Modern Trends Research Articles

Detection of Brain Tumor using Medical Images: A Comparative Study of Machine Learning Algorithms – A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract: Background: Brain tumors are a significant global health concern impacting both adults and children. Tumors are characterized by abnormal or excessive growth resulting from uncontrolled cell division. Diagnosing brain tumors poses various challenges, including limited funding, a shortage of qualified professionals, and insufficient access to medical facilities in remote regions. Different learning techniques for detecting brain tumors have been developed due to their ease of use, cost-effectiveness, and non-invasive nature, in contrast to other invasive methods. Methods: This research conducts a systematic literature review to explore modern trends and concepts of machine learning in healthcare, aiming to identify effective techniques for brain tumor detection. It also compares and analyzes the most efficient machine learning methods currently in use, focusing on aspects such as machine learning algorithms, image augmentation, evaluation metrics, and the sizes of datasets employed. Results: The findings indicate that non-invasive methods, such as machine learning algorithms for brain tumor detection, are cost-effective and provide quick results. Conclusions: This systematic literature review offers a technical overview, demonstrating the efficiency and effectiveness of machine learning techniques in making brain tumor detection feasible. The study utilizes deep learning and machine learning methods to comprehensively analyse diagnosis, imaging, and clinical evaluations in medical fields related to brain tumor detection.

Methods of active friction control in the presence of lubricant compositions with mesogenic additives

Purpose of research. The aim of the study is to systematize the latest literature data related to the modulation of the friction coefficient by external fields when using lubricant compositions with liquid crystal mesogens and polymer composites.Methods. The article considers the methods of tribological tests using various schemes of friction pairs (cylinder-disk, pin-on-disk). Some commonly used methods of applying coatings to the elements of friction pairs are considered: ion beam-assisted deposition, chemical and physical thermal spraying, molecular layer deposition, photopolymerization, etc. Of the discussed methods of characterizing tribosystems, the following are indicated: dielectric spectroscopy, Raman scattering, polarization optical microscopy, nuclear-physical methods (positron annihilation spectroscopy and Xray diffraction).Results. The article systematizes modern trends in the development of modulated modes of operation of tribological circuits with lubricant compositions containing liquid crystals and polymer composites. The following approaches are used to implement active control of the friction coefficient: 1) modulation of friction by an electric field, 2) modulation of friction by a temperature field, and 3) modulation of friction on optical gratings under light irradiation. These approaches take into account the changed characteristics of the lubricant associated with the use of mesogenic additives, modes of exposure to electromagnetic and thermal fields, electrical characteristics, geometry of the surface of friction pairs, and provide the values of tribological characteristics (friction coefficient and wear) that are achieved as a result of friction modulation.Conclusion. A positive effect of mesogenic additives of liquid crystals and polymers on tribological characteristics with active control of the friction coefficient has been established: a decrease in the friction coefficient is observed, which helps to reduce material wear.

Trends and factors influencing the development of international tourism

The purpose of the article is to determine the return on investment produced by identifying modern trends in the development of international tourism and identifying factors affecting the development of tourism in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In order to achieve the objectives a certain number of regions and places of visitor accommodation were considered, investment in the tourism industry was analysed, and the results of a dynamic model with a distributed lag were obtained for the selected regions. Tourism development is an urgent topic, tourism is a source of income for millions of people working in this field, therefore, increasing the pace of development of the tourism sector is discussed in the Agendas of international organizations and in the annual Messages of the Head of State to the people of Kazakhstan. To determine the strategy for the development of the tourism services market, the factors influencing it were identified and a statistical analysis was carried out. Multiple correlation and regression analysis is one of the methods by which one can investigate the dependence of one variable on several variable factors. And for this purpose, significant factors were selected, and a multiple linear regression equation was constructed. The authors carried out a correlation and regression analysis using the example of regions, and also analyzed the obtained parameters of the multiple linear regression equation. In conclusion, the obtained regression equations in general and the coefficients are statistically significant and reliable at an appropriate level of significance. It allows us to draw conclusions based on the analysis of the obtained parameters of the multiple linear regression equation for the republic.

