Modern Video Games Research Articles

Joint Sparse Learning for 3-D Facial Expression Generation

3-D facial expression generation, including synthesis and retargeting, has received intensive attentions in recent years, because it is important to produce realistic 3-D faces with specific expressions in modern film production and computer games. In this paper, we present joint sparse learning (JSL) to learn mapping functions and their respective inverses to model the relationship between the high-dimensional 3-D faces (of different expressions and identities) and their corresponding low-dimensional representations. Based on JSL, we can effectively and efficiently generate various expressions of a 3-D face by either synthesizing or retargeting. Furthermore, JSL is able to restore 3-D faces with holes by learning a mapping function between incomplete and intact data. Experimental results on a wide range of 3-D faces demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach by comparing with representative ones in terms of quality, time cost, and robustness.

World of Race War

Stereotypical portrayals of race are common in many modern video games. However, research on games and game environments has often overlooked race as an important consideration when evaluating games for their educational potential. This is particularly true of the educational literature on online games, which has tended to emphasize virtual game spaces as intrinsically exemplary learning environments while deemphasizing the narrative content of the games themselves. This article addresses this oversight. Through a close reading of game communications and fan-created content, the authors examined how developer-produced racial narratives influence players’ experience of the game world. The authors find that players and player communities reproduce and reinforce narrow developer-produced interpretations of race during in-game interactions as well as in player forums and virtual communities beyond the confines of the game world. Because the game environment is not conducive to players’ critical examination of race, the authors conclude that the game does not intrinsically provide a means for players to engage critically with game content. They further conclude that as educational environments these games must be situated and contextualized within the ideologies and discourses of the physical world.

Hypermasculinity & Dickwolves: The Contentious Role of Women in the New Gaming Public

As video games have attracted more critical attention and theoretical discourse and games play a more visible part in our media landscape, the modern video game community impacts the wider world of online culture and warrants more detailed study. Using the case of the Dickwolves incident from Penny Arcade.com, the authors address issues of hypermasculinity and sexism within the gaming community and how this lens brings to light issues with a hostile response to the expression of a female identity or femininity. The authors argue that this case highlights how the hypermasculine discourse encourages the overt privileging of masculinity over femininity and discourages women from engaging in gendered discourse within the community.

Improving behavior of computer game bots using fictitious play

In modern computer games, "bots" -- intelligent realistic agents play a prominent role in the popularity of a game in the market. Typically, bots are modeled using finite-state machine and then programmed via simple conditional statements which are hard-coded in bots logic. Since these bots have become quite predictable to an experienced games' player, a player might lose interest in the game. We propose the use of a game theoretic based learning rule called fictitious play for improving behavior of these computer game bots which will make them less predictable and hence, more a enjoyable game.

Between the Game System and the Fictional World

This article discusses the relationship between the user interface (UI) and the game world in computer games, with point of departure in qualitative studies including players and game developers. The developers’ evaluation of the relationship from a design point of view will first be presented, before the article goes on to discuss the degree to which the players accept the presence of UI features within the game world. We will see that developers find it challenging to balance between functionality and fiction, but see system features as a necessity that must be present for usability purposes. From the point of departure of players, they rarely consider system features intrusive to the game world, but accept them as integrated to the conventions established within modern computer game aesthetics.

Any-Angle Path Planning for Computer Games

Path planning is a critical part of modern computer games; rare is the game where nothing moves and path planning is unneeded. A* is the workhorse for most path planning applications. Block A* is a state-of-the-art algorithm that is always faster than A* in experiments using game maps. Unlike other methods that improve upon A*'s performance, Block A* is never worse than A* nor require any knowledge of the map. In our experiments, Block A* is ideal for games with randomly generated maps, large maps, or games with a highly dynamic multi-agent environment. Furthermore, in the domain of grid-based any-angle path planning, we show that Block A* is an order of magnitude faster than the previous best any-angle path planning algorithm, Theta*. We empirically show our results using maps from Dragon Age: Origins and Starcraft. Finally, we introduce ``populated game maps'' as a new test bed that is a better approximation of real game conditions than the standard test beds of this field. The main contributions of this paper is a more rigorous set of experiments for Block A*, and introducing a new test bed (populated game maps) that is a more accurate representation of actual game conditions than the standard test beds.

