Modern Ukrainian Historiography Research Articles

THE POLISH-UKRAINIAN ALLIANCE OF 1920 IN CONTEMPORARY UKRAINIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY

The article is devoted to the study of the development and main trends of modern Ukrainian historiography of the Polish-Ukrainian Alliance of 1920. The source base of the study are monographs, articles, and dissertations of Ukrainian historians in the period from 1991 to 2022. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of the Cambridge School of Intellectual History, which can be generally characterized as a contextualist method of interpretation, which places the main emphasis on historical conditions and the intellectual context of the discourse of a given historical era. These principles are especially relevant for the mentioned issue given its political sensitivity, which has not disappeared to this day. As a result, the political context at the time of the creation of the text can significantly influence the research questions and interpretations of the researchers. The author notes that since Ukraine regained its independence in 1991, Ukrainian scholars have rejected the Soviet paradigm of the history of the Polish-Soviet war and have largely adopted the interpretive schemes of emigration historiography. In this narrative, in contrast to the Soviet one, S. Petliura, when signing the agreement with Poland, was guided by Ukrainian national interests. However, Ukraine became a hostage to the selfish interests of Poland, which eventually betrayed its ally. However, as the author proves, the interpretive model that depicts the Polish-Ukrainian Alliance as the resultant force of Polish and Ukrainian interests and resources is beginning to dominate Ukrainian historiography. The aspect of uniting for the common struggle against Bolshevism began to come to the fore. A significant role in this process is played by the possibility of contacts between Ukrainian historians and Polish colleagues, the essential filling of many factual gaps and, not least, the geopolitical situation of Ukraine.

Рецепція «Історії України-Руси» Михайла Грушевського в сучасній українській історіографії

The purpose of the study is to reconstruct the process of understanding M. Hrushevskyi's "History of Ukraine-Rus" in modern Ukrainian historiography. The research methodology involves the use of the principles of objectivity, historicism, and systematicity, as well as general scientific and special-historical methods typical for historiographical research. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the study of the little-known problem of the reception of M. Hrushevskyi's "History of Ukraine-Rus" in the historiography of the late 20th - early 21st centuries. Conclusions. The article has concluded that the research of M. Hrushevskyi's main work has acquired unprecedented intensity during the last three decades. This was facilitated by wider-scale publishing work - the mass reprinting of the original and English-language versions of "History of Ukraine-Rus" made it available to a wide range of readers and researchers. As a result, numerous different-format studies of individual problems and nuances of the grand narrative (historiosophical, methodological, problem-thematic, etc.) as well as attempts to understand it holistically in the context of the progress of Ukrainian studies at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 21st centuries appeared. These studies convincingly showed "History of Ukraine-Rus" as the most significant historical work for Ukrainian historiography, which metaphorically established the title of "historical passport of the Ukrainian people". At the same time, the mentioned intensity of research reflection makes it possible to outline further historiographical perspectives. Thus, the work on the contextualization of the historiographical ideas and problems of the multivolume work is far from finished. For example, a special elucidation of the specifics of the establishment of the Sobornist ideology on its pages seems to be promising. However, the most important task seems to be the need to synthesize current studies on individual parts of the "History of Ukraine-Rus" and prepare a general work on this monument, which should appear as a collective interdisciplinary project.

Khortytsia Island is a Place Of Memory

In the article, using the example of Khortytska Sich, the evolution of views on the question of Sich genesis is considered in the context of the prevailing ideological conditions in different periods. The basis of research approaches is the theory of the place of memory of the French historian Pierre Nore, as well as the conclusions of the American philosopher Thomas Kuhn about the variability of scientific paradigms due to scientific revolutions and the impossibility of resolving their conflict with the help of evidence. At the everyday level of public consciousness, the concept of 'Khortytska Sich' was formed from the first half to the middle of the 17th century. It entered the scientific field in the second half of the 18th century. together with other centers of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks in the lower Dnieper. However, Khortytska Sich did not fit into the system of official scientific views. The justification of the empire's 'rights' to the so-called Western Russia (Lithuanian, Belarusian and Western Ukrainian lands) required consideration of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks as a pro-Moscow and anti-Polish force. Emphasis was placed on the era of wars against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which since the end of the 16th century. led by the Zaporozhians. Cossack centers that arose before this period did not fall under the sich status. As a result, in the 19th century a tradition arose, the echo of which exists in modern Ukrainian historiography, to call Khortytsia not the place of Sich, but 'the place of gathering', 'protosich', etc. For the same reasons, Khortytska Sich did not fit into the class model of social development. In this way, the history of Sich found itself in the context of Russian history, and the issues of the activities of the Ukrainian people in the development of the southern territories and the creation of centers of self-government back in the days of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania receded into the background. Only with the restoration of Ukrainian independence in 1991 did the conditions for understanding the phenomenon of Khortytska Sich emerge. The new scientific paradigm allows us to consider the Ukrainian-centric models of the first Sich, its role in the development of southern lands, resistance to Ottoman-Tatar aggression, and the formation of the Cossack state. This actualizes the direction of further research into the historical authenticity of Khortytska Sich as the basis of the notion of a place of memory of the Ukrainian people.

