Processing Mode Research Articles

Effect of NiO, CuO, Co3O4, and Fe2O3 on the crystallization kinetics of glasses based on slags from joint smelting of silicate nickel and copper pyrite ores

ABSTRACT The effect of modification by addition of 6% by mass of a mixture of NiO, CuO, and Co3O4 taken in equal mass portions with the replacement of half of FeO by Fe2O3 of glass (<0.1 mm) based on slag from joint smelting of nickel and copper ores on kinetics of its crystallization has been studied. Using X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry, and differential scanning calorimetry, it was shown that modification does not change the nature of the released phases and the sequence of their appearance during crystallization. A decrease in the activation energy of crystallization from 663 to 527 kJ·mol−1 for the first period (pigeonite and anorthite release) and from 756 to 542 kJ·mol−1 for the second one (SiO2 release) without changing the process mechanism has been established. The results supplement the information necessary to substantiate non-isothermal and isothermal technological modes of glass processing to obtain glass-ceramics.

Improving the energy efficiency of a galvanic area with a small-scale nature of production

The article considers the problems of energy efficiency of the galvanic section of an industrial enterprise with a small-scale production nature. An analysis of the energy resources consumed by the galvanic section is carried out. The galvanic bath load factors are determined for the section as a whole and for each metal coating application operation separately. The reason for the low energy efficiency of the section's heat supply associated with the uneven equipment load is revealed, due to the impossibility of regulating the consumption of thermal energy with a centralized steam supply. An energy balance of heat supply for the technological process of galvanic application of metal coatings is compiled for two operating modes of the process equipment: bringing to the mode and maintaining the mode. The energy costs required for heating the galvanic baths to the nominal temperatures regulated by the technology of the metal coating application process and the energy costs required to stabilize the temperature mode of the electrolysis process are determined, taking into account the nomenclature of the processed parts, the duration of the working cycle, the required thickness and physical characteristics of the galvanic coating. The article considers options for decentralized heat supply of galvanic baths taking into account process temperatures, load factors and the sequence of metal coating application operations. It defines a rational method for organizing uneven loading of galvanic baths and process energy consumption during decentralized heat supply of the production area. It establishes an acceptable level of efficiency reduction of industrial serial heat sources with increased uneven loading of process equipment. It proposes a method for utilizing unclaimed process heat in the hot water supply system in order to stabilize the efficiency of heat supply sources at a level close to the nominal one. It defines the economic effect of utilizing unclaimed process heat for the needs of hot water supply and heating of the galvanic area.

Common neocortical and hippocampal correlates of Performance errors in a timing task.

We aimed to identify the neuronal correlates of performance errors in a difficult timing task. Male rats were trained to seek rewards and avoid shocks depending on the position of photic conditioned stimuli (CS-R and CS-S, respectively). Then, they were exposed to conflict trials where they had to time the interval between the CS-R and CS-S to obtain rewards while avoiding footshocks. There were pronounced individual differences in behavioral strategies on conflict trials. When presented with a CS-S, some rats quickly left the shock sector, forsaking the option of earning a reward, and rarely got shocked. Others earned rewards by delaying avoidance based on the interval between the CS-R and CS-S but were shocked more often. The probability rats would fail a given trial was not stable across trials as rats engaged in incorrect trial runs that were longer than expected by chance. Since this finding suggested that rats shift between two quasi-stable processing modes, we next examined the neuronal correlates of errors. Incorrect trials coincided with reduced firing rates in CA1 and sensory cortical neurons. Moreover, trial-to-trial variations in the firing rates of simultaneously recorded neurons were more strongly correlated on error than correct trials. Last, the power of low frequency local field potential oscillations was higher during incorrect trials. The finding that the neuronal correlates of correct and error trials are similar in the hippocampus and neocortex lead us to hypothesize that they depend on changes in the activity of common afferents, such as neuromodulatory inputs.Significance statement We studied the neuronal correlates of performance errors in a task where rats had to time the interval between reward- and shock-predicting stimuli to obtain rewards while avoiding footshocks. Rats engaged incorrect trial runs that were longer than expected by chance, suggesting that they shift between two quasi-stable modes of processing. Error trials coincided with a drop in the firing rates of CA1 and sensory cortical neurons. Trial-to-trial variations in the firing rates of simultaneously recorded CA1 and cortical neurons were more strongly correlated on error than correct trials. The finding that the correlates of correct and error trials are similar in the hippocampus and neocortex suggest that they depend on common changes in neuromodulator levels.