История башенных сооружений: прошлое и настоящее

Purpose: to make an analytical review of the existing literature and systematization by purpose in various eras of existence for tower structures, as well as to highlight the achievements of mankind in the development of steel lattice towers used as supports for radio-electronic equipment over the past 130 years. Methods: the method of analytical review of the evolution of tower structures from the initial stages of the development of society was used with a description of the vectors of development and expediency of the construction of these structures, followed by the conclusion of modern trends, especially aimed at the development of steel tower structures used for the support of radio equipment. Results: various review and analytical studies have been analyzed, which allow us to draw conclusions about the use of structures in the past and identify the global vector of development of tower structures in various cultures; a comprehensive assessment, analysis and formalization of information presented in the form of a concise overview was carried out, in addition, a comprehensive analysis of the development of steel lattice towers in domestic science of the USSR period was carried out, and modern trends in the development of steel lattice towers were reflected. The result of this work is a generalization of world and national research aimed at accumulating knowledge about the origin and vectors of future trends in the development of tower structures. Practical significance: the accumulation and analysis of existing knowledge about the history of the development of tower structures and their purpose in human economic and household activities in various epochs has been carried out. A systematic series of modern trends in the development of steel tower structures used as supports for radio-technical equipment is presented in order to determine the direction of future research.

Co-Financing the Investment Projects in the field of Public Space Transformation

Introduction. It has become a modern trend to improve the quality of the urban environment using a public-private partnership (PPP) mechanism. By finding a balance between the interests of business and the state on the issues of infrastructure renovation, it is possible to boost the investment processes. Therefore, the PPP as a catalyst for the regional, innovative and social development has been studied in the scientific literature since long ago. Although, many authors recognise the prospects of the PPP efficiency, they still note the need to regularly revise the state support methods and tools, i.e. the existing system of measures requires improvement over time. Special attention has been paid to the models of financing the PPP projects and the ways of investment return. However, the PPP development potential in creation (reconstruction) of the park infrastructure has not been duly revealed yet.Materials and Methods. During the research on identification of the features of the park complex transformation projects reconstructed in the frame of a concession business model, the projects were grouped according to the similarity of features. Then, by comparative analysis method, the problems of full recovery of the investment costs were identified in the selected projects. A hypothesis about the need of using the government budget co-financing for the certain concession agreements targeted at solving the various environmental, educational and awareness-raising issues was put forward.Results. The national practices of transformation of the public spaces, such as parks and park infrastructure, have shown that the most optimal form of the PPP is a concession. The investor uses his funds at the design and construction stages of the creation (reconstruction) of the park complexes. At the stage of facility operation, a private party recovers its costs by collecting fees directly from the consumers. It is important that the expected project profitability should be within 15–25%. Due to the changes in the monetary policy, such profitability at the current key rate is hardly ever possible if the park infrastructure includes a variety of capital-intensive buildings and structures designated not so much for commercial but for social purposes. There arise the risks of receiving less income than expected. Therefore, for such projects, it is necessary to develop the measures expanding the ways of investment return. If a park has a complex infrastructure, which includes the large stadiums, museums, cultural and educational centres, i.e. facilities that are difficult to predict as having a high demand and, thus, not expedient for setting the high fees, it is advisable to combine the direct payment for services with the government budget co-financing. Co-financing is implemented through payment of a capital or operational grants. The variants of a grant can be considered depending on the areas of the park activities (educational, cultural, sport). The operational grant is due to reimburse the operational costs on maintaining the special facilities: adjacent embankments, lighthouses, memorials, etc. For the parks that include the indoor pools, large stadiums, museums, concert halls, it is relevant to use the capital grants to return the investments made into these facilities.Discussion and Conclusion. In the current conditions, the public-private partnership is considered as an alternative to government budget investment into the infrastructure facilities. The transformation of the urban public spaces is also involved in this trend, and there are already positive results achieved. A private party, through investing its own capital, gets the opportunity to operate the created object to recoup its investments. But some projects are difficult in this sense, therefore the interest of the business companies to participate in the improvement of the urban environment quality reduces. In the context of the tight monetary policy, the additional state budgetary measures are needed to stimulate private investments.

