Mode Of Operation Research Articles

Efficient Implementation of Fixed-Point MAC and Multimode MAC Blocks Based on Vedic Mathematic

Recently, the need for high speed multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations is crucial in numerous systems like 5G, deep learning, in addition to many digital signal processing (DSP) applications. This work offers an improved MAC (I-MAC) block of different bit-size based on Vedic Mathematic and employing a hybrid adder consists of an enhanced Brent-Kung with a carry-select adder (HBK-CSLA) to achieve the sum of products for the MAC. The work is then, developed to design a new multimode fixed-point (FX-Pt) MAC block by exploiting the proposed design of the I-MAC architecture. The proposed multimode MAC block supports three modes of operation; single 64-bit MAC operation, dual 32-bit multiplication with 32-bit single addition, and single 32-bit MAC operation. The design has utilized an adjusted architecture for the Vedic-multiplier (Adjusted-VM), a 64-bit HBK-CSLA, and a control circuit to select the desired mode of operation. The performance of the multi-mode MAC is then optimized by exploiting pipelining concept. The proposed architectures are synthesized in various FPGA families utilizing VHDL language in Xilinx ISE14.7 tool. The performance results have exposed that the proposed 64-bit I-MAC block have attained observable lessen 9.767% in delay and area usage of 47.49% compared with the most existing MAC block designs.

Comparative Investigation of Comparative Investigation of Triboelectric Energy Harvesting Modes: A Simulation Study Energy Harvesting Modes: A Simulation Study

This study presents a comparative analysis focused on simulating the operational modes of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) using simulation-based method. Simulation modeling was performed using a demo version of the Comsol Multiphysics software. The simulations were conducted under both open circuit and short circuit conditions. The study provides the voltages across the surface of the electrodes under open circuit conditions and the transferred electrical charges under short circuit conditions, along with their respective graphs. The study examines the four main operating modes of a TENG—Vertical Contact-Separation Mode, Lateral Sliding Mode, Single-Electrode Mode, and Freestanding Mode—simulated under specific parameter sets. These results hold significant importance in the design stage of a Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG), as each working mode necessitates a specific interface circuit to harvest energy efficiently. Therefore, the evaluation of the findings of this study can be instrumental in the design optimization of TENG structures.

A novel 8T SRAM cell using PFC and PPC VS-CNTFET transistor

The 8T static random-access memory (SRAM) cell using carbon nanotube technology, positive feedback, and dynamic supply voltage scaling are presented in this work. Positive feedback strengthens the feedback loop and enhances the noise margin making SRAM cells less susceptible to disturbance and improving the stabilization of the cell by improving read and write timing response. Positive feedback control (PFC) adjusts the cell’s operating condition based on its current and external condition under varying conditions. The positive power supply controlled (PPC) technique in SRAM cell design improves the stability and leakage power consumption by adjusting the voltage level during the operation mode of the cell. The experiment with carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNTFET) offers higher drive current and lower power consumption compared to conventional silicon-based transistors. The performance of the 8T SRAM cell incorporating PFC and PPC transistor is investigated with Synopsys HSPICE using the Stanford CNFET model. The proposed SRAM cell architecture archives a 99.99% improvement in power consumption and delay product (PDP) compared to a conventional 6T SRAM cell. The static noise margin of 300 mV ensures better noise immunity and reliable retention of data. The mean value of power consumption is 43.19 nW showing a variance of 93.16 fW and a standard deviation (σ) of 305.2 nW and the mean value of delay is 14.71 ps showing a variance of 1.010 and a standard deviation (σ) of 10.05 ps. CNTFET 8T SRAM cell with the combination of positive feedback and dynamic feedback enhances the performance and efficiency of the memory cell under varying conditions.

Pulsed-Current Operation Enhances H2O2 Production on a Boron-Doped Diamond Mesh Anode in a Zero-Gap PEM Electrolyzer.