High-Fidelity TiN Processing Modes for Multigate Ge-Based Quantum Devices

High-Fidelity TiN Processing Modes for Multigate Ge-Based Quantum Devices

Crowd counting in domain generalization based on multi-scale attention and hierarchy level enhancement

In order to solve the problem of weak single domain generalization ability in existing crowd counting methods, this study proposes a new crowd counting framework called Multi-scale Attention and Hierarchy level Enhancement (MAHE). Firstly, the model can focus on both the detailed features and the macro information of structural position changes through the fusion of channel attention and spatial attention. Secondly, the addition of multi-head attention feature module facilitates the model’s capacity to effectively capture complex dependency relationships between sequence elements. In addition, the three-stage encoding and decoding processing mode enables the model to effectively represent crowd density information. Finally, the fusion of multi-scale features derived from different receptive fields is further enhanced through multi-scale hierarchy level feature fusion, thereby enabling the model to learn high-level semantic information and low-level multi-scale visual field feature information. This method enhances the model’s capacity to capture key feature information, even in highly differentiated datasets, thereby improving the model’s generalization ability on a single domain. The model has demonstrated strong generalization capabilities through extensive experiments on different datasets. This study not only improves the accuracy of crowd counting, but also introduces a new research approach for single domain generalization of crowd counting.

Concrete members strengthened by adhesive-bolted steel plates: shear behaviour of the composite connection interface

The method of strengthening adhesive-bolted steel plates is widely used in various strengthening projects due to its advantages of slight damage to the original structure, convenient construction, and wide application. However, the strengthening effect is greatly limited by the stripping failure of the steel-adhesive-concrete interface. Some researchers have studied the shear behaviour of the anchor bolts and adhesive layer on the interface. While developing an accurate model to predict the behaviour of the hybrid connection interface is still a large challenge. In this paper, shear tests were carried out on push-out test specimens with three different interface connection forms to investigate the failure mechanism of the adhesive-bolted steel plate composite connection interface. The failure process and failure mode of various interfaces were summarized. Moreover, the ultimate strength, load vs. slips curve, interface strain, and stiffness degradation were discussed. The obtained results indicate that anchor bolts could limit the transfer of interfacial shear stress, and the interface with a larger anchor bolt diameter possesses better plasticity, greater average stiffness, and could bear a high shear force after multiple stripping. The interfacial ultimate shear capacity depends on the relative strength of the anchor bolts and adhesive layer. For the interface with lower strength anchor bolts, the interface strength depends on the strength of the adhesive layer. For the interface with higher strength anchor bolts, the interface strength depends on the anchor bolts and the area of the unpeeled adhesive layer before the failure of the interface. Subsequently, the design method for estimating the shear strength of the interface with sufficient efficiency was proposed based on the data analysis.

Seismic Performance of X-shaped Stud Steel Reinforced Concrete Columns Under Composite Torsion

To investigate the seismic performance of X-shaped steel-reinforced concrete (SSRC) columns subjected to combined torsion, eleven specimens were designed with varying parameters including torsion-to-bending ratio, axial load ratio, steel ratio, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, stirrup reinforcement ratio, and stud spacing. Quasi-static loading tests were conducted to observe the failure process and failure modes. The results indicate that the SSRC column ultimate failure mode is predominantly determined by the stirrup reinforcement ratio, leading to either flexural-torsional failure or torsional failure. The torque-torsion angle hysteresis loops exhibit a pinched, inverted "S" shape, while the moment-displacement hysteresis loops display a more pronounced, spindle-like shape. The axial load ratio and torsion-to-bending ratio exert the most significant influence on the seismic performance of the specimens. As the steel ratio, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, and stirrup reinforcement ratio increase, the ductility, energy dissipation capacity, and other seismic performance indicators of the components improve to varying degrees. Among these parameters, the steel ratio has the most pronounced impact on energy dissipation capacity. When the steel ratio increases from 2.39% to 2.90%, the energy dissipation capacity of the component improves by 36.8%. Reducing the stud spacing appropriately enhances the seismic performance of the component, but excessively sparse or dense stud spacing can have detrimental effects. Based on the experimental results and existing research, a formula for calculating the torsional capacity of X-shaped SSRC columns subjected to combined torsion was developed using the superposition principle. The calculated results align well with the experimental results, with an average error within 5%.