Українські політичні емігранти в суспільному, господарському і культурному житті Ченстохови, Пйотркува-Трибунальського, Торуня, Каліша та Тухолі в 1920–1930-х роках

The fate of Ukraine is intertwined with the fate of Poland to a greater extent than that of other nations. There are many alliances and friendships in Ukrainian-Polish history. On April 22, 1920, the Ukrainian-Polish union was concluded. Thus, the story of the Ukrainian regular armed forces ended. Ukrainian political emigrants in Poland in the 1920s and 1930s tried to take a decent place in the social and economic life of their place of residence. The authors deal with the issue of a Ukrainian army emigration to be found active in the territory of Poland in the interwar period (from 1920 to the outbreak of World War II). He shows the context and circumstances of its appearance in the Republic of Poland, as a result of the Ukrainian People’s Republic army activity and Symen Peltura’s cooperation with Józef Piłsudski. The authors characterize the way the army emigration functioned within the reality of the Polish nation covering various aspects, a developed cultural and educational structure among others. Based on a comprehensive analysis of modern Ukrainian historiography of the problem, the authors note the necessity of further historiographical research.

АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРИЗНАКИ КРИЗИСНЫХ СИТУАЦИЙ НА РУСИ IX – X ВВ. В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ УКРАИНСКОЙ ИСТОРИОГРАФИИ

The article refers to the crisis situations in South Rus’, which are studied in the works of Ukrainian archaeologists and historians in recent decades. There were four such situations, reflected both in the archaeological and numismatic materials, and in modern Ukrainian historiography. These are: 1) the events of the mid-ninth century, reflected in the destruction of several early-Romny (Volyntsevo) settlements (Bititsa etc.), either as a result of feuds in the Khazar Khaganate, or invasions of the Hungarians, or Normans; 2) the late ninth century, reflected in hoards and connected with the joining of the southern part of the East Slavic lands to Rus’ by Oleg; 3) the mid-tenth century, reflected in the change of the monetary and weight system in Southeastern Rus’ and associated with the separation of the Severians’, Vyatichi’s and part of Radimichs’ lands after the Drevlians’ rebellion and Prince Igor’s death; 4) the end of the ninth century and the beginning of the eleventh century (the demise of some Romny sites, hoards, reflected in the funeral rites and inventories death of a part of the paramilitary population and ethno-social transformations), that is joining of all the South-Eastern Slavic “tribes” to Rus’ under Vladimir the Holy and the changes connected with it. Ukrainian historiography holds the most interesting materials and ideas on the first and fourth periods, the second is almost not mentioned, the third is presented, but much weaker than in the synchrostadial Russian historiography.

Historiography of relations between the soviet government and the local population in the territory of Northern Bukovyna and Khotyn region in 1940-1947

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the historiography of the topic of relations between Soviet authorities and local population, the instruction of Sovietization processes in the territory of Northern Bukovyna and Khotyn region during 1940-1947.The study of relationship between Soviet authorities and local population is quite unexplored and requires further scientific study. There was no comprehensive study. In the scientific literature, this issue is highlighted in the form of a diverse thematic spectrum and concerns current political, economic, household and educational and cultural issues. During the last decades, depending on socio-political conditions and the available base of historical sources, the approach to the coverage of the mentioned issues has changed.The conclusion emphasizes that modern Ukrainian historiography, relying on a much wider source base, examines in more depth certain aspects the life of population in the territory of Chernivtsi region.Soviet historiography in Ukraine was strongly influenced by communist ideology and censorship, which had a significant impact on the study of the history of Bukovyna. The problems and achievements of Soviet industrial construction, the collectivization of agriculture, and the development of industry and transport infrastructure were studied. Special attention was paid to Soviet land reform policies and national policy regarding Bukovyna national minorities.Researchers are forced to work within the approved historical concept and maintain a positive image of Soviet government. This approach significantly limited the possibility of conducting objective research and analysis of the history of Bukovyna in the specified period.Foreign historiography of the history of Bukovyna was aimed at a detailed study of the events and processes of that time, in particular in the context of national issues using available sources and archival materials.Ukrainian historiography of the history of Bukovyna sought to understand and analyze the complex events of that time, focusing on the political, socio-economic and cultural aspects of life in Bukovyna, as well as on the role of Ukrainian population in the struggle for freedom and national independence.Thus, during the half-century period of studying the problems of the entry of Northern Bukovyna territory into the USSR, the interaction of local population and the Soviet authorities, the literature is not sufficiently systematized and does not cover the problems as a whole, a lot of works have a limited source base, because access to information on this topic was provided only at the end of the 20th century.

