Modern Sector Research Articles

IMPACT OF COVID 19 ON PUBLIC SERVICE SUPPLY (IN THE CONTEXT OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT)

The last two years in the history of mankind can be characterized as the beginning of a nation of difficulties caused by the spread of the coronavirus pandemic. The pandemic has broken all borders (political, legal, state) and overcoming the transboundary global crisis has necessitated the participation of all levels of government and the private sector. The pandemic, along with human health, attacks the socio-economic sphere and poses obvious threats of economic depression, rising unemployment and poverty, limited social contacts, and many other negative events. This threat affects the state and municipal management and, consequently, the public services provided by them. Unfortunately, unlike trade and education, these types of services are largely impossible to digitize. In the current situation, the attention of citizens and business representatives is drawn to the actions of the state, as its activities and management skills have acquired much more function. Meeting the needs of citizens in a pandemic requires the use of approaches based on new technologies, new forms of interaction and innovative methods of work. The economic sustainability of public administration occupies an important place in public policy as a determinant of public sector modernization, support, optimization of functioning, and improvement of public services. This acquired a special load during the crisis caused by the coronapandemic. The ongoing coronavirus pandemic dictates that it is necessary to develop new approaches to state intervention and public service delivery systems in all areas of public life in times of crisis in order to respond optimally to the needs of citizens

Peran Pemerintah Dalam Pembinaan Usaha Kecil Dan Menengah Menghadapi Revolusi Industri 4.0 Kota Pekanbaru

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises are one of the pillars and drivers of the economy. This can be seen from the significant small business activities from both the traditional and modern sectors. This activity is one of the absorbers of labor and is the main pillar of economic growth in the development of a country. Problems in this activity are human resources who do not understand technology, limited marketing, technology is beyond the reach of business actors, and also does not allow investment in new technology. This study aims to analyze the role of the government in fostering small and medium enterprises to face the 4.0 industrial revolution in Pekanbaru city and to find out the government's obstacles in fostering small and medium enterprises facing the 4.0 industrial revolution in Pekanbaru city. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, collecting data by means of interviews, observations, and documentation with Small and Medium Enterprises and the Office of Cooperatives for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises. The results of the study indicate that the Government's Role in Fostering Small and Medium Enterprises to Face the Industrial Revolution 4.0 in Pekanbaru City seen from the indicators of facilitators, regulators, and catalysts can be concluded that it has been carried out quite well. There were several obstacles encountered, namely the lack of budget from the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget, the low mindset of Small and Medium Enterprises actors, and the lack of information received related to the guidance carried out.

ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ ТРАНСПОРТНИХ ПАРАМЕТРІВ ТА МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ПРОЦЕСУ РУЙНУВАННЯ ПРУЖНО-ПЛАСТИЧНОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА

Purpose. The substantiation of the mathematical model of mechanical deformation of the elastic-plastic medium and the modeling of the transport process of the expansion assemblies. Methodology. Mathematical and theoretical studies were based on the fundamental theory of continuum mechanics and general positions of engineering mechanics. Analytical and graphical analysis of mathematical models carried out on a PC in a specialized software complex. Results. In the current conditions of economic development of the country, considerable attention should be paid to the development and modernization of certain sectors of the economy. Significant amounts of work, which are accompanied by the development of soil of different properties, which can be defined as an elastic-plastic material. These studies will solve a number of problems that are acute not only in agriculture but also in construction, in the open pit mining, reclamation, one of which is an imperfect process of loosening the soil during its cultivation. Therefore, the urgent problem is to establish rational parameters of the transport surface of the unit for loosening the elastic-plastic material. The developed mathematical model allows determining the emerging stress, which in turn determines the boundary of the destruction of the elastic-plastic material. In the design of lining assemblies, it is advisable to have a radius of the outlet section R = 0.18 m or more. Originality. The mathematical models for the process of destruction of elastic-plastic material and forecasting of optimal transport parameters for designing of expansion assemblies are obtained. Practical value. The developed mathematical model will provide an improvement in the process of loosening elastic-plastic material, and engineering calculations during the design of the rutter can prevent unwarranted increase in resistance, with displaced materials on the cutting surface. References 10, figures 8.

An Assessment of the Economic Impacts of the 2019 African Swine Fever Outbreaks in Vietnam.