Quality Assurance in Preschool Teacher Training According to the Aun-Qa Approach

Ensuring the quality of teacher training programs is an important aspect of organizing higher education activities at universities and is the primary factor in improving the quality of school education. Currently, many countries around the world regard quality assurance in training programs as a crucial step in the educational reform process, contributing to the overall development of the nation. This article focuses on surveying and researching the content of quality assurance in pedagogical universities. The content of quality assurance in pedagogical universities according to the AUN-QA approach covers all activities that these universities implement to maintain, improve, and enhance their training quality. Researching the AUN-QA approach for quality assurance in teacher training in general, and specifically in preschool teacher training, serves as a method to enhance training quality and plays an important role in the trends of internationalization, competition, and global cooperation in education. All these studies represent significant theoretical and practical findings that align with modern trends and the current requirements for fundamental and comprehensive reform in education and training. Therefore, identifying the research issue "Quality Assurance in Preschool Teacher Training According to the AUN-QA Approach" has highlighted new points and made direct contributions to improving the quality of preschool teacher training to meet societal needs and current international integration.

Modern trends in the production and use of biologically active additives (BAA) from the fat of marine mammals

The article provides an overview of innovative technologies for the production of BAAs from the fat of marine pinnipeds. In ancient times they said: “Let food be medicine, and medicine – food” (Hippocrates). The possibility and necessity of creating and using BAAs - biologically active food addidives to maintain human health are based on this postulate of Hippocrates. Since ancient times, mankind has understood the importance of proper nutrition for health and longevity. Accumulating experience in the use of certain products in food and their importance for maintaining and preserving human health, researchers have found new food substances with biological activity that can be used to treat and prevent diseases [1, p. 225-227]. Biological activity of seal fat that inhabits the Arctic territories of Yakutia has been studied. Seals inhabit this zone in large quantities, while causing significant damage to the industrial fishing of this territory. According to the Federal Agency for Fishery, the industrial quota for seal production in this zone can be up to 3,000 heads per year. This is an economic justification for the introduction of technology for processing products obtained from marine mammals to obtain raw materials for the food, medical and cosmetic industries. The extreme climatic conditions of Arctic Yakutia determine the rich biochemical composition of seal subcutaneous fat. The fatty acid content in the seal subcutaneous fat confirms its uniqueness as a raw material for the dietary supplement “Akibol” with a high content of PUFA.

The impact of financial policy on the sustainable development of business entities in post-pandemic Georgia

Financial institutions form a strong link in the chain of business operations of the modern world; in addition, they may also be thought of as a binder. During the Covid -19 pandemic the financial institutions all over the world, and in Georgia as well, faced a number of problems and challenges: on one hand, there was a large number of consumers and mortgage loans to individuals, and on the other hand, loans issued to business entities for working capital and fixed assets, real estate purchase and other purposes turned out to form the major part of their loan portfolio. The pandemic has led the natural persons, as well as legal entities into a force majeure situation, while the decisions of financial institutions were crucial for their viability. However, the purpose of the study is to consider the impact of lending policies on business entities and their development processes. The paper discusses the policies of financial institutions during the Covid-19 pandemic and the post-pandemic period, the chronology of the decisions made and the outcomes of such decisions based on available official data, also the impact of lending on business entities and identifies modern trends and challenges. The research methodology was determined based on the research objectives and included the following methods: the paper analyzes the decisions made by the National Bank of Georgia before and after the pandemic, in relation with the official data on loans and financial transactions that the National Bank generated. Within the framework of the research, in order to determine the level of influence of the financial institutions on current economic processes in Georgia, the paper analyzes the results of their activities, which are based on official data from the National Bank of Georgia and empirical material collected. Keywords: Financial institutions; Lending policy; National Bank of Georgia; Post-pandemic economic policy; JEL Classification: G2; G21; E5; E58; E6; Acknowledgement: „This work was supported by Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia, (SRNSFG) Grant number YS-22-548, Project title - “The crisis of small and medium business subjects and its prevention in the post-pandemic period in Georgia“.

Motivation for "tattoo" or what justifies the costs of self-expression of an individual

The purpose of the article is to identify new trends in the perception of tattoos in modern society with an additional focus on analyzing the motives for making decisions about their application, including the financial aspect of the costs of this type of self-expression of an individual. The object of the study - dominant reasons/factors of tattooing in modern realities. Subject - modern trends in the perception of tattoos by different categories of working Russians with a focus on identifying contradictions between self-actualization through tattooing and emerging obstacles from society. The authors use analytical approaches and statistical methods of comparison in analyzing secondary and obtaining primary data on the studied problems. Data from the authors' 2023 surveys were used as primary data. The method of content analysis of statements during the thematic discussion on the portal of pedagogical community was also used. As the research has shown, the situation within society is ambiguous. A significant number of Russians are interested in self-expression through tattooing, but society still has a traditionally wary attitude towards tattoo wearers, especially those employed in social sectors. For tattoo wearers, regardless of their professional credentials, there are often significant barriers to employment and career advancement. Despite this, the study shows a growing trend in the number of tattoo wearers. Those who have already got them earlier are ready for further financial expenditures for renewal of old and application of new tattoos. The amount of money that respondents plan, want and can spend on tattooing, despite the difficult economic situation, reaches 100 thousand rubles. The results of the study can be practically significant for scientists, specialists, as well as researchers of consumer behavior of Russians from the point of view of economic aspects of decision-making on new types of goods and services and the formation of spending on self-expression.