ЩЕКАВИЦЬКІ НЕКРОПОЛІ В РАМКАХ ІСТОРІЇ МІСЦЕВОСТІ ЩЕКАВИЦЯ

The article covers the topic of the history of Shchekavytsia district from the first mentions in the annals of the 10th – 11th centuries to the 1950s. Emphasis of attention on the Shchekavytsia burial ground of the 10th – 12th centuries. and the Shchekavytsia necropolis and the Church of All Saints, which were destroyed by the Soviet regime in 1935–1936. There are few articles on the topic of the Shchekavytsia necropolis, because most researchers of this area turn to the debatable questions about the origin of the name, the location of the Shchekavytsia mountain described in the annals, and the Shchekavytsia burial ground. Shchekavytsia Mountain and its adjacent territories are part of the historical center of Kyiv. Throughout the history of the city, Shchekavytsia has played various roles in its functioning. After analyzing the sources, it can be stated that this topic is insufficiently disclosed in modern Ukrainian historiography and needs more research. The purpose of the work is to investigate and represent the historical and cultural significance of the historical district of Shchekavytsia. Considering the vulnerable situation of the area, which is threatened with complete destruction of the archaeological and historical potential, it is advisable to research and systematize data on the history of Shchekavytsia. A lot of information was obtained from descriptions and guidebooks of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Data on the medieval history of the Shchekavitsa area within the framework of research into the medieval Podol can be found in the works of archaeologists I. I. Movchan, V. G. Ivakin, and G. Yu. Ivakin. As well as researchers Melnyk O. O. Kozak O. D., Protsenko L. A. Shchekavytsia necropolis was most fully described by L. A. Protsenko back in the 1990s. This work is important in the context of the systematization of data on the history of Shchekavytsia and Shchekavytsia necropolis, in particular.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ІСТОРИЧНИХ ПРАЦЬ І. ФРАНКА: СУЧАСНА УКРАЇНСЬКА ІСТОРІОГРАФІЯ

The article examines the coverage of I. Franko’s historical research in modern Ukrainian historiography. The authors emphasize that until recently, this problem was covered quite tendentially in Soviet historiography. It was a secondary and not so important topic in the assessment of the scientist’s legacy compared to his achievements as a writer, poet, essayist, translator, public and political figure. Soviet studies were built on the basis of Marxist-Leninist methodology. Emphasis was placed on the scientist’s political beliefs, which were presented through the prism of the fight against Ukrainian «bourgeois nationalists». The research of diaspora scientists differed significantly from the Soviet ideological analogues. But in these studies, the problem of scientific research of I. Franko’s historical views was not excreted into a separate topic. Only in the studies of modern Ukrainian scientists this problem rise to the conceptual level and receive comprehensive coverage. In the writings of modern Ukrainian scientists, we can trace both criticism of previous assessments of Ivan Franko’s historical scientific heritage, attempts to form a general vision of the scientist’s historical worldview and prospects for further research into his historical scientific heritage.

ЛИСТИ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ФІЗИКА П.Г. БОРЗЯКА ДО ЗОЛОТОНІСЬКОГО КРАЄЗНАВЦЯ М.Ф. ПОНОМАРЕНКА

The aim of the work is to analyze the letters of a Ukrainian physicist Petro Hryhorovych Borzyak to Mykhailo Fedorovych Ponomarenko, a well-known local historian of the Cherkasy region of the second half of the 20th century, from the period of 1967–1972. The scientific novelty of this article is determined by the fact that the study of the epistolary heritage of the researcher P.G. Borzyak is conducted for the first time. In modern Ukrainian historiography, a specialised study of the specified topic of regional history has not been conducted before. Based on a detailed analysis of letters from the fund of a local historian M. F. Ponomarenko (5428), stored in the State Archive of the Cherkasy Region (SACR), a number of research interests of P.G. Borzyak was outlined. Methodology. In the process of handling the topic, biographical and chronological methods of historical research and the general scientific method of systemic analysis were used. The archeographic method of source research was also applied. Conclusions. Based on a brief overview of the fund of P.G. Borzyak (No. 61) from the Institute of Archival Studies of the National Library of Ukraine named after V. I. Vernadsky and archival materials collected by a local historian M.F. Ponomarenko from the SACR fund (5428), documents that will supplement the biography of the scientist were covered. During the research, it was found that P.G. Borzyak was quite actively interested in the history of the left-bank Cherkasy region, in particular – the villages of the former Irkliiv district. Communication with a local historian M.F. Ponomarenko highlights the awareness of P.G. Borzyak regarding the biography of an amateur local historian Kost Fedorovych Kushnir and his desire to save the creative and historical heritage of this researcher. Because according to the physicist, it contained valuable materials on the history of the coastal villages of the Irkliiv region, the genealogy of the local population and folklore.