The 2019 African swine fever (ASF) outbreaks in Vietnam imposed considerable impacts on the pig sector in Vietnam, resulting in the death or culling of nearly six million pigs, or more than 20% of the country's pig population. In order to assess the magnitude of the outbreak at sector level (both on farm and at value chain level), on livelihoods, and on the broader national economy, a comprehensive impact assessment was conducted using a mixed methods approach that integrated a value chain assessment with the use of quantitative modeling tools at sector and national levels. The results showed that the outbreak caused severe direct and indirect economic losses among farmers, particularly medium- and large-farmers whose livelihoods are largely derived from pig production. The outbreaks also affected other value chain actors due to a halving in the volume of pigs traded. At sector level, the outbreaks posed adverse impacts on the domestic supply and demand for pork, especially in the traditional sector. Meanwhile, the modern sector with higher levels of biosecurity and high technology growth was less likely to be affected and even benefited from the outbreak, which was evidenced by increased supply and income throughout the simulation period in this sector. At national level, different model simulation scenarios showed a sharp reduction in total gross domestic product (GDP) and a substantial loss of jobs. Improvements in the system of ASF compensation scheme are needed, both in terms of its administration, but also in its targeting, with greater emphasis needed on developing improved risk-sharing and funding mechanisms across national and local levels.

Trade and urbanisation

Insights from economics of geography suggest that greater urbanisation should lead to an increased level of trade. Larger exporting markets should also provide incentives for agglomeration. Using a novel instrumental variables approach, this paper provides empirical evidence that suggests that within country urbanisation has a strong positive impact on exports of the modern sector, whilst the exports too have a positive impact on urbanisation. Consistent with model predictions, urbanisation is also associated with a decline in exports and increase in imports in the primary sector.

Does Financial Development Contribute to Fertility Decline in Developed and Developing Countries?

The “old-age security” hypotheses propose that financial market can affect individuals’ decision to have less or more children. In previous literature, children are considered an asset and investment at low level of financial development that could bring returns and security during old age. Nevertheless, at higher level of financial development, individuals have more access to fund and opportunity for investment during old age and as a result the demand for children is less. Furthermore, increase in female labour participation rate in the economic sectors will also discourage them to have more children. The development of commercial bank and non-banking financial institutions (NBFIs) has broadened credit accessibility and investment opportunity to household over the last decades. Well-developed financial system facilitates firms to access to the credit market and enhanced production efficiency and promote increases in wages in the modern market. Household have choice to move from traditional market (low wages, high fertility rate) to work in modern sector (high wages, low fertility rate). The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of financial development on fertility for selected developed and developing countries. We employ generalized method of moment (GMM) model using annual data from 2005 to 2011. Our results found that financial development and fertility has inverse relationship for both developed and developing countries.

The transition of labour in the presence of adaptation cost and labour market segmentation

AbstractIn this paper, we explore the process of transition of labourers from the traditional to the modern sector. The firms in the modern sector can initially differentiate between migrant workers and native workers. However, as the number of workers from the traditional sector increases, the firm cannot segment the labour market. The migrants bear an adaptation cost. The process of transition of labour (migration) is studied through the replicator map. We study the nature of migration in the long run. When adaptation cost monotonically decreases in the share of labourers from the traditional sector engaged in the modern sector, we get an unstable interior equilibrium and two stable equilibria at the boundary. We show convergence to the stable fixed points. When the adaptation cost is non‐monotonic, we get four equilibrium points of which two are stable and two unstable. We get a stable interior equilibrium point implying that only a fraction of labourers is going to shift to the modern sector in the long run. We also show convergence to the stable fixed points under certain conditions on the derivative of the difference equation.

Pesticides Information System

Agriculture is a important sector in India. Agriculture is backbone of Indian economy and it is primary sector of country. Farmers require advance or experts knowledge to take decision during soil preparation, seed selection, fertilizer management and pesticide management so that to get high yield. Day by day the population of India is increasing and to full fill the need of food modernization of agricultural sectors are important. As a population is increasing the production of food is also to be increase, so as to increase the productions of food farmers are using Pesticides to get the yield early. Pesticides are distributed equally on the farm and reduce the quantity of waste, which results in prevention of losses and wastage of input applied to farm. It will reduce the cost of production. The Pesticides system for farmers is a web-based system, which gives information relating to the clients and dealers of the company with respect to its pesticides product launches, pesticides information, pesticides requests. The farmers can easily get information through the website and easily retrieve the details of the pesticides, the amount of quantity of pesticides to be used; it will also give the information to which disease which pesticides should be used.

