Modern Reform Research Articles

The historical nature of the legal tradition

Purpose. The study aims to analyze the historical nature of legal tradition, determine its essence as a determinant reflecting the socio-cultural, economic, and political conditions of its time, and reveal its role in the formation and development of modern legal systems. Method. The article uses a comprehensive methodological approach, including the historical method for analyzing the development of legal tradition in different historical periods, the comparative method for comparing legal systems of other countries, the sociological method for studying the impact of legal traditions on society, and the systematic approach for studying legal tradition as a holistic phenomenon. Results. The author establishes that legal tradition is a vital element of the national legal system, ensuring its stability, continuity and cultural identity. Preserving legal tradition as a dynamic phenomenon capable of developing and adapting to modern challenges is the key to creating a harmonious legal environment. The synthesis of historical experience and modern reforms will allow Ukraine to create an effective, stable, and competitive legal system that meets European standards and ensures the rule of law. At the same time, the need to eliminate the negative vestiges of Soviet law, such as the administrative-command style of governance, legal nihilism, corruption, formalism, and disregard for the rule of law, can be considered a challenge. To overcome these challenges, it is necessary to implement systemic reforms and adapt the best historical elements of the Ukrainian legal tradition. Scientific novelty. The author establishes that legal tradition plays a crucial role in ensuring the continuity of legal systems. It reveals its importance as a mechanism for preserving the socio-cultural identity of law and proves its vital role in adapting modern law to global challenges. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in further historical and legal research and in the preparation of special courses.

Digital Technologies in Criminal Cassation Proceedings: Review of Russian and Foreign Experience

Introduction. The issues of the use of digital technologies in the cassation proceedings of domestic criminal proceedings with the analysis of positive international experience are accentuated by the modern level of digitalization of all spheres of human activity. Digitalization of judicial proceedings is a key element of modern reforms in the field of justice, which is aimed at improving the effectiveness of access to justice at the stage of cassation proceedings in criminal proceedings. Methods. In the work, general scientific and private methods of scientific cognition are used in cooperation. The comparative approach made it possible to identify effective practices, advantages and disadvantages of digital technologies, as well as their impact on access to justice. Results. As a result of a comprehensive analysis of the current level of implementation of specific digital technologies in the cassation stages of Russian and foreign criminal proceedings, the author argues the position according to which the use of digital technologies in cassation proceedings in criminal cases promises to revolutionize traditional forms of access to justice, increase the effectiveness of this access, as well as strengthen the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens involved in the criminal sphere legal proceedings. Discussion and Conclusion. Currently, digital technologies are commonly defined as a wide range of tools and methods based on the use of computer systems, software and network interactions for processing, storing and transferring large databases. In the context of cassation proceedings in criminal cases, the use of digital technologies can transform the existing traditional form of this stage and create new opportunities for this type of criminal procedural activity.

Do children speaking indigenous and regional languages benefit equally from updated curricula? A report on a longitudinal quasi-experimental pilot study in Central Asia

This study examined the effects of an updated curriculum on the literacy and numeracy development of indigenous and regional language speaking children in Kazakhstan. A quasi-experimentally designed pilot study involved 1717 students from 27 schools. Multilevel parallel linear growth models were used to analyze the impact of the updated curriculum on the co-developmental trajectories of numeracy and literacy from Grade 1 to 3. We found that the benefits of the updated curriculum were experienced equally for both the indigenous Kazakh- and Russian-speaking children. We suggest that modern reform efforts should not assume school-based inadequacies a priori but first test for the equivalent advantage of planned curricula across varying school conditions. We also suggest that other jurisdictions where multiple languages of instruction exist might consider adopting some of the changes implemented in Kazakhstan’s new curriculum for the purpose of improving literacy and numeracy outcomes in early elementary school.