Letters of O. S. Sklyarenko to the Zolotonosha Local Lore Specialist M. F. Ponomarenko (1963 – 1976)

The article first published the correspondence of Oksana Semenivna Sklyarenko, the daughter of the famous Ukrainian (Soviet) fiction writer Semyon Dmytrovych Sklyarenko, to local historian Mykhailo Fedorovych Ponomarenko, the founder of local history in Cherkasy region. Also, the scientific novelty of this study is due to the fact that no fundamental study of the epistolary legacy of S. D. Sklyarenko has been carried out in modern Ukrainian historiography. Thus, this correspondence will allow solving the problem of expanding the source base of the study of the writer's biography. At the same time, the correspondence reflects the relationship of the local historian with the writer's family and his environment. The contribution of M. F. was characterized Ponomarenka in preserving the memory of S. D. Sklyarenko and popularizing his work in Zolotonyshchyna. Based on a brief overview of the fund of S. D. Sklyarenko (No. 467) from the Central State Archive-Museum of Literature and Art of Ukraine and archival materials collected by local historian M. F. Ponomarenko from the fund (5428) of the State Archive of the Cherkasy Region, this publication highlights the documents, which will complement the scientist's biography. In the process of analyzing this correspondence, it was found that M. F. Ponomarenko was engaged in collecting materials for the writer's personal exhibition in the Zolotony Museum of Local History and actively published local history articles about S. D. Sklyarenko in the regional periodical press. At the same time, the letters contain information about the professional activities of O.S. Sklyarenko and her family. In the process of developing the topic, biographical and chronological methods of historical research and the general scientific method of system analysis were used. The archeographic method of source research was also applied.

The political and military elite of the Ukrainian national liberation movement movements of the 1920s–1950s: modern Ukrainian historiography

The political and military elite of the Ukrainian national liberation movement movements of the 1920s–1950s: modern Ukrainian historiography

Ukrainian intellectual Trokhym Zinkivskyi and preservation of historical memory of Taras Shevchenko

The personality of Trochym Zinkivskyi (1861–1891) remains little known and insufficiently developed in modern Ukrainian historiography. The purpose of the article is to study the figure of Trokhym Zinkivskyi in the context of the problem of preserving the historical memory of Taras Shevchenko. Research methods are personalistic, historical-genetic and historical-systemic. Sources: published epistolaries of T. Zinkivskyi and his addressees, memories of contemporaries, biographical articles in the Ukrainian press of the beginning of the 20th century etc. The main results consist in elucidating the peculiarities of the formation of T. Zinkivskyi's worldview under the conditions of the oppression of the Southern Ukrainian lands by the Russian imperial regime, in particular in Berdyansk, Feodosia and Odesa, the establishment of his Ukrainian national-democratic views during his studies and military service in Smila, Shpola and Uman, in Kyiv and St. Petersburg. It is noted that an important factor in the development of his Ukrainian consciousness and identity was his family upbringing, which instilled love for his native language and formed Christian, religious values. A prominent role was played by the reading circle, which included Shevchenkov's «Kobzar» along with other literary works of Ukrainian and foreign writers; as well as Ukrainian folk art. V. Kravchenko, L. Smolenskyi, B. Grinchenko, M. Komarov, and a number of representatives of the Ukrainian colony in St. Petersburg were included in the closest circle of persons who significantly influenced the formation of the worldview of the Ukrainian figure. The article traces the main stages of the intellectual and public activity of the Ukrainian figure in the matter of preserving the historical memory of Kobzar. It is noted that already in the middle and second half of the 80s of the 19th century. T. Zinkivskyi began work in the field of Ukrainian literature, took care of translation activities. In St. Petersburg, he was able to begin wider work for the benefit of Ukrainianism and became an ideological leader of young Ukrainians. The powerful vital energy of the activist was organically combined with consistent and convinced actions in the name of the Ukrainian cause. In the youth group at Shevchenko's anniversary, T. Zinkivskyi read a number of essays, such as «The National Question in Russia», «Shevchenko in the Light of European Criticism», «Young Ukraine» and others. His essay «Taras Shevchenko in the Light of European Criticism», which was read in Ukrainian on the evening of February 25, 1889 in the capital of the empire, was of exceptional importance. This speech, prepared mostly on the basis of French, Austrian, German, and Polish historiographical sources, presented Kobzar as a figure of global poetic scale and destroyed the perception of the Russian metropolitan public about Ukrainians and the Ukrainian language as something provincial and inferior. Conclusions.T. Zinkivskyi became one of the brightest representatives of the «Young Ukraine» generation. The short-lived but important intellectual activity of the ideological leader of young Ukrainians, in particular, speeches at the Shevchenko anniversary, publication of abstracts, epistolaries, drew the attention of contemporaries to the figure of Taras Shevchenko, to his poetic heritage; actualized the issue of preserving the historical memory of Kobzar as a leader of the national values of Ukrainians. It has been proven that during the 1880s and early 1890s, T. Zinkivskyi's intellectual activity contributed to the progress of Ukrainian public affairs and national science, the establishment of Ukrainian national consciousness among the generation of young Ukrainians. The practical significance of the article is that the given material will be of interest to specialists in the context of studying the ethno-national history of Ukraine in the second half of the 19th century. The originality of the article lies in the understanding of insufficiently studied aspects of the activity of the Ukrainian intellectual, who stood at the origins of the idea of «Young Ukraine». Scientific novelty in updating the intellectual activity of T. Zinkivskyi in the matter of preserving Ukrainian national memory and forming national consciousness and identity.