A Further Step towards a Comprehensive Theory of Affectivity

Based on the conclusions of our last published paper on affectivity, we decided to go a step further and look at the implications of its development. First, we return to the cyclical and bivalent view of the model that we have elaborated after several years of empirical research and logical reflection. We attempt to detail the interconnection of these cycles (which together constitute the affective mode of information processing), with the rest of the behaviour (mainly the cognitive mode of information processing), and with each other, continuing with the work of the interactionist current of the emotion/cognition interaction. Finally, we outline some practical applications of these theoretical advances.

EXERGY ANALYSIS OF COAL THERMAL CONVERSION PROCESSES

To develop energy-saving technologies and facilities that use coal, it is essential to evaluate the energy potential of the resulting products. Additionally, it is necessary to determine their suitability for specific technologies, processes, and installations. Alongside the energy method, it is proposed to use the exergy method, which allows for the assessment of not only the quantitative but also the qualitative aspects of thermal conversion processes. Thermal conversion methods such as combustion and gasification are of interest for both energy and industrial applications. The study includes calculations of the exergy efficiency of coal thermal conversion products, based on which material and exergy balances were compiled for the gasification process under air and oxygen blast conditions, as well as for the combustion process. An analysis was conducted to evaluate the impact of process temperatures on the characteristics of coal thermal conversion products (composition, output, exergy). Additionally, the exergy efficiency coefficients (overall, chemical and physical exergy) for these thermal conversion methods were calculated. Based on the analysis, optimal operating modes for coal thermal conversion processes were determined, depending on the final goals of the obtained products. The advantages of high-temperature oxygen and air gasification were identified, characterized by low exergy losses (24.9–28.9 %) and high chemical potential (12–13.46 MJ/kg of coal). The exergy efficiency of the oxygen gasification process is 68.3–71.2 %, while for air gasification, it is 70.2– 76.3 %. It was also established that, to achieve the highest fuel utilization efficiency, it is advisable to utilize the heat of the produced syngas. The utilization of 1 MJ/kg of coal from the physical exergy of the gas increases the overall exergy efficiency of air gasification by 3.5 % and that of oxygen gasification by approximately 0.7 %. A comparison of the exergy efficiency of the processes was conducted, revealing that coal gasification is a more rational method of thermal conversion compared to traditional combustion. This is because the highest losses are observed during the combustion process, with an exergy efficiency of 64.8 %. During coal combustion, irreversible losses account for 35 % of its initial exergy.

Substantiating technological factors for preparing fermented milk-containing products with a combined composition of raw materials with a long storage period