A niobium (Nb) mesh electrode was coated with boron-doped diamond (BDD) using chemical vapor deposition in a custom-built hot-filament reactor. The BDD-functionalized mesh was tested in a zero-gap electrolysis configuration and evaluated for the anodic formation of H2O2 by selective oxidation of water, including the analysis of the effects on Faradaic efficiency towards H2O2 (FEH2O2) induced by pulsed electrolysis. A low electrolyte flow rate (V⋅anolyte) was found to result in a relatively high concentration of H2O2 in single-pass electrolysis experiments. Regarding pulsed electrolysis, we show an optimal ratio of on-time to off-time to obtain the highest concentration of H2O2. Off-times that are "too short" result in decreased FEH2O2, whereas "too long" off-times dilute the product in the electrolyte stream. Using our electrolyzer setup with an anodic pulse of 2 s with 4 s intervals, and a V⋅anolyte of 0.75 cm3 min-1, resulted in the best performance. This adjustment increased the FEH2O2 by 70 % compared to constant current electrolysis, at industrially relevant current densities (150 mA cm-2). Fine tuning of BDD morphology, flow patterns, and anolyte composition might further increase the performance of zero-gap electrolyzers in pulsed operation modes.

Coaxial Pipes Used as Ground Buried Heat Exchangers—A Review of Research in Recent Years

The efficient utilization of geothermal energy depends heavily on high-performance ground heat exchangers. Coaxial pipe is a high-efficiency heat exchanger composed of two nested tubes of different diameters. In this paper, the structure and thermal exchange characteristics of coaxial pipe geothermal exchangers are introduced, which are superior to single-U and double-U geothermal exchangers in respect of installation, heat transporting, and deep geothermal application. Thermal test research of coaxial pipe geothermal exchangers is investigated. Relevant studies in recent years on the factors affecting the thermal performance of coaxial pipe ground heat exchangers, including exchanger configurations, circulating fluids, subsurface conditions, flow patterns, and operational modes, are reviewed. In addition, research on the impact of coaxial pipe ground heat exchangers on the ground, as well as applications for coaxial pipe ground heat exchangers, is summarized. Recommendations are made for potential future research on coaxial pipe ground heat exchangers. It is believed that the results of these studies will help to raise awareness of coaxial pipe ground heat exchangers and to continue to promote their application.

Parametric study on configuration geometry effect on thrust performance of annular ED nozzles

A numerical investigation is conducted to uncover the parametric influence of configuration geometry on the thrust performance of annular expansion deflection (ED) nozzles. Based on the classic design principle of Taylor’s ED nozzle configuration, the influences of six geometric elements, covering the expansion channel region, the near-pintle region, and the shroud region, including 13 nozzle configurations, are examined in detail. The flow characteristics in each nozzle are demonstrated, according to which the connections between the geometric changes and nozzle thrust performance are elucidated. The present results show that the nozzle flow pattern is closely related to the nozzle configuration geometry. In the open operation mode of the ED nozzle, the wide expansion channel has very little restriction on the axial expansion of the exhaust gas. The high axial velocity brings strong shock strength and total pressure loss, which are unfavorable to the nozzle thrust performance. The large curvature of the shroud expansion section contributes greatly to the exhaust gas deflection, which increases the mass flow rate of the supersonic core flow zone through the nozzle exit plane, and therefore favors the thrust performance. In the closed operation mode, geometric differences in the expansion channel region have little effect on the supersonic gas, which fills almost the entire nozzle. The shroud region still affects the axial deflection of the gas and its large curvature is associated with superior thrust performance. These investigations suggest that the annular ED nozzles with narrow expansion channels and large shroud curvatures are superior in thrust performance.

Revisiting the safety limit in magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia: insights from eddy current induced heating.


Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia (MNH) emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, leveraging alternating magnetic fields (AMFs) to induce localized heating through magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). However, the interaction of AMFs with biological tissues leads to non-specific heating caused by eddy currents, triggering thermoregulatory responses and complex thermal gradients throughout the body of the patient. While previous studies have implemented the Atkinson-Brezovich limit to mitigate potential harm, recent research underscores discrepancies between this threshold and clinical outcomes, necessitating a re-evaluation of this safety limit. Therefore, in this study, through electromagnetic (EM) simulations, the complex interaction between AMFs and anatomical models was investigated. 
Approach. 
In particular, we considered a circular coil configuration placed at different positions along the craniocaudal axis of various anatomical human models. The excitation current was normalized, at different frequencies, to meet the basic restriction of local 10g-averaged specific energy absorption rate (SAR) in the human models, as defined by the exposure guidelines of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP 2020) and the standard IEC 60601-2-33 of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC 2022). 
Main Results. 
The resulting permissible magnetic field strength values for the reference levels set by ICNIRP (2020) for occupational and general public exposure, emerged to be up to approximately 1.4 and 3 times less than that defined in the Atkinson-Brezovich limit. The widely used limit was found to align more closely with the first level of controlled operating mode defined in IEC 60601-2-33 (IEC 2022). 
Significance. 
The results indicate that the permissible magnetic field amplitude during MNH treatment should be much lower than that in the Atkinson-Brezovich limit. This study offers valuable insights into the role of computational simulations in advancing the potential to establish a reliable metric for safety evaluation and monitoring within the clinical framework of MNH.