Hryhoriy Skovoroda and Taras Shevchenko: the problem of intellectual inheritance in modern understanding

The purpose of the article is to study the problem of the inheritance of the worldview of Hryhoriy Skovoroda and Taras Shevchenko based on the historiographical tradition and creativity of the two thinkers. The research methods are personalistic, comparative-historical and historical-typological. Sources of the article: intellectual heritage of outstanding Ukrainian thinkers and works of modern Ukrainian historiography. The main results are that the author considered the significance of the work of Hryhoriy Skovoroda on the formation of the personality of the Ukrainian poetic genius Taras Shevchenko, delved into the problem of the continuity of the Ukrainian intellectual tradition, traced the hereditary connection of the creative output of the two mentioned intellectuals, which binds the late baroque, pre-romantic, romantic and realistic heritage of Ukrainianness into a single axis. It is shown that Ukrainian national historiography of the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries did not yet make the intellectual heritage of Hryhoriy Skovoroda and Taras Shevchenko the subject of her research, but began to understand these figures within the limits of one typological intellectual series, in the context of two different but adjacent stages of Ukrainian national and cultural revival. It is indicated that the problem of comparative analysis of two geniuses of Ukrainian culture was not considered a priority in Soviet historiography. It is proved that modern Ukrainian historiography lays the foundation for understanding the intellectual legacy of H. Skovoroda and T. Shevchenko, typologically common and distinctive features of two outstanding representatives of Ukrainian intellectual thought are shown. Concise conclusions. Based on the analysis of the works of Ukrainian authors and the work of these two great Ukrainians, there are reasons to say that the work of H. Skovoroda had a certain influence on T. Shevchenko, who at one time got acquainted with the legacy of his predecessor, although not in full. However, one should not exaggerate this influence due to the fact that two Ukrainian figures lived and worked in adjacent, but different historical periods: H. Skovoroda – a bright representative of the late Ukrainian baroque, and T. Shevchenko – an outstanding representative of Ukrainian romanticism and realism. Despite the differences in linguistic and literary aspects, peculiarities of self-awareness, these titans of Ukrainian culture formed one intellectual axis, the fundamental foundations of which were anthropology and сhristocentrism; desire for freedom (will); to the emancipation of the individual through dignity, reason, love; to the establishment of a more harmonious and fair society (for H. Skovoroda, this is the idea of the «Mountain Republic», and for T. Shevchenko – the idea of a «free, new family») based on a humanistic, philanthropic principle; awareness of one's, Ukrainian, love for one's native land and denial of the Russian, autocratic, despotic and tyrannical principles of building society. The spirit of universal human values, Ukrainian-loving and people-loving beginnings in the life and work of H. Skovoroda influenced the formation of the humanistic and national outlook of T. Shevchenko. The practical significance of the article is that this intelligence may be of interest to historians, young scientists and students in the process of studying the intellectual history of the «Ukrainian 19th century». The originality of the article lies in the understanding of insufficiently studied aspects of the intellectual heritage of H. Skovoroda and T. Shevchenko. Scientific novelty in the comparative and typological understanding of the creative heritage of the mentioned Ukrainian thinkers. Type of article: theoretical.