Eddison Walters Self-Employment Tax Modernization Reform Entrepreneurship Revitalization Negative Marginal Returns Adjustment Theory: Tax Reform for Forgotten American Workers That Will Increase Tax Revenue in Today’s Technological Driven Economy

Technological advancement's impact has significantly affected the entire United States economy, including the increasing self-employment tax burden for many Americans struggling to keep their head above water. Small business failure continues while many Americans see self-employment tax burden increase. The number of business failures started outpacing new business startups in 2008, coinciding with the Global Financial Crisis. Research in the Literature presented evidence that technological advancement was the most significant factor causing the housing price increase facing the country today. The false conclusion that the United States economy experienced a housing bubble in the past was because policymakers did not understand that once local housing markets transformed into global housing markets through technological transformation between 1995 and 1999. Because the trend of failure of small business coincided with the Global Financial Crisis the evidence suggested there are questions policymakers need to understand about how technological advancement has influenced economic policy failures. The impact of technological advancement on the increasing burden of self-employment taxes for many hardworking Americans is also a topic of consideration for policymakers as tax reform policies become a priority of the incoming Trump Administration. Many policymakers stuck in their thinking of policy positions based on the past have yet to consider the need to adopt new policies as the country moves into the new age of information technology. Policymakers have debated wage stagnation and approaches to increasing working families' income in the United States. Still, they have yet to consider self-employment tax reform policies as an option to expand the middle class. Many policymakers have not considered how employment has evolved because of technological advancement and the gig economy. Policies aimed at adjusting to the technologically driven economy can help lift families into the middle class as the country adapts to today's technologically driven economic environment. Many on the political Left have called for a minimum wage increase to lift families into the middle class. At the same time, the Right argues that employers will pass the cost along to customers or reduce labor costs through automation, which will eliminate jobs. The study by Gindling (2024) concluded that increasing the minimum wage has a marginal impact on decreasing poverty, so there are more practical solutions than increasing the minimum wage. Policies that can help the economy flourish in the new technological advancement-driven information economy are critical to the debate. Eddison Walters Self-Employment Tax Modernization Reform Entrepreneurship Revitalization Negative Marginal Returns Adjustment Theory highlights the need to adopt self-employment tax reform policies to encourage entrepreneurship and facilitate economic growth as the American economy adapts to the technological advancement-driven economy.

Spatial Economy Research: Trends, Problems and Priorities

The article provides a brief overview of research in the field of spatial economics. Among the identified trends in the development of these studies is the expansion of the theoretical construction of economic space, which at different stages included more and more new elements; at the moment this trend has exhausted itself and produces destructive works without reference to specific problems. The second trend is associated with the movement towards the synchronization of all factors of spatial economy development due to the neutralization of individual influences from the established territorial environment. The third trend has led to the exhaustion of specific analytical tools of spatial economy and their unification, bringing to the forefront the thoughtfulness of the initial problem statement and the conjugation of the analytical results with the practice of state regulation. The result of many years of development of the spatial economy problematics was noticeable success in descriptive modeling against the background of almost complete failure in its normative part: we know a lot about what the development of territories depends on, but the parameters of the spatial economy are beyond the influence of federal and regional management systems. The most promising directions of research in this area are discussed. Two of them are highlighted: turning academic research into the first step of comprehensive design of territorial development and integrating it into the format of modern reform theory; intensifying the study of the issues of innovation diffusion between territories in order to reduce interregional gaps in development. A two-step mechanism of borrowing achievements between territories is proposed, based on the combination of the procedure of stimulating advanced regions with the subsequent transfer of their experience and technological results to lagging territories.

THE BANKING SYSTEM OF UZBEKISTAN CURRENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

The article discusses modern reforms aimed at the development of the banking sector in Uzbekistan. The key indicators of this sector are evaluated in dynamics, and problem loans from both commercial banks with state participation and private ownership are analyzed. The analysis revealed that frequent changes in tax legislation and currency policy represent a significant obstacle to the further development of the banking system of Uzbekistan. This can lead to fluctuations in the profitability of financial instruments at the initial stages and in the future contribute to the intensification of crisis processes in the economy. The results of the study can be useful for making strategic decisions on the development of countries with economies in transition.