A blockchain-based self-adaptive collaboration mechanism for service-oriented manufacturing system

ABSTRACT The service-oriented manufacturing system, based on the cloud manufacturing platform, is adversely affected by factors such as diverse entities, geographical dispersion, and distributed collaboration. The system faces challenges like a lack of trust among entities and operational process uncertainty, thereby significantly reducing service collaboration efficiency. Blockchain, a promising technology in the information era, can address these issues by enhancing the authenticity of service data and trust among entities. In this paper, a blockchain-based operational mode is proposed to establish a completely trustworthy manufacturing environment. The potential abnormal events during collaborative service processes and their impacts are illustrated. According to these analyses, a self-adaptive service collaboration process is designed utilizing the blockchain, and a trust-based service collaboration model involving multiple entities is developed to enhance the system adjustment efficiency. This model, integrated with the solving algorithm, is deployed in smart contracts for automatic adjustment of service entities. An experimental study is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed self-adaptive collaboration process and adjustment model. The results show that the proposed method can effectively boost the efficiency of the service-oriented manufacturing system.

Identification of the Operating Modes in Single-Phase DC Drives

In this study, operating modes of controlled single-phase rectifier-driven direct current (DC) drives were investigated. It was observed that the motor performance exhibited different behaviour depending on the combined interaction of the rectifier firing angle, motor parameters, motor load (or speed), supply voltage and frequency. It can be said that the voltage across the motor and the current through the motor take different waveforms in each of these different states, which are named drive operating modes in this study. Furthermore, analysis and simulations were conducted for two different types of drives: a) Single-phase fully controlled bridge rectifier drive (FCBRD) and b) Single-phase half-controlled bridge rectifier drive (HCBRD), including a freewheeling diode. As a result, the motor current waveform exhibits seven distinct operating modes, each performing different characteristics when driven by two types of rectifier circuits. On the other hand, the mathematical models of these seven modes were also presented in this study. The actual time variations of voltage across and current through the motor armature and the total harmonic distortion (THD) were presented through simulations for each mode using the obtained mathematical models in MATLAB.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF DIESEL FUEL EQUIPMENT IN NON-TRADITIONAL CONDITIONS

To date, Russian and foreign scientists have proposed many different compositions of MMF, as well as methods of high-temperature forcing. It is known that poor-quality tuning of the FSE leads to an increase in costs up to 30 ... 35%, reduces the resource of the internal combustion engines themselves by 1.5 ... 2 times, and worsens their performance. In general, a mixture of diesel fuel, rapeseed oil and ethanol is characterized as a microheterogenic coarse-dispersed concentrated emulsion of the reverse type - "water in oil", in which the polar dispersed phase is in a non-polar dispersion medium. The fragmentation of the dispersed system can significantly affect the performance characteristics of the FSE. High-temperature heating of DF (over 100 ° C) will undoubtedly have an impact on the value of the cyclic fuel supply and the unevenness of its supply when changing the speed mode of operation due to a decrease in kinematic viscosity. An increase in the thermal stress of the parts of the power supply system can cause abnormal situations, mechanical failures and breakdowns and, as a result, a decrease in the service life of the FSE. The study of the operation of FSE on unconventional fuels and under conditions of thermal forcing of diesel fuel is of particular interest.