My Encounter with Early Modern Ukraine

DOI: 10.47632/2786-717X-2022-1-77-88 УДК 94(=161.2)(71)“19/20”(092) Як цитувати: Zenon Kohut, My Encounter with Early Modern Ukraine, Ukrainian Historical Review / Український історичний огляд, I | 2022, 77-88. Zenon Kohut My Encounter with Early Modern Ukraine In this article Canadian historian reflects on his intellectual biography and on the changes in the field of early modern Ukrainian history during the last fifty years. He emphasizes the role of academic communities of the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University in his formation as a historian of early modern Ukraine. His affiliation with the Ukrainian chairs at Harvard and intellectual guidance of Oleksander Ohloblyn and Omeljan Pritsak played an especially important role in this regard. Having completed a thesis on the abolition of the Hetmanate’s autonomy in the late eighteenth-century Russia Empire, in the early 1990s he became a director of the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies where in cooperation with Frank Sysyn and Serhii Plokhy he founded an informal laboratory of early modern Ukrainian history. Zenon Kohut’s research in the 1990s and 2000s has been focused on the Russo-Ukrainian unity myth on the one hand and on the preconditions of the Ukrainian distinctiveness in the early modern period – on the other. It led him to the examination of the early modern Ukrainian history writing and identity-building. He was one of the first who demonstrated Ukrainian contribution to the emergence of the “traditional scheme of Russian history” – an imperial narrative in which Ukrainians and Russians are treated as offshoots of the same people sharing a common historical legacy, a common Orthodox faith, and, therefore, a common national destiny. Kohut’s studies of the early modern Ukrainian historiography and political thought focused on the evolution of such concepts as fatherland and nation. His pioneering works on the emergence and evolution of the Little-Russian identity in the Hetmanate conceptualized these developments as an important stage in the early modern Ukrainian nation-building. The article concludes with the presentation of Kohut’s ongoing project – a monograph on the political culture of Cossack Ukraine from 1569 to 1714 – which aims to synthesize his semicentennial research into the early modern Ukrainian history. References Chynczewska-Hennel Teresa. Świadomość narodowa szlachty ukraińskiej i kozaczyzny od schyłku XVI do połowy XVII w. Warsaw 1985. [In Polish.] Gat Azar. Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism. Cambridge 2012. Hen-Konarski Tomasz. No Longer Just Peasants and Priests: The Most Recent Studies on Nation Building in Nineteenth-Century Ukraine // European History Quarterly 45/4 (2015) 727–728. Kappeler Andreas. The Russian Empire: A Multiethnic History. Abingdon 2013. Kas’ianov Heorhiy. Teorii natsii ta natsionalizmu. Kyiv 1999. [In Ukrainian.] Kohut E. Zenon. Korinnia identychnosti: studii z rann'omodernoi ta modernoi istorii Ukrainy. Kyiv 2004. [In Ukrainian.] Kohut E. Zenon. Making Ukraine: Studies on Political Culture, Historical Narrative, and Identity. Toronto 2010. [In Ukrainian.] Kohut E. Zenon. Russian Centralism and Ukrainian Autonomy: Imperial Absorption of the Hetmanate, 1760s – 1830s. Cambridge 1988. [In Ukrainian.] Кohut E. Zenon. The Question of Russo-Ukrainian Unity and Ukrainian Distinctiveness in Early Modern Ukrainian Thought and Culture // Culture, Nation, and Identity. The Ukrainian-Russian Encounter (1600–1945) / ed. A. Kappeler et al. Edmonton – Toronto 2003, p. 57–86. Portnov Andrii et al. Whose Language Do We Speak? Some Reflections on the Master Narrative of Ukrainian History Writing // Ab Imperio 4 (2020) 88–129. Yakovenko Natalia. Dzerkala identychnosti: doslidzhennia z istorii uiavlen’ ta idei v Ukraini XVI – pochatku XVIII stolittia. Kyiv 2012. [In Ukrainian.] Yakovenko Natalia. Paralel’nyi svit: doslidzhennia z istorii uiavlen’ ta idei v Ukraini XVI–XVII st. Kyiv 2002. [In Ukrainian.] Yakovenko Natalia. Ukrains’ka shliakhta z kintsia XIV do seredyny XVII st. Volyn’ i Tsentral’na Ukraina. Kyiv 2008. [In Ukrainian.]

UKRAINIAN SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY OF 1940-60S ABOUT RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ZAPOROZHIAN HOST AND RUSSIA DURING THE HAYDAMATSKIY MOVEMENT IN THE XVIII CENTURY

The purpose of the research is to analyze the works of Ukrainian Soviet historians of the 1940s and 1960s, who are devoted to the Haidamat movement and the role of Cossacks in it. Changes in the Soviet paradigm regarding the interpretation of the history of the Zaporozhian Host and the social and political aspects of Zaporizhzhya-Russian relations during the spread of the Haydamak movement in the 18th century are traced.The influence of the resolutions of the congresses of the CPSU on the coverage of the 300th anniversary of the "reunification of Ukraine and Russia" and the 200th anniversary of the Koliivshina has been studied. Among the methods that were used during the preparation of the article - general scientific and general historical, analysis of the Soviet historiography of the problem, comparison and generalization. The scientific novelty is emphasized by the fact that in modern Ukrainian historiography there are no works dedicated to the study of the history of Zaporizhzhya-Russian relations during the Haydamak movement of the 18th century. The author of the article proposes to fill this historiographical gap. 
 Conclusions. In the context of the study of the Haydamak movement of the 18th century, Soviet historians considered Zaporozhye-Russian relations as a component of the struggle of peasants against feudal lords in Right-Bank Ukraine. This was due to the promotion and consolidation in Soviet historiography of the idea of the "leading role" of the peasantry, instead of the Cossacks, in the wars and uprisings of the outlined period. Soviet historians consciously supported the policy of the Central Committee of the CPSU, participating in the transformation of historical science into a political tool, manipulating facts to suit the ruling ideology.