The experience of teaching national history and the foundations of constitutional knowledge in the late 1930s early 1940s (using the example of railway schools in the Kursk region)

The relevance of the topic under discussion is determined by the significant social importance of school history education. Over thirty years of Russian society's and state's life in conditions of ideological and political diversity, as well as the complete erosion of the Western-scale liberal values, has led to most Russians realizing the need to adhere to traditional moral principles based on ideas of patriotism and humanism. The domestic education system is the main vehicle for this. Therefore, the controversial experience of teaching history in schools arouses professional interest among researchers and practicing teachers.The purpose of the study is to reveal the peculiarities of teaching history in the pre–war years on the basis of archival documents and published materials on the example of departmental educational institutions of railway transport.Objectives: to characterize the contradictions of the process of introducing historical and social sciences disciplines into school education; to reflect the role of historical knowledge in the patriotic education of the younger generation.Methodology. The research was based on the principles of objectivity and historicism. To solve the tasks set by the author, the methods of historical-genetic, historical-systemic, historical-comparative, typological, retrospective were used.Results. The study of the experience of teaching the historical and social sciences cycle of academic disciplines in the pre-war years on the example of departmental educational institutions of railway transport made it possible to objectively assess the impact of humanitarian training of students on the formation of their civic position and the education of patriotic feelings, which had a decisive impact on the behavior of graduates of railway schools during the period of military trials and subsequent restoration of the national economy.Conclusions. The experience of teaching history and the foundations of constitutional knowledge accumulated in the pre-war period is worthy of application in the context of modern reform of historical education. Recognition of the leading role of national history in shaping the worldview of the younger generation requires a systematic approach in teaching and educating young people based on love and respect for their Homeland.

Metallurgical developments in steam-methane reformer tube alloys

Alloy development plays a vital role in the technological advancement in steam-methane reformers, with development remaining stagnant in the past three decades. This critical review aims to provide the overview of previous development strategies and highlight the challenges faced by the future development of reformer alloys. In this review, the physical metallurgy of modern reformer alloys is introduced, demonstrating the significance of the MC, M7C3 and M23C6 carbides commonly observed, and the careful balance between alloying additions and the designed microstructures governing performance. The compositional developments, along with the advancements enabled by the introduction of centrifugal casting, are highlighted. The effects of common alloying additions are also addressed, with implications of the existing knowledge on future alloy development opportunities, discussed.

Administration of local taxes and fees: experience of European countries and current trends in Ukraine

The paper is devoted to the study of the experience of local tax administration in advanced European countries. The paper further delves into the intricacies of the local tax administration by examining the impact of cultural, economic, and political factors on the effectiveness of tax models in Germany, France, and Poland. It also explores the challenges and successes of implementing European practices within the Ukrainian framework, highlighting the need for a tailored approach that considers Ukraine’s unique socio-economic landscape. The purpose of the study is to analyze local taxation models in Germany, France and Poland, identify their advantages and disadvantages, assess the current state and prospects for the development of the local taxation system in Ukraine. A comparative analysis of legal frameworks, organizational structures and local tax administration processes in selected countries is carried out. On the basis of the collected data, a SWOT analysis is carried out, which allows to highlight the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of each of the administration models. Analysis of local tax administration models in selected countries showed that the German model is characterized by a high level of autonomy of local authorities, which contributes to the efficiency of tax collection and adaptability to local conditions. The French model is characterized by a centralized approach that ensures uniformity and control, but can limit local initiative. The Polish model integrates elements of decentralization and centralization, which allows adaptation to the specifics of the transition economy and contributes to the harmonization of the taxation system. In the Ukrainian context, modern reforms of local taxation are analyzed, introduced initiatives are studied, and the possibilities of applying the best European practices are considered. The results of the study make it possible to formulate recommendations for improving the system of local tax administration in Ukraine in order to increase its efficiency and transparency. The paper will be useful to scientists, practitioners in the field of local taxation, representatives of state bodies and all parties interested in improving the tax system.