This paper substantiates and defines the technological parameters for obtaining stable emulsions when making fermented milk-containing products. The object of research was the modes of mechanical and heat treatment of mixtures with a combined composition of raw materials based on dairy and vegetable fats. The task to be solved was to obtain stable emulsions by two-stage homogenization of the cream-vegetable mixture and the heat treatment temperature of the fermented cream-vegetable mixture with a combined composition of raw materials with a fat content of 10 % and 15 %. It is shown that during the homogenization of a cream-vegetable mixture with a mass fraction of fat of 10 %, the pressure in the first stage should be 10.0–12.0 MPa, in the second – 2.5–3.0 MPa; for a cream-vegetable mixture with a mass fraction of fat of 15 %, the pressure in the first stage is 8.0–10.0 MPa, in the second – 2.5–3.0 MPa. Modes of thermomechanical processing of the fermented cream-vegetable mixture at temperatures of 65±2 and 70±2 °C to ensure the microbiological stability of the milk-containing product during storage have been substantiated. A stabilizing system based on milk proteins has been selected. It was established that in order to improve the consistency, increase heat resistance, and avoid foaming of the finished product, it is necessary to perform thermomechanical processing of the fermented cream-vegetable mixture with a fat content of 10 % and 15 % at temperatures of 70±2 °С and 65±2 °С, respectively, and mass fraction stabilizer – 0.5 % and 0.15 %, respectively. The research data do not always coincide with previously established patterns, which is due to the difference in the chemical composition of the studied food systems, as well as the methods of their preparation and use. The results of the work could be used in the technology of milk-containing products with a combined fat composition

Abnormalities of resting-state EEG microstates in older adults with cognitive frailty.

This study aims to analyze the characteristics of EEG microstates across different cognitive frailty (CF) subtypes, providing insights for the prevention and early diagnosis of CF. This study included 60 eligible older adults. Their resting-state EEG microstates were analyzed using agglomerative adaptive hierarchical clustering. Microstate temporal parameters were extracted through global field power peak-based backfitting. Spearman's partial correlation analysis and linear mixed-effects models were employed to investigate the relationship between microstate temporal parameters and CF. Statistical differences were observed in transition probabilities (TPs) from microstate B to A between healthy controls (HCs) and reversible cognitive frailty (RCF) group (t = -2.076, P = 0.042). Potentially reversible cognitive frailty (PRCF) and RCF group also exhibited statistical differences in the TPs from microstate B to A (t = 3.122, P = 0.003). In the RCF group, the occurrence of microstates A and B differed significantly from microstate C (tAC = 3.455, PAC = 0.002; tBC = 3.108, PBC = 0.004). In the PRCF group, the occurrence of microstates A, B, and C differed significantly from microstate D (tAD = -3.688, PAD = 0.001; tBD = -3.334, PBD = 0.002; tCD = -4.188, PCD < 0.001). The neural networks and processing modes engaged by microstate D during executive memory tasks differ between RCF and PRCF. A decreased occurrence of microstate C and higher TPs of microstates A and B may serve as early warning signals for RCF. Conversely, an increased occurrence of microstate D and decreased TPs of microstates C and D indicate the onset of PRCF.

Synthesis of Microwave Devices Based on a Microwave Ring Elliptical Resonator

Actuality. Research of ring resonating structures is interesting to developers of microwave devices; some features of ring elliptical resonators lead to the emergence of unique properties of the transmission characteristics of the device. Method of excitation for CER is particularly important. It is possible to obtain the traveling wave mode in these structures, under certain conditions. To the synthesis of microwave devices, as well as to the study of methods for exciting and evaluating the mode of the wave process in the structure this paper is devoted.Object. The purpose of the study is to analyze and organize information about the development of microwave devices using circular elliptical resonators (CERs). Authors also want to test the results of using dual CERs.Methods. The authors have conducted an analytical review of recent scientific publications and performed computer modeling of microstrip ring elliptical resonators that operate in the ultrahigh frequency range in this work. The paper also includes the results of our experiments, tested by various researchers, including those supported by grants from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. Result. The article explores the unique characteristics of loop strip filters and highlights the limitations of using strip resonators. It that describes the design of a ring elliptical resonator (CER), and suggests its potential as an alternative to microstrip resonators. The paper presents the results of numerous experiments on the development of microwave devices based on CERs. The results of numerous experiments of the synthesis of microwave devices based on СER and including: single; double resonators; preselective filters; amplifiers and generators based on a ring and active bipolar are presented. Additionally, the issue of connecting the resonator to the main transmission line is addressed. The results of modeling several devices that limit the direction of propagation of an electromagnetic wave in an annular resonator are presented.Scientific novelty. This article introduces a new design of a double elliptical resonator based on a microstrip line. It also describes the results of an experiment that shows that the resonator topology can achieve a filter rejection level of over 70 dB. In the article, the authors also discuss the problem of selecting a power supply method and ensuring the wave propagation mode in the CER.Practical significance. The results obtained in the course of this work can be used to create a traveling wave resonator on a microstrip line or in other planar or volumetric configurations. The results of the study also serve as the basis for the creation of a generalized theory of synthesis of ring resonators in the microwave wavelength range.