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The article examines the theoretical foundations and modern trends in the development of the management system of innovation and investment activities of enterprises. It is proved that the innovation and investment potential of the enterprise is a complex system where various resources and opportunities interact, aimed at ensuring long-term development and increasing competitiveness. Managing this potential is a strategically important task that requires a comprehensive approach, taking into account external and internal factors, as well as focusing on achieving sustainable economic growth. It was determined that theoretical approaches to the management of innovation and investment potential are multidimensional and complex. They reflect various aspects of the interaction of resources, competences, external environment and internal processes, which affect the ability of the enterprise for innovative development and effective use of investments. Potential management depends on the chosen approach and the specifics of the enterprise's activities, but in general it should be aimed at achieving sustainable economic growth and increasing competitiveness in a dynamic market environment, particularly in wartime. The innovative and investment potential of the enterprise is formed under the influence of a complex interaction of internal and external factors. This interaction determines the enterprise's ability to innovate, attract investment, and adapt to dynamic changes in the business environment. Effective management of these factors is the key to ensuring the sustainable development of the enterprise and increasing its competitiveness in the market. Modern trends in the development of innovation and investment activity are characterized by increased attention to digital and sustainable technologies, globalization of business, active use of new financial instruments and the construction of flexible ecosystems. It is concluded that enterprises that adapt to these changes receive significant competitive advantages and have the opportunity to ensure sustainable economic growth, which is especially important in the conditions of war and post-war recovery

Features of the application of accounting information systems in corporate accounting and financial management

The paper is devoted to the implementation of accounting information systems in corporate accounting and financial management. Accounting information systems (AIS) are important to today's enterprises for several reasons, as they greatly influence the improvement of the efficiency of corporate accounting and financial management. Modern enterprises need to process ever-increasing amounts of data. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and explain how accounting information systems (AIS) affect corporate accounting and financial management of enterprises. The main purpose of OIS is to ensure the accuracy, timeliness and availability of accounting information to support management decisions. OIS consists of computers, servers, network equipment and other technical means necessary for the operation of the system. It was determined that accounting information systems play a key role in corporate accounting, providing automation of accounting processes, increasing accuracy and reliability of data, timeliness of reporting, support of management decisions and compliance with regulatory requirements. It is noted that modern trends in the development of OIS are focused on automation, flexibility, integration of new technologies and increasing the level of security. The implementation of accounting information systems in the corporate environment has significant advantages, such as increasing the accuracy of accounting, automating processes, optimizing financial management and ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements. However, it is also associated with certain challenges, including high implementation costs, complexity of integration, resistance to change by staff, security and data privacy issues. Weighing these factors, enterprises should carefully plan the implementation of OIS in order to maximize its advantages and minimize its disadvantages. Given the rapid pace of change in digital technologies, business leaders must ensure that accounting systems can be easily adapted to new innovations and market demands, as well as ensure adequate training and training of personnel dealing with digital accounting systems and modern technologies.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ПОНЯТТЯ РЕГУЛЯТОРНА ПОЛІТИКА У ПЛАНУВАННІ ТА ЗАБУДОВІ МІСТА: ОСНОВНІ ПІДХОДИ ТА СУЧАСНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ

Regulatory policy in the field of urban planning and development is a key element of public administration aimed at ensuring economic stability, social welfare and sustainable development. In the conditions of globalization and intensive technological progress, effective regulation of urban planning processes is becoming more and more important for solving modern challenges. The purpose of this study is to carry out a theoretical analysis of the concept of regulatory policy in urban planning and development, to study the main approaches to its implementation, as well as to determine modern trends and opportunities for adapting international experience for Ukraine. In particular, the research aims to identify effective models of regulatory policy that can be integrated into national legislation and practice to improve the management of urban development. The research uses a comprehensive approach, which includes the analysis of scientific publications, comparative analysis of regulatory policies of different countries, methods of critical literature review and data synthesis. Special attention is paid to the experience of countries such as the USA, Germany and Singapore, where various approaches to the regulation of urban planning processes are used. The analysis showed that regulatory policy in urban planning and development is a multifaceted phenomenon, which includes such basic approaches as zoning, strategic spatial planning, energy efficiency, integration of transport infrastructure and active involvement of the public in the decision‒ making process. Modern trends in regulatory policy have been identified, including innovative approaches to planning, the use of digital technologies, an emphasis on sustainable development and environmental safety. A comparative analysis of the regulatory policies of the USA, Germany, and Singapore made it possible to identify effective models that can be adapted to the conditions of Ukraine. The study confirmed that an effective regulatory policy is an important prerequisite for sustainable economic development, social stability and protection of citizens' rights. Further research should focus on the integration of digital technologies into regulatory processes, improvement of control and monitoring mechanisms, which will contribute to the sustainable development of cities in Ukraine.

ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ КУЛЬТУРЫ ЗДОРОВЬЯ ПОДРОСТКОВ

The article highlights theoretical approaches to the study of the current task of creating a culture of health among adolescents. Emphasis is placed on the study of the historical roots and sociocultural factors that contributed to the emergence and further development of this issue. The article discusses how the health culture of students was formed in a historical aspect, and also examines the conceptual apparatus, covering two key trajectories of research: firstly, clarification and explanation of the central theme of the work - the culture of student health, and, secondly, the study of the possibilities of using resources educational environment in order to increase the effectiveness of overcoming challenges associated with the protection and promotion of a healthy lifestyle among children and adolescents. The importance of an integrated approach to the formation of a healthy lifestyle among schoolchildren is emphasized, which should take into account both established traditions and values, and modern trends in the educational sphere. In the context of this study, a detailed analysis and substantiation of the importance of cultivating a culture of health in educational institutions is proposed as one of the determining factors in preparing the younger generation for life in society, focusing on the role of education in developing in schoolchildren and adolescents a conscious approach to their health and the health of others.

Технологии медиакоммуникаций в политической сфере в контексте современной геополитической ситуации

The article considers key characteristics of media communication technology in the political sphere in the context of the current geopolitical situation. The author explores the influence of modern media communication for political information. The article analyses the features of application of media communication technologies by various political actors, as well as their influence on public opinion formation and political preference. The article is of interest to specialists in the field of political science, sociology, journalism and other humanities, as well as to a wide range of readers interested in modern trends in the development of media communication technologies and their impact on the political sphere. The author of the article considers political communication as a process of transfer of politically relevant information between different elements of the political system with the aim of its subsequent assimilation. The digital factors of influence of media communications on political environment are analyzed. Modern media communication technologies provide new opportunities for political actors to influence public opinion and shape the political preferences of citizens. However, they can also be used to spread misinformation and manipulate the public consciousness, so the author points out the importance of professionalizing knowledge in this area to prevent the dissemination of inaccurate information. It seems that political actors in the digital environment need to intensify interaction with online platforms, digital services and social networks for effective interaction with the population.

Technology for the production of oatmeal cookies using non-traditional plant raw materials

Modern trend in the food industry is the development of technology for healthy food products with increased nutritional value and enriched with new types of vegetable raw materials. Oatmeal cookies are popular among different groups of people. The purpose of the study is to develop a technology for producing oatmeal cookies by replacing premium wheat flour with spelled flour, and raisins with dried cranberries and Japanese persimmons. The choice of enrichment agents is justified. The recipe for the "Oatmeal New" cookie was taken as a control sample. We replaced premium wheat flour with spelled flour in a ratio of 70 : 30; 50 : 50; 30 : 70; 0 : 100. Persimmon has replaced 30 % of white sugar. The sample with full replacement of wheat flour with spelled flour is recognized as the best. A recipe for "Sweet Morning" oatmeal cookies has been developed. Organoleptic and physicochemical quality indicators of oatmeal cookies have been determined. The antioxidant activity of cookies of the new composition is 0.28 mg of quercetin/100 g of product, which is higher than in the control sample by 0.05 mg of quercetin/100 g of product. The nutritional and energy value of the products has been calculated. Oatmeal cookies "Sweet Morning" exceed the control sample in protein content by 1.2 times, dietary fiber by 2 times, vitamin В1 – 1,2, В5 – 2,3, В9 – 1.24, vitamin C – 5.8, PP – 1.3, K – 6.3, β-carotene – 1.5; minerals K – 1.9, Ca – 1.6, Mg – 1.8, P – 1.8; and microelements: Fe – 1.4, Zn – 2.5, Cu – 2.7, Se – 1.5, Mn – by 2.5 times. The energy value of the new product is 40 kcal (167 kJ) lower compared to the control one. "Sweet Morning" oatmeal cookies is recommended for people focused on maintaining a healthy lifestyle and a balanced diet.