Harun Nasution's Theological View

This research delves into Harun Nasution's theological perspectives and the reforms he advocated, particularly within the framework of Rational Islam. It explores the historical context surrounding the concept of destiny, encompassing interpretations from the Jabariyah and Qadariyah theological schools. Employing a descriptive analysis methodology, the study elucidates Nasution's rational and scientific theological framework, emphasizing the pivotal role of reason in human actions while maintaining a symbiotic relationship with revelation. Drawing from Nasution's intellectual lineage, notably influenced by the Mu'tazilites and Muhammad Abduh, the research uncovers Nasution's paradigm shift from Traditionalist to Rationalist theology, a significant development in the Indonesian context. Nasution's reforms, detailed within, represent a departure from dogmatic interpretations, advocating instead for a nuanced understanding that reconciles intellect with revelation. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of Nasution's legacy as a modern reformer and offers insights into the evolving landscape of Islamic theology, particularly in Indonesia, by comprehensively examining his theological views and reforms and their implications for the interplay between reason and revelation in Islamic thought.

The Decline and Retrieval of Divine Incomprehensibility in Modern Reformed Theology

AbstractThis article explores the way in which two modern Reformed theologians, Charles Hodge and Herman Bavinck, articulate their theologies of divine incomprehensibility and the knowability of God in radically different ways, against the backdrop of post‐Kantian epistemology. This contrast will draw attention to why the doctrine of divine incomprehensibility has diminished in influence in modern Reformed theology, while also making some suggestions as to how it can be retrieved in order to supplement and strengthen contemporary discussions on the doctrine of God in the Reformed tradition.

Paradigm changes in approaching justice

The article aims to present the evolution over the time of the approaches that refer to justice and highlight the current status quo of legal interpretations with reference to justice, in such a way that through the presented material to establish the specific framework of particularities of contemporary justice. The results of this analysis are proposed to be offered for consultation to the relevant national authorities involved in the development and implementation of justice and modernization reforms.

Transformation of Modern Chinese Maritime Strategy: A Study on Zheng Guanyings Maritime Defense Thought and Practice

In the mid-19th century, the Qing Dynasty faced continuous internal and external challenges, leading to a severe crisis in governance. Geographically, China is a typical maritime-continental composite country, and its extensive coastline poses a significant challenge to maritime security. However, after several invasions by foreign powers from the sea, the already weak late Qing maritime defense rapidly deteriorated. Numerous intellectuals dedicated themselves to the pursuit of strong maritime power and comprehensive maritime defense, among whom Zheng Guanying was prominent. As one of the pioneers of modernization reforms, Zheng Guanying had a deep understanding of the Qing courts maritime defense work. His long-term engagement in the self-strengthening movement enabled him to absorb various experiences in maritime defense from both domestic and foreign sources, thereby forming a complete and systematic maritime defense ideology through continuous practice. qq It possesses significant relevance even today.

Hindu Apologist or Modern Reformer? Arvind Sharma on Hindu Women

Hindu Apologist or Modern Reformer? Arvind Sharma on Hindu Women

Husain Faizkhanov (1823–1866) on Modernity: an Analysis of Correspondence Between 1855 and 1866

The article is devoted to the views of Husain Faizkhanov on the realities of Modern times, which were reflected primarily in his correspondence in 1855–1866. We investigate how Husain- Hazrat reflects the geopolitical situation, that is, the Crimean War (1853–1856) and the subsequent expansion of Russian borders in Kazakhstan and Central Asia in the 1850s and the half of the 1860s. In the conditions of competition between Russia and the West, H. Faizkhanov analyzes the system of organization of European science, its connection with reality. We examined his reflection of the Great Reforms of the 1860s and to the opportunities that opened up as it’s result for Muslim Tatars. At the same time, we considered his attitude to similar modernization reforms in the Muslim world, primarily in the Ottoman Empire and Egypt.

