Electrochemical additive manufacturing of interdigitated structures using a multi-anode system with independently-controlled anodes

Interdigitated parts are used across a multitude of engineering applications. The overlapping, intertwined structures pose a challenge for fabrication using conventional additive manufacturing techniques, especially at small size scales. Electrochemical additive manufacturing (ECAM) has been shown to successfully create overhanging parts at the small scale without reliance on support structures. This study extends the ECAM capabilities into demonstration of the fabrication of interdigitated parts by the use of a multi-anode electrochemical additive manufacturing system. The ECAM process is operated by a tool head consisting of multiple anodes independently controlled by individual channels on an in-house-built multipotentiostatic system. Each anode is independently switched into active (anodic) or inactive (open-circuit) mode using a predefined, coded pattern controlling the custom electronics. While each tool is in anodic mode, its current contribution into the overall deposition process is tracked independently as well. Each independent tool can deposit material extending from regions deposited by itself or neighboring tools. The entire multi-head tool is controllably moved by a 3-axis translation system. An interdigitated comb geometry relevant to practical engineering applications is fabricated using this system. This geometry is built using a parallelized voxel-by-voxel tool path with characteristic electrode activation patterns at each position of the tool head. It was found that a purely closed-loop control with no time limit yielded a qualitatively better geometry than a control system with a 10-minute time limit applied. This study overall demonstrates the working principle of a multi-anode system and its ability to fabricate parts interdigitated structures. This study therefore advances the capabilities of ECAM as a valuable additive manufacturing process that can fabricate a variety of challenging parts for relevant engineering applications.

UV Light‐Driven Photocatalytic Performance of CeO2 and Co Ion‐Doped CeO2 Nanoparticles: High‐Efficiency Electrochemical and Chromaticity Blue LED Application

AbstractThe study assesses the efficacy of CeO2 nanoparticles synthesised via the hydrothermal method for UV‐induced catalytic activity in decomposing cobalt complexes. Various analyses, including X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM), and UV‐Vis spectrophotometry were employed to investigate the impact of cobalt on cerium oxide's morphology, optical, electrochemical, and microstructural characteristics. The XRD analysis revealed a cubic structure in the fluorite‐type pattern, primarily oriented along the (111) direction. Raman spectroscopy supported these findings, identifying an active mode peak at 464 cm−1 and indicating the presence of F2g cubic fluorite. SEM imaging displayed cleavage and uniform, densely packed grains. Elemental analysis confirmed the presence of Ce, O, and Co, corroborated by X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) data. Optical measurements indicated a band gap starting at 3.03 eV, which decreased with increasing Co ratio, reaching 2.9 eV at 4 % cobalt incorporation. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry experiments demonstrated that Co‐doped samples exhibited enhanced ion storage capacity. These comprehensive analyses underscore the potential of Co‐doped CeO2 nanoparticles for UV‐induced catalytic activity, offering valuable insights into their structural and functional properties.

The statistical building blocks of animal movement simulations.

Animal movement plays a key role in many ecological processes and has a direct influence on an individual's fitness at several scales of analysis (i.e., next-step, subdiel, day-by-day, seasonal). This highlights the need to dissect movement behavior at different spatio-temporal scales and develop hierarchical movement tools for generating realistic tracks to supplement existing single-temporal-scale simulators. In reality, animal movement paths are a concatenation of fundamental movement elements (FuMEs: e.g., a step or wing flap), but these are not generally extractable from a relocation time-series track (e.g., sequential GPS fixes) from which step-length (SL, aka velocity) and turning-angle (TA) time series can be extracted. For short, fixed-length segments of track, we generate their SL and TA statistics (e.g., means, standard deviations, correlations) to obtain segment-specific vectors that can be cluster into different types. We use the centroids of these clusters to obtain a set of statistical movement elements (StaMEs; e.g.,directed fast movement versus random slow movement elements) that we use as a basis for analyzing and simulating movement tracks. Our novel concept is that sequences of StaMEs provide a basis for constructing and fitting step-selection kernels at the scale of fixed-length canonical activity modes: short fixed-length sequences of interpretable activity such as dithering, ambling, directed walking, or running. Beyond this, variable length pure or characteristic mixtures of CAMs can be interpreted as behavioral activity modes (BAMs), such as gathering resources (a sequence of dithering and walking StaMEs) or beelining (a sequence of fast directed-walk StaMEs interspersed with vigilance and navigation stops). Here we formulate a multi-modal, step-selection kernel simulation framework, and construct a 2-mode movement simulator (Numerus ANIMOVER_1), using Numerus RAMP technology. These RAMPs run as stand alone applications: they require no coding but only the input of selected parameter values. They can also be used in R programming environments as virtual R packages. We illustrate our methods for extracting StaMEs from both ANIMOVER_1 simulated data and empirical data from two barn owls (Tyto alba) in the Harod Valley, Israel. Overall, our new bottom-up approach to path segmentation allows us to both dissect real movement tracks and generate realistic synthetic ones, thereby providing a general tool for testing hypothesis in movement ecology and simulating animal movement in diverse contexts such as evaluating an individual's response to landscape changes, release of an individual into a novel environment, or identifying when individuals are sick or unusually stressed.