A Reading Range- and Frequency-Reconfigurable Antenna for Near-Field and Far-Field UHF RFID Applications

In radio frequency identification (RFID), differences in spectrum policies and tag misreading in different countries are the two main issues that limit its application. To solve these problems, this article proposes a composite right/left-handed transmission line (CRLH-TL)-based reconfigurable antenna for ultra-high frequency near-field and far-field RFID reader applications. The CRLH-TL is achieved using a periodically capacitive gap-loaded parallel plate line. By deploying the CRLH-TL operating at zeroth-order resonance, a loop antenna with in-phase radiating current is obtained, which contributes to a strong and uniform H-field and a horizontally polarized omnidirectional radiation pattern. By introducing additional tunable components, frequency and reading range reconfigurabilities are enabled. The frequency tuning range is from 833 MHz to 979 MHz, which covers the worldwide UHF RFID band. Moreover, each operation mode has a narrow frequency band, which means it can operate without violating different countries’ radio frequency policy and reduce the design difficulty of designing multiple versions of a reader. Both the near-field interrogation zone and maximum far-field reading distance of the antenna are adjustable. The near-field interrogation zone is 400 mm × 400 mm × 50 mm and can be further confined. The tuning range for far-field reading distance is from 2.71 m to 0.35 m.

Trade-offs encountered in traditional mobility enhancement techniques applied to contact-controlled thin film transistors

Various mobility enhancement strategies are used at the material, process, and design geometry levels, to improve the performance of conventional thin film transistors (TFTs). These include the optimization of contact barrier height, semiconductor carrier concentration, post-annealing, and channel length optimization. In this study, the effects of these strategies on the performance metrics of contact-controlled amorphous Indium Gallium Zinc oxide (a-IGZO) TFTs are analyzed. Using a low barrier contact metal and a higher channel concentration can enhance the mobility of these TFTs by aiding the high field mode of operation with barrier lowering effect, but this leads to higher values of saturation coefficient, channel length sensitivity, and saturation voltage, with a lower value of output impedance. For a device working in the low-field mode, though the process of annealing improves the mobility characteristics, it deteriorates contact-controlled performance. Channel length upscaling also negatively affects all the contact-controlled performance metrics except output impedance. Thus, this study brings out the deteriorative effect of conventional mobility enhancement strategies on the performance metrics of a contact-controlled device, by unraveling the underlying semiconductor transport physics and the interplay between contact resistance and channel resistance.

Simulation and Economic Benefit Analysis of Carburetor Combined Transport in Winter at a Liquefied Natural Gas Receiving Station

In the winter, a certain LNG receiving terminal operates exclusively with the submerged combustion vaporizer (SCV). However, due to the high operational costs associated with the SCV, a new combined operation scheme utilizing both the SCV and the open rack vaporizer (ORV) has been proposed. First, models for the SCV and ORV gasification units were developed in Aspen HYSYS and validated using actual operational parameters. Next, the relationship between the seawater inlet–outlet temperature difference and the minimum seawater flow rate for the ORV was determined, and an optimized seawater pump operation strategy, considering LNG export volumes, was formulated. Additionally, the relationship between the SCV fuel gas flow rate and LNG export volume was analyzed, and a comparison was made between the operating costs of SCV running independently and the combined SCV-ORV operation under winter conditions. The results of the combined operation experiments indicated that at a seawater inlet–outlet temperature difference of 3 °C, the joint operation mode could save costs by 70–77%; at 2.5 °C difference, it saves 60–67%; at 2 °C difference, it saves 45–50%; at 1.5 °C difference, it saves 35–38%; and at 1 °C difference, it saves 20–23%. This approach achieves optimized economic performance for LNG terminal operations.

Nomogram for predicting early shoulder joint dysfunction after breast cancer surgery

AbstractObjectiveThis study aims to construct a clinical risk profile nomogram model for predicting early shoulder joint dysfunction (SJD) after breast cancer surgery.MethodsUsing a convenience sampling method, the clinical data of 161 breast cancer patients between February 2022 and July 2023 at Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were selected and analyzed retrospectively. Risk factors were identified using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. The R software was used to construct the risk prediction model and to plot the nomogram for early SJD post‐breast cancer surgery. The model's predictive performance was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the Hosmer–Lemeshow test.ResultsAmong the 161 patients, 104 (64.6%) experienced SJD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis finally included the functional exercise compliance scale for postoperative breast cancer patients (FECSPBCP), the compliance scale of physical exercise, the body mass index of patients, involved side to‐hand dominance, and the operation mode of breast and lymph nodes into the model. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.785 (95% confidence interval: 0.711–0.860), indicating a good model fit as confirmed by the Hosmer–Lemeshow test (X2 = 3.2891, p = .9149). Internal validation using the Bootstrap resampling method (n = 1000) yielded an AUC of 0.731.ConclusionsThe incidence of early SJD was high among postoperative breast cancer patients. The constructed risk prediction model can assist medical professionals in the early identification of high‐risk individuals and provide targeted interventions to prevent long‐term disabilities.