К. Д. УШИНСКИЙ О ПОДГОТОВКЕ ПЕДАГОГА: ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОЕ НАСЛЕДИЕ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ПСИХОЛОГО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИХ КЛАССОВ

The 200th anniversary of the birth of K. D. Ushinsky allows us to turn to the legacy of the great Russian pedagog to understand the historical foundations of the urgent modern reform of domestic teacher education. The article presents an analysis of the possibilities of applying the ideas of the founder of domestic scientific pedagogy in modern conditions, in particular, in the context of the development of a network of specialized classes with a psychological and pedagogical orientation. The author examines the general principles laid down by K. D. Ushinsky as the basis for the preparation of a future teacher of his contemporary era. Accordingly, they identify the foundations for creating modern psychological and pedagogical classes, the success of which is largely due to the start in the teaching profession, which becomes no less important a stage in the continuous professional growth of a teacher than the knowledge and skills he receives in a pedagogical educational institution. The article may be useful to graduate students and researchers, teachers participating in the activities of psychological and pedagogical classes, and employees of the education management system organizing the activities of such classes.

Gisbertus Voetius (1589-1676) on God, Freedom, and Contingency: An Early Modern Reformed Voice by Andreas J. Beck (review)

Gisbertus Voetius (1589-1676) on God, Freedom, and Contingency: An Early Modern Reformed Voice by Andreas J. Beck (review)

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ ВЛАДИ ТА БІЗНЕСУ В УКРАЇНІ

The main mission of any society is to ensure a high level and quality of life for people. The state plays the important role in this process; it is involved in different processes at different levels and in different areas of the country’s life in different ways, but on a permanent base. However, business as the basis of the country’s economic system plays the most important role in providing services to the population, including the sphere related to the state’s fulfilment of its obligations to citizens. In the context of the modern reform of the government system in Ukraine and the development of market relations, it is necessary to investigate government system formation process and the development of relations among the government, business and society as an important factor in the functioning of the economic system. The subject of the study is the state, main characteristics, problems and prospects for improving the interaction of government and business in Ukraine. The object of the study is the interaction of government and business and ways of improving it in Ukraine. Various methods were used in the research process, namely observation, generalization, scientific knowledge, synthesis, analysis, synthesis, tabular method. The experience of national and foreign scientists who studied the problems of the interaction of government and business in the world, Europe and Ukraine is the foundation of the theoretical base of the research. The practical basis of the research is generalization, synthesis, analysis, information gathering and observation of the state, main features, problems of the interaction of government and business in the EU and in Ukraine. The research results are presented in text form, using tabular models. In the process of the research, the efficiency of the system of interrelationships between state and business was studied, which enables the subjects to perform their functions effectively and solve the main political, economic and social problems of society; the trends of the interaction of government and business from the standpoint of public management and administration in Ukraine were investigated; an analysis of the problems of the interaction of government and business in Ukraine was carried out and substantiated project measures for improving the interaction of government and business in Ukraine were proposed.

The influence of Islamic modernization on Islamic education in Egypt in the early 19th century

Education is essential in the life of a society because, through it, people can learn science and technology. Modernization in Islamic education needs to be carried out to catch up with backwardness in all fields in Egypt. This article aims to describe the history of Islam and the modernization of Islamic education in Egypt. Starting from modern ideas from the West brought by the colonizing nation, Egypt was able to rise from adversity and catch up by giving birth to modern reformers. Reforms in education made Al Azhar a leading center for studies in the Middle East.

Modernization and Reform of the ICSID Mechanism: Based on New ICSID Rules for 2022

The Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) mechanism plays a significant role in international investment governance. Recent years, this mechanism has faced increasing criticism and reform pressures. In order to establish procedures that are more transparent, efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly, the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) initiated a modernization reform of its rules in 2016, and the new rules came into effect on July 1, 2022. This reform marks an important milestone. This article primarily employs methods of literature review, inductive analysis, and case study analysis. This reform improves procedural efficiency, reduces costs, and enhances the transparency of arbitration proceedings. This reform has also driven the modernization of ICSID rules, furthered the deepening of ISDS mechanism reform, and had a significant impact on the practices of relevant countries and stakeholders.