Влияние физической нагрузки различной интенсивности на когнитивные способности студентов

There is increasing evidence that physical activity positively affects cognitive function. Physical exercise activates molecular systems involved in metabolism and synaptic plasticity, and the interaction between these systems has been shown to influence cognitive function. The challenge for the scientific community is to find an optimal level of physical activity for students that will promote harmonious development and enhance the effectiveness of their academic performance. This article highlights the influence of various intensities of physical activity on the dynamics of intelligence indicators in male and female students. In the process of the pedagogical experiment, the students were distributed into two groups according to a certain mode of physical activity. The classes in the experimental group included exercises of high intensity, while the classes in the control group included mainly exercises of low intensity. Intellectual abilities were measured before and after 2 months of the pedagogical experiment. The Raven's Standardized Performance Matrices (SPM) test was used to assess intellectual abilities. The results of the study showed that the increase in intelligence indicators in the students of the experimental group is statistically significant, in contrast to the control group. At the same time, it was not possible to identify significant differences using ANOVA. The obtained data are useful in the context of further research, as they show specialists engaged in the study and development of the cognitive abilities of students, different possibilities of influence and a certain range in the organization of further.

Catalytic Selective Functionalization of Poly(organoborons)†

Comprehensive SummaryOrganoborons are commonly used building blocks for rapidly increasing molecular complexity. Although significant progress has been made in the selective functionalization of mono‐organoborons, the site‐selective functionalization of poly(organoborons) has attracted substantial interest in organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals due to the presence of multiple potential reaction sites. This review discusses various activation modes of the target C–B bond, with diverse transformations being achieved in both a selective and efficient manner. Recent advances in the catalytic selective transformations of 1,n‐diboronates through ionic and radical pathways are highlighted. Furthermore, we summarize the existing challenges and future research directions in this field. Key ScientistsIn 1993, Suzuki, Miyaura and coworkers developed a pioneering example of selective arylation towards cis‐1,2‐bis(boryl) alkenes, marking the inception of this field. The Morken group has made significant contributions to the asymmetric diboration of alkenes and realized elegant catalytic functionalization of these compounds since 2004. In 2016, Fernández and colleagues achieved the selective arylation of the internal C–B bond of tri(boronates). Since 2019, the Aggarwal group has developed efficient Giese‐type addition and selective arylation at the more substituted C–B bond of 1,2‐bis(boronic) esters through photoredox catalysis. The controllable regiodivergent alkynylation of 1,3‐bis(boronic) esters was developed by Gao and coworkers in 2023. Recently, Qin conducted elegant research on the programmable late‐stage functionalization of bridge‐substituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) bis‐boronates. Since 2013, catalytic stereoselective transformations have been developed by several groups, including those led by Morken and Chen. This review summarizes the latest and most significant developments in this field since 1993.

Field trial of a seismoacoustic method for ice cover parameters monitoring on the Franz Josef Land archipelago

Among the physical parameters of the freezing seas ice cover, ice thickness is of key importance, and its measurement is one of the most important tasks. The increased interest in the state of the sea ice cover as an indicator of global climatic changes, as well as the growth of comprehensive development of the Arctic shelf has caused intensive development of technical and methodological bases for ice observations. Despite the great variety of approaches to ice thickness estimation, all of them are not without weaknesses. Thus, most contact methods imply direct human presence, which significantly complicates the procedure, taking into account, among other factors, the rough weather conditions of the Arctic. Remote methods depend on weather conditions and cannot always provide high spatial resolution. In this connection, it is promising to use satellite observations coupled with the results of autonomous “ground” measurements, which can be seismoacoustic data containing information on the characteristics of elastic waves propagating in the ice-covered sea, is promising. The purpose of this work is to experimentally test a new passive method for monitoring ice cover parameters along long profiles based on the analysis of natural seismoacoustic fields. The article analyzes the data of a full-scale seismoacoustic experiment with a multichannel group of geophones placed on the floating ice of Alexandra Island in the Franz Josef Land archipelago within the framework of a complex expedition of the Russian Geographical Society. The demonstrates that it is in principle possible to use flexural-gravity waves propagating in the floating ice to estimate its characteristics, both in the active mode and by analyzing the ambient noise, is demonstrated. The results of ice parameter reconstruction obtained in a nondestructive manner using seismoacoustic waves and averaged over long profiles are compared with the data of direct contact measurements. This can be further used for monitoring seasonal and multiyear variability of sea ice thickness of freezing seas, including shelf zones.