Novel Thermal Processing of Packaged Egg White Powder

Packaged egg white powder (PEWP) is traditionally processed in a hot room at 60°C for 14 days to enhance the safety and functionality. Thus, the traditional hot room processing method is too long and consumes more energy. In this study, continuous radiofrequency assisted thermal processing (CRFATP) of PEWP was investigated with an objective of determining the come-up times, evaluating heating uniformity, quality and functionality. The come-up times under radiofrequency heating (RFH) to increase the temperature of PEWP from 23°C to 90°C was 40 min, however, the temperature could not reach 90°C in hot air oven maintained at 93°C. Temperature increase inside the PEWP was slower in moving condition than that in the stationary condition. The maximum temperature difference among the locations within package in stationary and moving conditions was about 15°C. The coldest and hottest locations under stationery and moving conditions were different for RFH of the PEWP. Package processing of EWP with RF power not affected the color adversely. The foaming capacity of EWP at all the processing conditions except at CRFATP condition of 90°C for 16 h was not significantly different with that of the traditional processing condition. However, the processed PEWP at 90°C for 16 h lost its foaming property. Water holding capacity (WHC) of both the package processing conditions i.e., 80°C for 16 h and 90°C for 16 h have produced the gels of significantly higher WHC compared to that of the traditionally processed EWP. The functional properties of the EWP under batch mode processing and package mode processing were different at 90°C for 16 h. The study presented temperature profiles in PEWP which may be used to validate the physics-based models for packaged product processing and study may serve as a reference for PEWP processing.

Extrusion of rice grits with lingonberry pomace hydrolysate: moisture content and characteristics of the extrudate

Fruit and berry pomaces are promising sources of biologically active compounds: dietary fibers, phenolic compounds, pectins, carotenoids, and natural antioxidants that have preventive and therapeutic effects in metabolic, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and neurodegenerative diseases. The active inclusion of pomaces as by-products in the food technologies contributes to the transition to more sustainable industrial processes. The study was conducted to investigate the influence of the moisture content of the mixture during the processing of rice with hydrolysate of lingonberry pomace on the operating parameters of extrusion, technological and physicochemical characteristics of the extrudates. Lingonberry pomace hydrolysate was obtained by an enzymatic method using a complex of biocatalysts, including pectinase, cellulase, protease and lipase. The hydrolysate was dried, added in an amount of 5 % to rice and extruded varying the moisture content in the range of 15–21 %. Control samples were rice extrudates obtained with a moisture content of 15 and 21%. An increase in the moisture of the extruded mixture led to a decrease the extrusion temperature from 160 to 152 °C, the torque from 80 to 52 %, the pressure from 4.0 to 2.4 MPa, and the specific mechanical energy from 0.152 to 0.099 kW h/kg. In terms of structural and mechanical properties, an increase in moisture of mixture with hydrolyzed lingonberry pomace leads to a decrease in the quadratic expansion coefficient from 7.3 to 3.5. The bulk density increases from 89.5 to 243.2 g/dm3 , the hardness of the extrudates – from 7.5 to 39.0 N, the average crushing force – from 3.4 to 16.1 N. The frequency of microfractures during puncture and deformation as a characteristic of porosity decreases from 3.5 to 2.0 mm-1 . The dynamic viscosity of suspensions of extrudates with lingonberry pomace hydrolyzate increases significantly with increasing moisture content during extrusion from 2.0 to 4.0 Pa s. The trends in changes in thermomechanical processing modes determined by the amount of water in the system, technological and structuralmechanical properties for the control and experimental mixtures were identical without significant differences. It was established that the maximum content of phenolic compounds of 679. 6 mg/kg corresponds to extrudates with hydrolyzed lingonberry pomace produced at minimum moisture of 15 %, by moisture of 21 % the content of phenolic compounds is only 223.1 mg/kg