Гуманитаризация экологии как метод борьбы с экологическим кризисом

The article is devoted to the analysis of the current modern trend in environmental science – the humanitarization of ecology, in which the author sees a new way to combat the environmental crisis. Practice shows that the existing measures to combat the crisis are not effective enough. It seems more appropriate to act through the formation of environmental consciousness and environmental culture, in the structure of which the emotional and personal component, empathy, and aesthetic attitude to nature play a crucial role. Modern man is catastrophically alienated from nature, his environment has long been irreducible to the natural one, it includes cultural, social and symbolic environments. The unifying methodological principle for a range of environmental disciplines, including the humanities (ecology of the visual and digital environment, ecology of language, ecology of culture) is the environmental approach. Not opposing culture, but refracting in cultural contexts, nature at a new, more meaningful level, should be included in the life world of modern man. Methods of the humanities are actively penetrating ecology. The author comes to the conclusion that the humanization of ecology helps to combat the ecological crisis through a new approach to nature (through understanding, experience, and not explanation).

The Impact of Project Activities on the International Business Development

The impact of project activities on the international business development is an urgent issue in view of the increasing global expansion and intensifying competition between companies. The aim of the study is to assess the impact of project activities on the international business development. The research methodology is based on the analysis of modern trends in the development of international business using econometric modelling, statistical analysis, and extrapolation. The impact of project activities on business expansion was determined and the use of Agile and PMBOK methodologies was assessed. The obtained results show the experience of international companies in the use of project methodologies, which increased by 20% in 2023 compared to 2022. The study found that project activities have a significant impact on the international business development thanks to the support of bank lending. The results show that the effective use of project methodology optimize production processes and reduce costs in international business. The available results emphasize the importance of strategic project management for the successful development of enterprises on the international market using the example of Azerbaijan. The research findings indicate the effective practice of applying innovative technologies in project activities with the help of Agile for international business development. A comparative analysis of management approaches objectively determines the advantages, which include the promptness of decision-making, ensuring organizational efficiency. Further research into project management methods in international business will contribute to the improvement of management practices and the development of strategies that meet the modern globalization challenges.

ETHICS OF BUSINESS RELATIONS AS THE BASIS OF CORPORATE CULTURE

The article is devoted to the study of modern trends in management changes in business, due to the rapid development of market relations, new technologies and globalization. Special attention is paid to the role of the ethics of business relations in corporate culture, management processes and interaction between participants in business activities. The causes and nature of conflicts in the business environment are determined, offering effective methods of their resolution, including negotiations, mediation and analysis of the causes of conflicts. The barriers preventing effective communication in business, such as communication, psychological and organizational barriers, as well as trust barriers, are substantiated. The role of ethics in the processes of management and responsible decision-making, which contributes to increasing the efficiency of enterprises in modern conditions, is highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the need to develop ethical literacy of managerial staff through education, training, corporate codes and self-improvement. The development of such skills allows specialists not only to increase personal responsibility and efficiency, but also to strengthen the ethical basis of the entire enterprise. An important role in this is played by methods of increasing knowledge in the field of business ethics and compliance with ethical standards in business. Ethical standards are an integral part of successful management activities and contribute to the formation of a sustainable corporate culture. The development of moral consciousness and the introduction of ethical principles into daily activities help to minimize conflicts, strengthen trust between participants in business processes and enhance the company's reputation in the market