The Issue of the Establishment and Activities of the Ukrainian Navy in Crimea (March 1917 – December 1918) in Contemporary Ukrainian Historiography

The article highlights the issues of formation and activity of the Ukrainian Navy in Crimea (March 1917 – December 1918) in modern Ukrainian historiography. It is noted that in the writings of modern Ukrainian historians, the material and technical base in the Black Sea, which existed as of 1917, was characterized, the prerequisites for the construction of the Ukrainian military fleet were revealed, the processes of the struggle for its creation during the days of the Ukrainian Central Rada (UCR) and the Hetmanate of P. Skoropadskyi were highlighted. In particular historical, geographical, ethnic, political, material and technical components for the creation of this military structure were investigated. The works of modern Ukrainian scientists were considered, in which they emphasize a complex of mistakes on the part of the leaders of the Ukrainian Armed Forces and the government in the field of naval construction, their inconsistent defense of Ukrainian national interests regarding the Black Sea Fleet, which significantly affected the activity of Ukrainian forces in Crimea and Sevastopol and disorientated their further state-building activities. It was stated that during the existence of the Ukrainian State of Hetman P. Skoropadskyi, the government immediately took a course to join Crimea to Ukraine. Despite the indignation of the Germans, a complete economic blockade of the Crimean Peninsula was announced. The leadership of the Ukrainian State did everything to return the Black Sea Fleet under its jurisdiction, and it finally succeeded, but only after the defeat of Germany in the First World War, the beginning of the anti-Hetman uprising on November 14, 1918, the abdication of power by P. Skoropadskyi a month later, and the eventual capture of Black Sea Fleet by the Entente countries.The author also focuses on the wishes of many Ukrainian researchers of this period to the power structures of modern Ukraine, especially in the current conditions of the full-scale invasion of Russia into Ukraine, taking into account the positive and negative experience of the state and military construction of Ukrainian state entities in 1917–1921.

Шлях історика (до 90-ліття Миколи Крикуна)

The article examines and analyzes the life and work of the famous Ukrainian historian, longtime professor of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv Mykola Hryhorovych Krykun, whose life came during the difficult times of the Soviet totalitarian regime, wars and the formation of independent Ukrainian statehood. For 60 years he tried to discover and study little-known documents on the history of Ukrainian lands of the early modern period (XVI–XVIII centuries), to restore the scientific, cleansed of hostile falsifications image of Ukrainian society, to enrich scientific and historical knowledge of Ukrainians. Numerous publications of documents, monographs, textbooks, articles and essays published by him in Ukraine and other countries, became a significant contribution to the scientific picture of the past of Ukraine and its people, raising to a new scientific and theoretical level of modern Ukrainian historiography, restoration of the historical memory of modern Ukrainians. The achievements of the scientist in the field of population study, historical geography, source studies, the history of the Cossacks of the Ukrainian lands and the entire Central and Eastern region of Europe are firmly entrenched in modern historiography. Numerous historians, trained with his participation in the university for many years, work and carry knowledge in many parts of modern Ukraine. Mykola Krykun does not stop the creative work of the researcher of the past in the current conditions of the struggle for the strengthening of independent Ukraine.

Evolution of Volodymyr Vynnychenko’s political views in 1920 in the context of the crisis of the Soviet form of the Ukrainian state