STUDY OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF STAMPING OF FLANGE-TYPE PARTS BASED ON THE APPLICATION OF COMBINED EXPRESSION METHODS

The research of technological processes for stamping flange-type parts, particularly using combined extrusion methods, is a relevant direction in the field of materials science and mechanical engineering. Flanges, as structural elements, are widely used in various industries, especially in mechanical engineering, where high quality requirements are imposed. Ensuring high quality and cost-effectiveness in production necessitates the development of effective stamping technologies that achieve the required mechanical properties and accuracy of the parts. This paper examines the processes of combined extrusion, which integrate methods of bulk stamping and reverse extrusion. This approach allows for the simultaneous production of complex-shaped parts with enhanced accuracy and uniformity in the material structure. Such technologies ensure uniform deformation distribution and minimize the occurrence of defects, which is particularly important when manufacturing parts with high demands for reliability and durability. Special attention is given to the optimization of the stamping process parameters, including the selection of suitable materials, geometric parameters of the workpieces, and processing modes. The use of numerical modeling made it possible to investigate the influence of these parameters on the final properties of the parts, thereby reducing the number of experiments and shortening the development time of new technologies. Additionally, the paper addresses the energy consumption of the process, tool wear resistance, and the influence of different technological modes on the material's microstructure. Thus, the research findings can be utilized to improve existing technologies and develop new methods for stamping flange-type parts, enhancing their market competitiveness and meeting the growing demands of modern production.

Pine nut shell as a sorbent in fruit winemaking

Reducing the must acidity is a critical task in fruit winemaking due to the need to create favorable conditions for the yeast development and the fermentation of sugars. Acid reduction methods used in traditional winemaking are not suitable for fruit must, since they do not effectively eliminate malic acid which is the main contributor to the fruit wines acidity. The study has examined the possibility of using the adsorption method to reduce the acidity of must obtained from Ussuri pear fruits (titratable acidity of 15.5–18.7 g/dm3) using specially prepared pine nut shells as a sorbent. The must was treated with pine nut shells in a static mode and with stirring; the treatment duration varied from 2 h to 10 days. The pine nut shells have good adsorption capacity for acids contained in pear must and can reduce their amount by 27 %. It has been experimentally established that the pine nut shells have low selectivity for technologically important components of the must and also sorb fermentable sugars and polyphenolic compounds, which may result in an undesirable decrease in the sugar-acid index (SAI) of the must. An increase in the degree of grinding the nut shells helps to increase its adsorption activity. Changing the must processing mode allows you to select conditions under which it is possible to achieve the recommended SAI values.

Research on the wear resistance of the material cylinder of an automatic injection molding machine during plastics processing

The article presents experimental studies of the pressure in the material cylinder of the D3328 automatic injection molding machine when processing various plastics, as well as experimental studies of wear along the length of the material cylinder of the DB3328 automatic injection molding machine after processing PS 68-30 fiberglass. Specially designed strain gauge pressure sensors were used. Signals from the sensors were output to an oscilloscope through the amplifying equipment and recorded on an oscillogram. The magnitude and distribution of pressure along the length of the material cylinder will significantly affect the amount of wear of both the screw and the cylinder. It was established that the pressure in the material cylinder of automatic injection molding machines is distributed unevenly along its length. The nature of the pressure distribution along the length of the material cylinder when processing various materials: during the injection period, the maximum pressure occurs in the melt zone with a subsequent sharp decrease in the middle zone and a slight increase in the loading zone. At the same time, the nature of the pressure change for all materials is similar at a diametrical gap between the screw and the cylinder δ=0.17 mm. With an increase in the gap δ to 0.74 mm, the nature of the pressure distribution in the injection zone changes only when processing fiberglass, which is due to the partial ingress of glass fibers into the gap between the screw and the cylinder. Its magnitude and nature of the distribution along the length for different materials are different and depend on the physical, mechanical and rheological characteristics of these materials, the design of the screw and the technological modes of processing. The maximum pressure occurs in the melt zone during the period of material injection into the mold for 0.4-0.5 s.