Innovation Starvation

Innovation Starvation

Glued to games: how video games draw us in and hold us spellbound

This book offers a practical yet powerful way to understand the psychological appeal and strong motivation to play video games. * Images from classic and modern video games illustrate key points and make the information accessible to all readers * A bibliography of numerous psychological studies support the author's underlying motivational model

A modular timed graph transformation language for simulation-based design

We introduce the MoTif (Modular Timed graph transformation) language, which allows one to elegantly model complex control structures for programmed graph transformation. These include modular construction, parallel composition, and a temporal dimension in addition to the usual transformation control structures. The first part of this contribution formally introduces MoTif and its semantics is based on the Discrete EVent system Specification (DEVS) formalism which allows for highly modular, hierarchical modelling of timed, reactive systems. In MoTif, graphs are embedded in events and individual transformation rules are embedded in atomic DEVS models. A side effect of the use of DEVS is the introduction of an explicit notion of time. This allows one to model a time-advance for every rule as well as to interrupt (pre-empt) rule execution. In the second part, we design a case study to show how the explicit notion of time allows for the simulation-based design of reactive systems such as modern computer games. We use the well-known game of PacMan as an example and model its dynamics in MoTif. This also allows the modelling of player behaviour, incorporating data about human players' behaviour, and reaction times. Thus, a model of both player and game is obtained which can be used to evaluate, through simulation, the playability of a game design. We propose a playability performance measure and change the value of some parameters of the PacMan game. For each variant of the game thus obtained, simulation yields a value for the quality of the game. This allows us to choose an "optimal" (from a playability point of view) game configuration. The user model is subsequently replaced by a visual interface to a real player, and the game model is executed using a real-time DEVS simulator.

Modeling adaptive perception system of virtual human based on Q-learning

In the design of modern computer games,it is very important to model a virtual human with credible perception behaviors.In the previous perception models,the range of a perception system is always unchangeable.Therefore,an adaptive perception system based on Q-learning was proposed,in which a virtual human could confirm the range of perception dynamically according to his appraises to the objects in the environment.A demo system of a virtual human searching for specific herbs was realized on a PC.The experimental results show that the model can drive a virtual human to have credible perception behaviors.

Adaptable aging factory for multiple objects and colorations

The visual effects of synthetic objects and environments from modern video games and movies require an impressive amount of detail to properly duplicate their real world equivalents. Among these details, effects produced by aging are particularly hard to handle, and adding them is significantly time-consuming. Existing methods such as physically based and empirical simulations are not suitable for artists since they require the manipulation of complex physical parameters, and their results are difficult to control. Our approach offers a framework for quickly adding aging effects based on a simple example. By defining an aging recipe based on local properties, an artist can easily apply similar effects to different objects or to multiple occurrences of the same object. Also, when aging patterns consist of simple color variations, we propose a color-independent process capable of producing various colorations of the same effect from a single example.

Moving-Target Pursuit Algorithm Using Improved Tracking Strategy

Pursuing a moving target in modern computer games presents several challenges to situated agents, including real-time response, large-scale search space, severely limited computation resources, incomplete environmental knowledge, adversarial escaping strategy, and outsmarting the opponent. In this paper, we propose a novel tracking automatic optimization moving-target pursuit (TAO-MTP) algorithm employing improved tracking strategy to effectively address all challenges above for the problem involving single hunter and single prey. TAO-MTP uses a queue to store prey's trajectory, and simultaneously runs real-time adaptive A* (RTAA*) repeatedly to approach the optimal position updated periodically in the trajectory within limited steps, which makes the overall pursuit cost smallest. In the process, the hunter speculatively moves to any position explored in the trajectory, not necessarily the optimal position, to speed up convergence, and then directly moves along the trajectory to pursue the prey. Moreover, automatic optimization methods, such as reducing trajectory storage and optimizing pursuit path, are used to further enhance its performance. As long as the hunter's moving speed is faster than that of the prey, and its sense scope is large enough, it will eventually capture the prey. Experiments using commercial game maps show that TAO-MTP is independent of adversarial escaping strategy, and outperforms all the classic and state-of-the-art moving-target pursuit algorithms such as extended moving-target search (eMTS), path refinement moving-target search (PR MTS), moving-target adaptive A* (MTAA*), and generalized adaptive A* (GAA*).

The effects of modern mathematics computer games on mathematics achievement and class motivation

This study examined the effects of a computer game on students' mathematics achievement and motivation, and the role of prior mathematics knowledge, computer skill, and English language skill on their achievement and motivation as they played the game. A total of 193 students and 10 teachers participated in this study. The teachers were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. A mixed method of quantitative and interviews were used with Multivariate Analysis of Co-Variance to analyze the data. The results indicated significant improvement of the achievement of the experimental versus control group. No significant improvement was found in the motivation of the groups. Students who played the games in their classrooms and school labs reported greater motivation compared to the ones who played the games only in the school labs. Prior knowledge, computer and English language skill did not play significant roles in achievement and motivation of the experimental group.

Complementary usage of real and virtual manufacturing systems for safe PLC training

Physical models mimicking industrial plants and relevant control issues are usually considered the most interesting targets for effective PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) training. However, they introduce safety problems. Filtering bad commands from the PLC is double interesting in this scenario: it guarantees safety and guides trainees by supplying explanations when a command is filtered. However, devising the appropriate filters can be hard for complex systems. Simulation is the single safe solution in advanced PLC training. While synthetic systems are traditionally viewed as a second-class solution in PLC training, modern computer game technologies are enabling realistic and interactive virtual environments, from where a “de facto” effective and exciting training environment comes very naturally. And filters can be relaxed in virtual environments as they only intend to help trainees in finding out their mistakes whenever a (virtual) accident happens. The paper details the design and usage of filters in PLC training. The aim is to demonstrate the benefits of the complementary usage of real and virtual target systems in PLC training, which were assessed and validated with different skilled students.