Main Directions of Modernization of Services in Uzbekistan

The essence of the notion of modernization and the specifics of service sector modernization are described in this article. The essential directions for Uzbekistan's service sector modernization are also proposed

FedResilience: A Federated Learning Application to Improve Resilience of Resource-Constrained Critical Infrastructures

Critical infrastructures (e.g., energy and transportation systems) are essential lifelines for most modern sectors and have utmost significance in our daily lives. However, these important domains can fail to operate due to system failures or natural disasters. Though the major disturbances in such critical infrastructures are rare, the severity of such events calls for the development of effective resilience assessment strategies to mitigate relative losses. Traditional critical infrastructure resilience approaches consider that the available critical infrastructure agents are resource-sufficient and agree to exchange local data with the server and other agents. Such assumptions create two issues: (1) uncertainty in reaching convergence while applying learning strategies on resource-constrained critical infrastructure agents, and (2) a huge risk of privacy leakage. By understanding the pressing need to construct an effective resilience model for resource-constrained critical infrastructure, this paper aims at leveraging a distributed machine learning technique called Federated Learning (FL) to tackle an agent’s resource limitations effectively and at the same time keep the agent’s information private. Particularly, this paper is focused on predicting the probable outage and resource status of critical infrastructure agents without sharing any local data and carrying out the learning process even when most of the agents are incapable of accomplishing a given computational task. To that end, an FL algorithm is designed specifically for a resource-constrained critical infrastructure environment that could facilitate the training of each agent in a distributed fashion, restrict them from sharing their raw data with any other external entities (e.g., server, neighbor agents), choose proficient clients by analyzing their resources, and allow a partial amount of computation tasks to be performed by the resource-constrained agents. We considered a different number of agents with various stragglers and checked the performance of FedAvg and our proposed FedResilience algorithm with prediction tasks for a probable outage, as well as checking the agents’ resource-sharing scope. Our simulation results show that if the majority of the FL agents are stragglers and we drop them from the training process, then the agents learn very slowly and the overall model performance is negatively affected. We also demonstrate that the selection of proficient agents and allowing them to complete only parts of their tasks can significantly improve the knowledge of each agent by eliminating the straggler effects, and the global model convergence is accelerated.

Modernization of the Russian banking sector based on the introduction of financial technologies for effective financial flow management

Subject. The article addresses the need to modernize the banking sector based on the introduction of financial technologies for managing the macro-financial flows. Objectives. The purpose is to present a unique interpretation of the Russian banking sector modernization, based on the introduction of financial technologies for effective management of financial flows in the banking sector. Methods. The study employs normative and integrated approaches to study the effectiveness of managing the macro-financial flows of the banking sector, general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge, like retrospective, systems and structural-functional analysis, observation, classification, instrumental methods of grouping, selection, comparison and generalization, evolutionary and dynamic analysis. Results. The paper considers the main financial technologies of effective management of macro-financial flows of the Russian banking sector. To improve their efficiency, I propose to use financial technologies for the creation of digital currencies. Conclusions. The use of digital currency will enable banks to manage the macro-financial flows in digital currency more effectively; to automatically track macro-financial flows in digital currency and prohibit their spending for purposes that do not correspond to the intended objective, by adding a special feature, indicating the permissible purposes for spending these funds; to increase the speed of movement of macro-financial flows in the digital form.

Digitalization of Small Batik Industry: UI/UX design to support Batik Lasem E Commerce

Batik Lasem was once one of the six biggest industries during Dutch Colonialism. However, this industry began to experience extinction until now. It was caused by the difficulty of young Lasem to continue in this industry. They tendto work in modern sector inside or outside Rembang. Because of that they had experienced some difficulties to promote with a wider range. The objective of this project is to create application that can help Batik Lasem entrepreneurs in terms of promotion and sales. Research methods that used for this study is qualitative. This research taken from both online and offline (books, journals, internet, or interview). Deeply interview with Batik Lasem entrepreneurs with Santoso Hartono, Katrin, and Rahmini will be held. After that to get more informations an interview with Dante Hidajat will be held. She is a professional writer who did a research about Batik lasem.