Antimicrobial peptide production with Corynebacterium glutamicum on lignocellulosic side streams

BackgroundBiorefineries usually focus on the production of low-value commodities, such as bioethanol, platform chemicals or single cell protein. Shifting production to bioactive compounds, such as antimicrobial peptides, could provide an opportunity to increase the economic viability of biorefineries.ResultsRecombinant production of the antimicrobial peptide pediocin PA-1 in Corynebacterium glutamicum was transferred from yeast extract-based media to minimal media based on lignocellulosic spent sulfite liquor. Induced batch, fed batch, and extended batch process modes were compared for highest pediocin PA-1 production.ConclusionFor pediocin PA-1 production on lignocellulosic residues, extended batch cultivation was identified as the optimal process mode, producing up to ≃ 104 mg/L active pediocin PA-1. Moreover, the production of pediocin PA-1 on this sustainable second generation resource exceeded its state-of-the-art production on yeast extract-based media ≃ 1.5-fold.

Thermocycling test of a titanium-carbon fiber adhesive joint produced using laser texturing technology

In spacecraft load-bearing structures, adhesive bonding of titanium alloy and composite material parts is often used. To increase the strength of the adhesive bond of the titanium-carbon fiber reinforced plastic pair, preliminary treatment of the bonded surfaces is necessary. In this paper, it is proposed to use laser texturing to process the metal surface. The main objective of the study is to experimentally determine the strength characteristics of the adhesive bond of carbon fiber reinforced plastic and titanium alloy with different modes of laser processing of the metal surface and to determine the effect of thermal cycling on the samples of the adhesive bond. The surface of the OT-4 titanium alloy was laser processed in different modes, after which the samples were glued with VK-9 and LOCTITE® EA 9394 AERO glue. The glued samples were subjected to thermal cycling in a vacuum chamber in the temperature range from –150 to +150 °C. Shear testing of adhesive bond samples showed that laser texturing increases bond strength by an average of 60% for LOCTITE® EA 9394 AERO adhesive and by 142% for VK-9 adhesive. Samples with laser texturing have a cohesive nature of failure on carbon fiber. During thermal cycling, most samples show a slight decrease in adhesive bond strength by an average of 6...8%. The results show that the use of laser processing to prepare titanium alloy before bonding with composite material is a promising method for increasing the strength of adhesive bonds for spacecraft components.

The quantity, reliability, transparency, reporting, and interpretation of pharmacovigilance signal detection studies in pregnancy: a meta-epidemiological study.

To systematically review the characteristics of the available pharmacovigilance signal detection studies in pregnancy, and comprehensively assess the reliability, transparency, reporting, and interpretation of these studies. We searched five databases from inception to February 2024 to identify the available pharmacovigilance signal detection studies in pregnancy. We extracted three aspects of information (basic information, data processing modes, signal detection analyses) to assess the reliability, transparency, and reporting of each study. Moreover, we adopted the criteria of Mouffak et al.'s study to assess the misinterpretation of signal detection results in these studies. A total of 33 pharmacovigilance signal detection studies in pregnancy were identified. Among them, there were great methodological heterogeneities in the data processing modes (restriction to the population, comparator, standardization of drug names and adverse event names, the assigned roles of drugs, counting unit, etc.) and signal detection analyses (signal detection method, sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis, adjustment for confounding factors, etc.). Moreover, 13 (39%) studies had at least one type of inappropriate interpretation and/or extrapolation of signal detection results. Our results reveals that the quantity of pharmacovigilance signal detection studies in pregnancy is relatively limited. Furthermore, the reliability, transparency, reporting, and interpretation of the existing studies are less optimistic. The main issues existing in the available pharmacovigilance signal detection studies in pregnancy consist of two aspects: (1) great methodological heterogeneities exist in the data processing modes and signal detection analyses among different studies and (2) inappropriate interpretation and extrapolation of signal detection results are frequent.