Modern Trends in Western Criticism

Westren New Criticism was a formalist movement in literary theory. New criticism developed as a reaction to the older philological and literary history that dominated literary criticism in the middle decades of the 20th century, which focused on the history and meaning of individual words and their relation to foreign and ancient languages, comparative sources, and the biographical circumstances of the others. The new critics felt that this approach tended to distract from the text and meaning of a poem and entirely neglect its aesthetic qualities in favor of teaching about external factors. New criticism believed the structure and meaning of the text were intimately connected and should not be analyzed separately. In order to bring the focus of literary studies back to analysis of the texts. The new critics also looked for paradox, paradox, ambiguity, irony, and tension to help establish the single best and most unified interpretation of the text. Reference: Sajjad Baqir Rizvi, Dr, Critical Principles of the West, Islamabad: Moqtadra Qaumi Language, 2002, p: 7 Atiqullah, Professor, The Tradition of Criticism in the Maghreb, Lahore: Haqq Publications, 2018, p: 402 Ibid Asghar Ali Baloch, Dr, Essay, A Brief Review of Some Important Critical Schools, Content: Criticism Past, Present and Future, Author: Dr. Mushtaq Adil, Sahiwal: Farogh Zaban Publishers, p: 84 Atiqullah, Professor, The Tradition of Criticism in the West, pp. 243-244 Ibid Jameel Jalbi, Ph.D., Eliot's Essays, Contents, From Aristotle to Eliot, Islamabad: National Book Foundation, 2015, P.: 178 Salim Akhtar, Dr, Creative Personalities and Criticism, Lahore: Milestone Publications, 1989, p: 513 . Zirmunskij, Voprosy Teorie, Literary {Leningrad}1928, pp.8-9 Hamid Kashmiri, Dr, Tafheem wa Naqeed, Critical Essays, Lahore: Famous Book Depot, S.N, p:621 North Roop Fry, Objections to New Criticism, Lahore: Modern Publications House, 2020, p: 34 Roland Barthes, Objections to New Criticism, Preston University Press, p.71

The use of alternative methods in working with underachieving students

In a modern school, one of the main tasks is to ensure a high level of student performance and requires constant efforts. This problem concerns such disciplines of the Natural Science direction as physics. Physics lessons include not only complex theory, but also conducting experiments, solving problems. In physics lessons, a high concentration of students is required for more effective assimilation of the material. Unfortunately, in a traditional school, conditions are not always created for this. Taking into account the fact that it is difficult for all students, especially those who are lagging behind, to take up extracurricular activities, we need to implement them. The traditional system may not contribute to not meeting the needs of these students and not increasing their motivation to learn. This paper presents an alternative teaching method in extracurricular activities in the teaching of physics, which successfully integrates into the traditional teaching system and significantly increases the motivation and performance of lagging students. For students who do not have problems with academic performance, the proposed technique further stimulates interest in the subject of physics. The reason for using alternative teaching techniques is related to improving the motivation of students with poor performance to understand and study physics. Since the greatest attention is paid to lagging students in this work, alternative methods make it possible to create favorable conditions for learning and mastering materials in physics. In this technology, non-standard approaches are widely used that allow you to fully reveal the potential of lagging students due to the fact that traditional methods turned out to be ineffective. The relevance of this study is due to the problem of developing methods and techniques for working with lagging students in high school. Currently, the main methods are associated with developing learning, but alternative technologies are becoming more and more important. The advantage of using alternative technologies in extracurricular activities is their ability to surpass traditional methods, and successfully increase the performance of lagging students. Taking into account modern trends and digitalization, alternative technologies promise prospects and provide a wide field for choosing methods in order to improve performance in classrooms. The purpose of this study is to provide modern alternative teaching methods to work with lagging students in school physics lessons, which are easily integrated into the traditional school system. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set: Analysis of the compatibility of alternative learning technologies with traditional ones. Development of alternative teaching methods for lagging students that successfully integrate into the traditional school system and can be used within the framework of one lesson. Conduct a pedagogical experiment using the methods developed with lagging students, analyze the results and draw conclusions about the compatibility of alternative methods with the traditional school system and their effectiveness for lagging students. The object of the study is the integration of modern methods of alternative learning into the traditional system in order to improve the performance of lagging students. The subject of the study is the degree of integration of alternative teaching methods in a traditional school, based on the analysis of the progress of lagging students before and after the use of these methods. The research methodology involves the development of alternative teaching methods that correspond to current trends and the analysis of the assimilation of the material in physics lessons after their implementation. The novelty of the study is to propose alternative teaching methods that meet current trends in the education system and test them in a traditional school environment. This makes it possible to assess their compatibility with the traditional education system and their effectiveness for lagging students.