Fiscal policy as a component of economic development

Relevance of the research topic. In modern conditions, fiscal policy is an important tool for regulating economic processes, stimulating economic growth. Important factors influencing the vectors of fiscal policy are financial and economic endogenous and exogenous risks due to trends in national economic development and the intensification of globalization. Accordingly, the assessment of economic processes, financial and economic risks is an important condition for the formation and implementation of effective fiscal policy. Formulation of the problem. In the context of deteriorating trends in national economic development and intensification of globalization processes, important tasks are: substantiation of priority areas of fiscal policy, in particular on the formation of budget revenues and expenditures, ensuring economically justified level of raising social standards and public capital investment. At the same time, the basis of the quality level of fiscal policy implementation is its coherence with the strategic priorities of the country's socio-economic development. Analysis of recent research and publications. The issue of formation and implementation of fiscal policy is quite common in research. These are the works of famous domestic and foreign scientists: J. Keynes, P. Samuelson, J. Stiglitz, V. Tanzi, S. Kucherenko, L. Lysyak, L. Levaeva, I. Lukyanenko, M. Pasichny, I. Chugunov and others. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. The above issues are relevant in connection with the deteriorating trend of economic development, the violation of fiscal stability and balance, which requires a number of specific tasks related to the formation and implementation of effective fiscal policy. Problem statement, research goals. The objectives of the study are: to reveal the role of fiscal policy in regulating socio-economic processes; substantiate the peculiarities of the formation and implementation of fiscal policy in modern conditions; to analyze and evaluate the main tax revenues of the consolidated budget of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to reveal the directions of fiscal policy as a component of economic development. Method or methodology of the study. The article uses a set of research methods: a systematic approach, statistical analysis, structuring, synthesis, etc. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The role of fiscal policy in the regulation of socio-economic processes is revealed. The peculiarities of the formation and implementation of fiscal policy in modern conditions are substantiated. The analysis and estimation of the basic tax receipts of the consolidated budget of Ukraine is carried out. The directions of fiscal policy as a component of economic development are determined. Field of application of results. The results of the study can be used in the formation and implementation of fiscal policy. Conclusions in accordance with the article. The validity of the implementation of fiscal policy is an important condition for achieving national socio-economic interests. In order to increase the effectiveness of fiscal policy as a component of economic development, at this stage, it is advisable to: ensure financial stability and implement measures to reduce the risk of imbalances, including modernization of infrastructure and basic sectors of the economy, effective protection of the domestic market and export support; stimulating investment processes in the economy.

Bringing modernity to prosocial crowdfunding’s campaigns: an empirical examination of the transition to modern sectors

ABSTRACT This study addresses the successive calls to better understand the contexts of crowdfunding as well as the interplay between social and financial factors in driving lender decisions by deploying economic development theory inspired on the two-sector model. Making recourse to the leading prosocial crowdfunding platform KIVA, this study examines the impact of the business-loan purpose (traditional vs modern) on the success of fundraising campaigns. The results indicate how modern-sector business loan campaigns lead to faster funding from crowdfunding campaigns. Furthermore, when directed towards modern sectors, large loans emerge as more appealing to lenders, indicating how large loans go to financing high-return projects. Female microentrepreneurs gain an advantage over men in both the traditional and modern sectors. However, the comparative advantage of female microentrepreneurs becomes less pronounced among modern-related loan campaigns. Overall, the findings support how the global crowdfunded microfinance ecosystem boosts the transition of poor microentrepreneurs to a modern economy and thereby avoiding development traps, and thus also providing theoretical insights into predicting prosocial lending decisions regarding sectoral choices.

The effects of technological factors on carbon emissions from various sectors in China—A spatial perspective

The modernization of the different economic sectors has drastically increased energy consumption and CO2 emissions in developing countries, leading to a literature stream on the relationship between technological progress and the carbon emissions from the various sectors. However, most related policies do not consider the diversity of technological sources. As such, this study develops a comprehensive model that combines the expanded stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology (STIRPAT) and the geographically and temporally weighted (GWTR) models to explore the spatial effects of three technology progress channels (research and development investment, technology spillover related to FDI, and DS) on the CO2 emissions in China from six sectors during 2000–2017. The results show that research and development investment has an inhibitory effect on the CO2 emissions from the agricultural, industrial, and wholesale sectors, and a catalytic effect for those from the construction, transportation, and residential sectors. The DS has a negative impact on the CO2 emissions from the agricultural, construction, and wholesale sectors, but a positive one for those from the industrial, transportation, and residential sectors. Finally, foreign direct investment has a positive effect on the CO2 emissions from all sectors (except for transportation). Therefore, this study shows that all the effects of the three technological progress channels on the carbon emissions from different sectors display spatial correlations and differences. In conclusion, policymakers should tailor policies to the various sectors in the different provinces.

Big Data: What are the Implications for Public Sector Policy in Society 5.0 Era?

