Modernist Group Research Articles

THE EMERGENCE OF NEW SANTRI IN INDONESIA

To an extent never seen before, following the collapse of the Soeharto regime in 1998 Islamist groups in Indonesia began to express themselves vocally and expli- citly. Islamic discourse has developed apace, ranging from demands that the state lift the ban on the role of Islamic ideology in political parties and mass organizations to accommodate Muslim interests up to calls for the imple- mentation of Islamic shari> to replace the so-called secular laws of state. These recent phenomena indicate the emergence of new santris (devout Muslims) differing from their own parents and the older generation in terms of political orientation, religious ideology, and attitude towards inherited traditions. These new types of santri are not only influenced by the local and changing dynamics of Indonesian politics, society and culture but they are also subject to international influences in Islam. Within Indonesia, some of them retain their links with traditionalist or modernist groups, some others keep their distance from them and yet still others show radical orientations. They have become very influential within certain sections of Indonesian society and have gained attention from many observers and researchers. Keyword: Convergent santri, radical santri, global santri, religious ideology.

What Is Mental Retardation? Ideas for an Evolving Disability in the 21st Century (Rev.), byH. N. Switzky and S. Greenspan, Editors

What Is Mental Retardation? Ideas for an Evolving Disability in the 21st Century (Rev.), byH. N. Switzky and S. Greenspan, Editors

:High Germans in the Low Countries: German Merchants and Commerce in Golden Age Antwerp.(The Northern World, number 14.)

It is a rubenesque world, judging from museum exhibits and the art market, in which the art of Peter Paul Rubens seems ubiquitous. And yet Rubens has become detached from his historical context, due to the pronounced neglect of the history of his native city, Antwerp, especially during its so-called Golden Age, ca. 1485–1585. Apart from the magisterial doctoral thesis of Herman van der Wee published in 1963, very little scholarship has appeared about the city's history in any language. Only recently has a cadre of young historians on both sides of the Atlantic begun to renew the historical study of early modern Antwerp. Donald J. Harreld belongs firmly to this modernist group, and he devotes this book to a straightforward question: what role did German trade in general, and that with interior Germany in particular, play in making sixteenth-century Antwerp Europe's great commercial entrepôt? That Germans played a significant role in Antwerp's rise and dominance has long been known; they formed one of the crucial trade groups, bringing metals, cheap textiles, and other products to Antwerp and exchanging them for products of the New World. But there has not been a monographic study of the community of German merchants in the city, with an analysis of the specifics of their trade, either in composition or geographical reach.

Les réactions de la doctrine à la création du droit par les juges : le droit des entreprises

This paper attempts to survey the present state of the law and current trends in legal literature as regards the concept of enterprise in Quebec law. The legal concept of enterprise does not carry the same meaning for all legal scholars in Quebec. A more traditional group restricts it to cases where some type of legal entity is created as a subject of rights and liabilities. A modernist group is prepared to give legal recognition to the enterprise as the basic economic unit, having rights and duties on a broad societal scale. This latter approach, closer to the realities of economics, is obviously followed in federal and Quebec legislation, whether protective or interventionist, with the result that conflicting definitions of the enterprise have been used for many different purposes. Through an increasing body of published writings, Quebec legal scholars have been contributing to the rationalization and harmonization of commercial law in relation to the concept of enterprise. Judicial adherence to traditional views has sometimes prevented or slowed down the implementation of rules suggested by scholars. In some cases, though, bold judicial pronouncements have met with unqualified approval from the writers. In certain areas, administrative bodies such as regulatory agencies have clearly outdone the regular courts at creative and effective law-making. In spite of shortcomings on the part of legal writers, legislators and judges, a concept of enterprise is gradually emerging as the key element in the development of a more realistic system of commercial law.

Belle Époque literária e modernismo: Oswald de Andrade, intelectual entre dois mundos

Este trabalho realiza uma reflexão sobre os limites da autonomia da vida intelectual em São Paulo nas primeiras décadas do século XX. Acompanhando a trajetória do escritor Oswald de Andrade desde sua participação nos círculos boêmios do Rio de janeiro até sua atuação como "ponta de lança" do Movimento Modernista em São Paulo, em 1922, estaremos analisando como o processo de institucionalização operado na esfera da cultura foi definindo um padrão para o reconhecimento e a legitimação da vida intelectual.

Shylock in Finland: the Jew in the literature of Finland 1900–1970

Political and other ideological fluctuations have, generally speaking, had a peripheral impact on the literary portrayal of the Jews. The traces of Shakespeare’s Shylock, the archetypal literary image, can be followed both backward and forward in time, from the New Testament to contemporary fiction. The introvert Finnish culture has had other interesting implications&&There is practically no specific Finnish-Jewish literary archetype. The very few examples that Finnish literature offers, both in the positive and in the negative sense, have no particular national characteristics or individual personality, which would deviate from the general picture. They follow foreign modes, such as Isak, the Jew, in Sam Sihvo’s musical burlesque Jääkärin morsian (The Wife of the Jäger). Other Finnish authors in this category are Maila Talvio, who sympathized with Germany, and Olavi Paavolainen, who was a member of the Finnish modernist group Tulenkantajat (“torch carriers”). The virtually only lengthier descriptions of Finnish Jews can be traced to a pair of opposites, Hilja Haahti and Ester Ståhlberg. Haahti was a popular religious writer, who saw the conversion of the Jews to Christianity as the only solution to the Jewish problem. Ester Ståhlberg’s solution was a realisation of a Zionist homeland in Palestine. Post-WW II literature in Finland lacks a profound reaction against Hitler’s destruction of the Jews in Europe, but there are especially two writers, both Finland-Swedish women, to whom the Jews became an important theme, Mirjam Tuominen and Marianne Alopaeus.

Moderate Islamic Fundamentalism: Understanding the Political Thinking of the Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS)

This article proposed the term moderate fundamentalism, as a tool in understanding the defining characteristic of the PKS. In short, the term refers to fundamentalism in a moderate perspective, enabling moderate fundamentalists to be involved in political activities adaptively and without resorting to the use of radical means. Using this term, I argue that the PKS is a part of the fundamentalist faction, differentiating it in principle from other modernist groups or parties in Indonesia. Its moderate nature, however, also differentiates it from the radical camps within the fundamentalist faction. The use of the term moderate fundamentalism allows for the observation of diversity within the fundamentalist faction and contributes to new insights into present-day Indonesian Islamic political parties.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v14i3.546