Optimization of Corporate Financial Management from a Green and Low Carbon Perspective

Nowadays, the global climate is intensifying changes with the development of human production and life, and the balance of the ecosystem itself is broken; taking adequate measures to protect the environment has become the focus of the world's attention. As a major participant in social and economic activities, enterprises' operation mode and management strategy will directly affect the sustainable development of the environment. This paper firstly introduces the value and significance of the research on green and low-carbon optimization of enterprise financial management, then stands on the perspective of green and low-carbon development to elaborate on the shortcomings of enterprise financial management, and finally gives the countermeasures to strengthen the green development of enterprise financial management, aiming to provide new development ideas for the green and low-carbon enterprise financial management.

Research on Business Operation and Marketing of Social Media Platforms--Taking RED as an Example

In the current era of information digitization, more and more people are using social platforms, in this context RED stands out among the many social software, it is a social and e-commerce platform, users can share their daily life, food attractions recommended, social interaction and e-commerce shopping on it. This software is especially dominated by the female group, with high quality content and high conversion rate. This paper will analyse the business operation mode and marketing strategy of RED by searching the literature. The business operation strategy of RED includes the creation of a content ecosystem and intelligent e-commerce operation; the marketing strategy includes social media promotion, content marketing and UGC, cooperation with KOL and KOC, and sponsorship of variety shows. This paper will first give an overview of the RED platform, which will also include its financing, then analyse its business operation model and marketing strategy, compare RED with its competitors, and finally put forward challenges and opportunities.

Strength and fatigue analysis of mudline wellhead and its tie-back system in offshore drilling

This article presents a new operational approach for mudline wellheads, aimed at transforming exploration wells into development wells, thus reducing costs and construction time in marginal oil fields. It includes a fatigue life analysis of mudline wellhead systems and tie-back systems at different platform heights (20 m and 100 m). The study develops mechanical models to assess structural integrity under environmental loads such as wind, waves, and currents. Stress concentrations, especially at connection points, are analyzed to determine fatigue life. The study not only establishes the service life for both water depth scenarios but also offers structural optimization suggestions for the tie-back system. Incorporating marine environmental data, it provides a comprehensive strength and fatigue analysis, ensuring the structural safety of the mudline wellhead and tie-back system. This research underpins the economic viability of the mudline wellhead tie-back operation mode, contributing significantly to offshore drilling design, efficiency, and sustainability, marking progress in offshore engineering.

Research on Various Operating Modes of Optically Controlled Multi-Gate Thyristors