Modernization in various sectors of life has made data and information valuable, which has an impact in changing people’s lives. One of the changes is how people get information from a large amount of data to be used in the public development sector. Public policy, as a solution to solve various public problems, needs to be supported by accurate data and information facts. With a massive amount of data, this has an impact on public sector organizations to be able to store and analyze various types of information for public policies consideration. The term ‘Society 5.0’ has emerged, a concept that refers to revolution in people’s lives through the use of technology by considering the humanities aspect. The potential for the huge benefits of big data technology is interesting to know as to whether big data can be used for the public policy formulation process. Therefore, this article will provide an overview of the implications of big data for the public policy process in society. This research uses qualitative method with literature study approach. The data came from websites and government documents related to the use of big data in public policies, analyzed using the NVivo12 Plus application. The emergence of big data, as a basis for making public policy, can be utilized for analysis, which includes social data analysis, historical data analysis, and predictive data analysis which can influence accuracy in the policy decision making. Public policy in the era of society 5.0 is vital to be realized through the use of big data as a source of information supported by technology and the readiness of actors in the policy-making process.

Feeding efficiency gains can increase the greenhouse gas mitigation potential of the Tanzanian dairy sector

We use an attributional life cycle assessment (LCA) and simulation modelling to assess the effect of improved feeding practices and increased yields of feed crops on milk productivity and GHG emissions from the dairy sector of Tanzania’s southern highlands region. We calculated direct non-CO2 emissions from dairy production and the CO2 emissions resulting from the demand for croplands and grasslands using a land footprint indicator. Baseline GHG emissions intensities ranged between 19.8 and 27.8 and 5.8–5.9 kg CO2eq kg−1 fat and protein corrected milk for the Traditional (local cattle) and Modern (improved cattle) sectors. Land use change contributed 45.8–65.8% of the total carbon footprint of dairy. Better feeding increased milk yields by up to 60.1% and reduced emissions intensities by up to 52.4 and 38.0% for the Traditional and Modern sectors, respectively. Avoided land use change was the predominant cause of reductions in GHG emissions under all the scenarios. Reducing yield gaps of concentrate feed crops lowered emissions further by 11.4–34.9% despite increasing N2O and CO2 emissions from soils management and input use. This study demonstrates that feed intensification has potential to increase LUC emissions from dairy production, but that fertilizer-dependent yield gains can offset this increase in emissions through avoided emissions from land use change.

Regiono ekonominio augimo vertinimo metodologinės problemos

The importance of regional economic growth is emphasized in many countries and their regional policy documents. This issue is emphasized also by many researchers. D. Genaro and E. Melchor (2010) state that by the time of A. Smith, economists started to focus on a problem of economic growth. According to the authors, in recent years, economists have moved from economic interest in the operating cycle analysis to the medium and long-term revenue growth influencing factors analysis. This analysis is very important because as stated by L. Ayala and A. Jurado (2011), many countries or regions economic growth reduces poverty indicators; inequalities reduction is encouraging by policy measures. Despite ongoing national regional policy programs or the Structural Funds of the European Union or the Structural Funds, significant regional differences still exists. There must be emphasized the fact that in theories of regional development a lot of attention are paid on focus what conditions are favorable for creating economic growth in the region. There are focused on modernization of the economical sectors and international business development. The new models of regional development theories visible bring together economic, management and other modern concepts of social integration.

Metrics of the ratio of functional limits of large agribusiness (regional aspect)

The purpose of the article is to study the problem of measuring the functional limits of integrated agricultural formations in the region. The conducted research allowed us to determine the optimal size of a large agribusiness in the region. In particular, for the current economic conditions of the region, the most effective type of integration associations, their optimal size in terms of area and the average number of employees were determined. The conceptual provisions of the proposed algorithm and its practical conclusions can be used by regional authorities in order to form an optimal agricultural structure. The identification of the optimal size of modern integrated formations will contribute to the planned and sustainable growth of the welfare of rural workers, the accelerated implementation of the export-oriented strategy, providing a multiplicative effect on the basis of large-scale innovative and technological modernization of agricultural sectors. The algorithm of estimation of efficiency of functioning of the integrated agricultural formations of the region reveals advantages of agricultural producers in the region of medium size, freely adapting to changing conditions and deprived of the shortcomings of large integrated groups and small sector.

Increasing competitiveness by modernization of manufacturing in the digital economy

The article considers the issues of increasing competitiveness as a result of effective use of modern information systems technologies in the modernization of various sectors of the digital economy. Digital economy is a socio-economic system in the form of electronic, Internet, network and virtual economy, aimed at increasing the efficiency of production of goods and services through digital data, which is directly related to the development of information and communication technologies of economic activity. The development of the digital economy has led to a sharp increase in the amount of information needed to make management decisions in the economy at different levels.