Automatic Content Generation in the Galactic Arms Race Video Game

Simulation and game content includes the levels, models, textures, items, and other objects encountered and possessed by players during the game. In most modern video games and in simulation software, the set of content shipped with the product is static and unchanging, or at best, randomized within a narrow set of parameters. However, ideally, if game content could be constantly and automatically renewed, players would remain engaged longer. This paper introduces two novel technologies that take steps toward achieving this ambition: 1) a new algorithm called content-generating NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies (cgNEAT) is introduced that automatically generates graphical and game content while the game is played, based on the past preferences of the players, and 2) Galactic Arms Race (GAR), a multiplayer video game, is constructed to demonstrate automatic content generation in a real online gaming platform. In GAR <b xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">,</b> which is available to the public and playable online, players pilot space ships and fight enemies to acquire unique particle system weapons that are automatically evolved by the cgNEAT algorithm. A study of the behavior and results from over 1000 registered online players shows that cgNEAT indeed enables players to discover a wide variety of appealing content that is not only novel, but also based on and extended from previous content that they preferred in the past. Thus, <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">GAR</i> is the first demonstration of evolutionary content generation in an online multiplayer game. The implication is that with cgNEAT it is now possible to create applications that generate their own content to satisfy users, potentially reducing the cost of content creation and increasing entertainment value from single-player to massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs) with a constant stream of evolving content.

Video Games, Competition and Exercise: A New Opportunity for Sport Psychologists?

The increasing influence of technology on sports and games is examined and the widespread popularity of video and computer games is identified as an opportunity for sport and exercise psychologists. Modern video and computer games can involve considerable physical activity and social competition and are thus a suitable subject for the application of sport psychology theories and intervention methods. A brief overview of some of the existing research from other fields on video and serious interactive games is presented. The advantages of studying competition, cooperation and exercise in video game play include application of existing theories to new areas, methodological research advantages, and new applied opportunities for practitioners. Sport and exercise psychologists are encouraged to research the long-term viability of studying important sport and exercise psychology topics such as aggression, teamwork and psychological skills using video game and related technologies.

Examining Extended Dynamic Scripting in a Tactical Game Framework

Dynamic scripting is a reinforcement learning algorithm designed specifically to learn appropriate tactics for an agent in a modern computer game, such as Neverwinter Nights. This reinforcement learning algorithm has previously been extended to support the automatic construction of new abstract states to improve its context sensitivity and integrated with a graphical behavior modeling architecture to allow for hierarchical dynamic scripting and task decomposition. In this paper, we describe a tactical abstract game representation language that was designed specifically to make it easier to define abstract games that include the large amount of uncertainty found in modern computer games. We then use this framework to examine the effectiveness of the extended version of the dynamic scripting algorithm, using Q-learning and the original dynamic scripting algorithms as benchmarks. Results and discussion are provided for three different abstract games: one based on combat in role-playing games and two based on different aspects of real-time strategy games.

Demonstrating Automatic Content Generation in the Galactic Arms Race Video Game

In most modern video games, content (e.g. models, levels, weapons, etc.) shipped with the game is static and unchanging, or at best, randomized within a narrow set of parameters. However, if game content could be constantly renewed, players would remain engaged longer. To realize this ambition, the content-generating NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies (cgNEAT) algorithm automatically evolves novel game content based on player preferences, as the game is played. To demonstrate this approach, the Galactic Arms Race (GAR) video game, which incorporates cgNEAT, will be presented. In GAR, players pilot space ships and fight enemies to acquire novel particle system weapons that are evolved by the game. The live demo will show how GAR players can discover a wide variety of weapons that are not only novel, but also based on and extended from previous content that they preferred in the past. The implication of cgNEAT is that it is now possible to create games that generate their own content, potentially significantly reducing the cost of content creation and increasing the replay value of games.

The Long History of Gaming in Military Training

The dual-use of games in both military and entertainment applications has a long history. This has taken the form of sand tables, miniatures, board games, and computer games. The current tension between entertainment and military applications over games is just the return of similar concerns that have surrounded gaming tools and technologies in previous generations. Dynamic representations of the physical world are interesting and useful tools in a number of fields, to include the military, city planning, architecture, education, and entertainment. Modern computer games contain technologies and tools that allow many different communities to accomplish similar goals.

Video Games and Embodiment

In this article, the author discusses one way in which modern video games can illuminate the nature of human thinking and problem solving as situated and embodied. The author first discusses why, over the last several years, many people have become interested in video games as a site to study human thinking, problem solving, and learning. The author then discusses what he call the “projective stance,” a type of embodied thinking characteristic of many (but not all) video games, as well as a form of thinking that is also, but more subtly, pervasive in everyday life and social interaction as well.