To meet the switching requirements of high-frequency pulse power systems and further enhance the peak power and turn-on speed of solid-state switches, comparative experimental studies were conducted on the structure of optically controlled multi-gate thyristors and the parameters of injected light. The research found that semiconductor chips based on the multi-gate thyristor structure exhibited different conduction characteristics under varying laser injection conditions, resulting in unique inflection point curves. By establishing a switching model and varying the injected light parameters and circuit parameter models, three conceptual operating modes for the optically controlled multi-gate thyristor were proposed: photonic linear mode (Mode A), field-induced nonlinear mode (Mode C), and hybrid amplification mode (Mode B).<br>Based on these concepts, experimental validation tests were conducted, confirming the three distinct operating characteristics of the optically controlled multi-gate thyristor. In Mode A, the conduction process is primarily related to the injected light power parameters and is similar to the linear mode of traditional light-guided switches, making it suitable for narrow pulse width applications. Mode C mainly focuses on carrier multiplication after injection, resembling the conduction characteristics of super thyristors (SGTO), and is suitable for wide pulse widths and high current applications. Mode B's initial conduction is related to the injected light parameters, while the later carrier multiplication continues from the earlier photonic linear mode, achieving characteristics of both fast rise time and wide pulse width, effectively combining the advantages of light-guided switches and SGTOs.<br>In Mode A, with an injected laser energy of 8.5 mJ, pulse width of 10 ns, and peak power of 0.85 MW, the switch operates at a voltage of 5.2 kV, an output current of 8.1 kA, a turn-on time (10%-90%) of 18.4 ns, and a di/dt value reaching 440 kA/μs. The main characteristic is that the di/dt of the switch is linearly related to the injected laser energy, allowing for fast rise time output, which reflects the photonic linear conduction mode. This mode is suitable for high-power, narrow pulse, and fast rise time applications, such as high-power microwave sources, with characteristics similar to gas switches.<br>In Mode C, with a triggering laser energy set at 250 μJ, pulse width of 210 ns, and peak power of 1200 W, the switch operates at a voltage of 8.5 kV, with a short-circuit current reaching 6 kA and a current rise time of 110 ns, achieving a di/dt value exceeding 55 kA/μs. The key characteristic is that the di/dt of the switch is unrelated to the injected laser energy but is related to the electric field applied across the switch, enabling operation with large current and wide pulse width, which reflects the field-induced nonlinear conduction mode. This mode is suitable for high-power, wide pulse, and slower rise time applications, such as large current detonation and electromagnetic drives, with characteristics similar to igniter tubes and triggered light.<br>In Mode B, with a triggering laser energy set at 10 mJ, pulse width of 20 ns, and peak power of 0.5 MW, the switch operates at a voltage of 4.6 kV, with a short-circuit current reaching 8.5 kA and a current rise time of 66 ns, achieving a di/dt value exceeding 129 kA/μs. The main characteristic is that the initial conduction of the switch satisfies the photonic linear conduction mode, while the later conduction exhibits the field-induced nonlinear conduction mode, thus achieving both fast rise time output and the capability for large current and wide pulse width, reflecting a hybrid conduction mode. This mode is suitable for high-power, wide pulse applications, such as accelerator power supplies, with characteristics similar to hydrogen thyratrons and pseudo-spark switches.<br>The discovery and validation of multiple operating modes for the switch significantly enhance the di/dt and peak power of power semiconductor switching devices, laying a theoretical and experimental foundation for the development of semiconductor switches with ultra-high peak power. Additionally, the switching devices were packaged according to their different operating modes and applied in accelerator power supplies, solid-state detonators, and high-stability pulse drive sources, yielding positive results.

Mobile stroke units services in Germany: A cost-effectiveness modeling perspective on catchment zones, operating modes, and staffing.

Investigating the cost-effectiveness of future mobile stroke unit (MSU) services with respect to local idiosyncrasies is essential for enabling large-scale implementation of MSU services. The aim of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness for varying urban German settings and modes of operation. Costs of different operating times together with different personnel configurations were simulated. Different possible catchment zones, ischemic stroke incidence, circadian distribution, rates of alternative diagnoses, as well as missed cases were incorporated to model case coverage and patient numbers. Based on internationally reported clinical outcomes of MSUs, a 5-year Markov model was applied to analyze the cost-effectiveness for the different program setups. Compared with standard stroke care, MSUs achieved an additional 0.06 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) over a 5-year time horizon. Assuming a catchment zone of 750,000 inhabitants and 8 h/7 day operation resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of €37,182 per QALY from a societal perspective and €45,104 per QALY from a healthcare perspective. Lower ICERs were possible when coverage was expanded to 16 h service on 7 days per week and larger populations. Sensitivity analyses revealed that missing ischemic strokes significantly deteriorated economic performance of MSU. Major determinants of cost-effectiveness should be addressed when setting up novel MSU programs. Catchment zones of more than 500,000-700,000 inhabitants and operating times of at least 12-16 h per day, 7 days per week could enable the most cost-effective MSU services in the German healthcare system.

Towards a Platform Chromatography Purification Process for Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV).

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a versatile viral vector technology that can be engineered for specific functionality in vaccine and gene therapy applications. One of the major challenges in AAV production is the need for a GMP-ready platform-based approach to downstream processing, as this would lead to a standardized method for multiple products. Chromatography has huge potential in AAV purification, as it is a scalable method that would enable manufacturing to a high degree of purity, potency, and consistency. Multiple factors need to be considered when developing a chromatography platform, including the chromatography type, format, and mode of operation, along with other commercial considerations that have not been comprehensively reviewed until now. In addition to chromatography factors, this review will also consider the current understanding of AAV characteristics: this will include net surface charge, structural properties, and size, as well as their interactions with metal ions or receptors, and how this impacts the development of a chromatography platform.