The article is devoted to the relations between Volodymyr Vynnychenko and Lev Trotsky – leading figures of the revolutionary period of 1917–1921. The 1920s were one of the most difficult and controversial periods in the life of Volodymyr Vynnychenko. Formulation of the problem. There are many versions and assumptions about the reasons for V. Vynnychenko’s break with the Bolsheviks: from his careerism to his unwillingness to be a screen for Bolshevik policy in Ukraine, which actually destroyed his political dream – the creation of independent Soviet Ukraine. V. Vynnychenko’s decision is hotly debated, both among professional historians, educators, and among ordinary readers, users of social networks, and various historical groups. The aim of the research is to find out the reasons for the evolution of V. Vynnychenko’s political worldview and the influence of Lev Trotsky on these changes. The main results. The author draws attention to L. Trotsky’s influence, both on the fact of V. Vynnychenko’s return from emigration and on his coming abroad. The documents were signed by L. Trotsky and conversations with him had a significant impact on V. Vynnychenko’s decision, as evidenced by entries in his diary, the book “Renaissance of the Nation” and his autobiography. Influenced by these texts and meetings, V. Vynnychenko realized that the Bolsheviks’ recognition of Soviet Ukraine’s right to independence was a declaration of intent, not a real policy. At the same time, V. Vynnychenko himself believed that his views also influenced Trotsky’s political worldview, which in the 1930s began to criticize Bolshevik centralism and their policy toward Ukraine’s sovereign status. The study is based on a variety of sources. The author uses the methods of comparative analysis, microhistory, biography, applies a regional approach, drawing attention to the fellowship of V. Vynnychenko, L. Trotsky, G. Zinoviev, influential politicians of the revolutionary period of 1917–1921. Concise conclusions. V. Vynnychenko’s contradictory, sometimes difficult to understand, decisions in 1920 received different assessments from representatives of modern Ukrainian historiography. Some historians believe that V. Vynnychenko outplayed himself, i. e. the Bolsheviks used him to propagate Soviet power in Ukraine, and his hesitations had a negative impact on the development of the Ukrainian revolution in 1920. Other historians try to explain V. Vynnychenko’s steps by trying to reach an agreement with the Bolsheviks to implement his plan, which was to put into practice the idea of Ukrainian statehood in the Soviet form. The study is based on a variety of sources (the diary entries of Vladimir Vynnychenko during 1920, his leaflets, analytical memoirs given in the book “Renaissance of the Nation”, published in 1920, his autobiography, information reports of the Political Department of the UPR, which mention the name of V. Vynnychenko, and also the journalistic legacy of Lev Trotsky, devoted to the question of the independence of Soviet Ukraine). Scientific novelty and originality. For the first time in historiography, the author draws attention to the mutual influences of V. Vynnychenko and L. Trotsky on the evolution of their political worldview. The type of article: theoretical.

Understanding Church History in monographs and thematic collections in the Ukrainian SSR in the second half of the 1980s.

The subject of the study is the main directions of intellectual search in the field of church history among Ukrainian scientists of the second half of the 1980s, which were reflected in monographs and thematic collections. The Ukrainian national intelligentsia of the era of "perestroika" forms images of the Church, which will be actively interpreted in different approaches of one or another part of society to the construction of church life in Ukraine as an independent state. With the help of historical-genetic and ideographic methods, the publications of Ukrainian scientists of this period concerning the issues of understanding the role and place of the Church in the past and present of the country are analyzed. The analysis undertaken allows us to identify the ideological foundations of various trends in modern Ukrainian historiography concerning church history. The conclusions about the formation of several directions for understanding the church past of the country are substantiated. The first direction should be characterized by the desire to remove church-historical issues from the periphery of scientific research into a full-fledged sphere of scientific research. A separate group includes works whose authors, when considering the issues of the history of the Orthodox Church, largely relied on Marxist methodology and used characteristic scientific tools. Finally, representatives of the third direction are characterized by a focus on the ideological side of historical search and personal experience, which often prevailed over an objective scientific approach.

Modern Ukrainian Historiography about the Everyday Life of the Early Modern Nobility

The article analyzes the approaches in modern Ukrainian historiography to coverage of the everyday life problems of the early modern nobility. It is emphasized that the study of this problem has been tendentious and superficial for a long time. Attention is paid to the fact that in the 19th century it was due to the perception of the Commonwealth as a state of other nations, in which the Ukrainian nobility lost its identity and gradually assimilated with the Polish one. The 20th-century’s studies of this topic were significantly influenced by the historiography of the Soviet era, both because of the Marxist-Leninist research methodology and the limited communication with Western European scholars. It is pointed out that such interpretations and distancing from the history of the nobility had a negative effect on the study of the life realities of this community, and accordingly on the understanding of the characteristics of Ukrainian early modern times.The works of modern historians dedicated to the everyday life of the nobility are considered. It is established that the greatest contribution to the development of this aspect was made by N. Yakovenko, I. Voronchuk, M. Dovbyshchenko, and N. Starchenko. Emphasis is placed on the active development of the genealogy of the Ukrainian nobility. The assessment of the identity of an early modern nobleman in modern works is considered, which allows observing the multiplicity of his self-perception (awareness of belonging to local groups and a sense of homeland). Basing on the analyzed works of Ukrainian historians, it is proved that the aristocratic everyday life’s conflicts were regulated and controlled by the community itself. The discussion about the number of the nobility and the strategies of a nobleman in the private space, which was determined by one’s family and court, is considered. The opinions of Ukrainian researchers on the problems of religious conversions and the presence of the sacred in the worldview of the nobility are compared.The problems of nobility’s everyday life, which require additional research (history of local aristocratic groups, economic activity of the nobility, the concept of labor and leisure, consumption culture, history of clothing, intellectual needs, etc.), are distinguished.