Modern Politics Research Articles

Структурные метаморфозы политических процессов на пороге посткапиталистической эпохи: новые акторы, интеракции и феномены

The author of the study addresses the peculiarities of structural changes in political processes in the context of an interformational transition caused by the crisis of objective capitalist production relations. Based on the analysis of the dynamic model of the political process by G. Almond and J. The author concludes that modern political and economic transformations no longer allow us to effectively describe the structure of the political process from the point of view of established theoretical models built in the era of stable economic growth. Changes in the actor-resource base of political processes, generating new actors and modernizing the resource base of political interactions, are explained by the transition to network and horizontal management formats that destroy capitalist verticals and hierarchies. The author identifies new types of political actors and resources, and also attempts to describe the trends of their interaction through the prism of economic and technological transformations. In addition, it is suggested that it is more logical to study the structure of the political process in modern conditions from the point of view of actor-network theory, focused on the description of "assemblies" that take into account the multifactorial and chaotic nature of politics.

Characteristics of the qualification of exceeding authority or official authority by a military official personal by subjective characters

The relevance of the research topic is due to the need to improve the legal regulation of the activities of military personnel in the context of the modern political, social and military situation, which requires careful consideration of issues related to their compliance with the law and the preservation of law and order. The main purpose of the study is to analyze and clarify the criteria for the legal qualification of exceeding the power or official authority of a military official on subjective grounds. Within the framework of this analysis, subjective signs of exceeding power or official authority are considered, in particular, awareness of the socially dangerous nature of the committed actions, the compliance of these actions with regulatory and legal acts, the consequences of violations and their connection with the official position. The study also considers the possibility of the emergence of an ideal set of criminal composition in case of committing several offenses in one act. The obtained conclusions will contribute to clarifying the qualification of offenses and understanding the ratio of illegal actions of a military official and their consequences. The methodological basis of the research is based on the analysis of normative legal acts, law enforcement and jurisprudential analysis, as well as on the analysis of judicial practice. The use of these methods allows for a detailed analysis of issues related to the legal qualification of the criminal offense provided for in Art. 426-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The results of the study can be useful for legislators, law enforcement agencies, military groups and judicial authorities. They will help to improve the legal regulation of the activities of military officials, ensuring the preservation of law and order and legality in this area of legal relations. The practical significance of this study also lies in the correct application of the norms of criminal legislation during the investigation of the abuse of power or official authority by a military official. In the conclusions, it is proposed to supplement Art. 426-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.

WOMEN's REPRESENTATION IN LOCAL POLITICS OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: WOMEN MAYORS IN MODERN ROMANIA

The article attempts to analyze examples of women's representation in local Romanian politics and its role in the modern politics of the country. The author draws attention to the socio-demographic characteristics of female mayors of large Romanian cities in the last decade, and to the role of gender quotas in achieving gender equality in the political sphere of the country. The author uses printed publications, data from the websites of city halls, and official reports to analyze the social portraits of female mayors. The author comes to the conclusion that for more than a hundred years of the presence of Romanian women in local politics, their number in modern Romania is small compared to the European background. Female representation is gradually expanding, but it is difficult to conclude that there is a strong trend. The author reveals the image of a female mayor as a professional politician with a long political career, and a successful career and a high level of education preceding the entry into politics, a socially approved family model, and having support in the form of a party behind her. However, at the same time we note that the cases of female city mayors are an exception against the backdrop of extensive male representation.

Кризисы модернизации 1990-х годов в контексте исторических циклов России

The article compares the reckless socio-political dynamics in Russia in the 1990s, manifested in a series of crises and turning events, with the concept of mechanisms of the Russian historical cycles. The paper lists the main stages of dynamics — complexes of interrelated events that change the balance of power, structural conditions and the direction of subsequent processes. The author also lists the main actors and social groups involved in the political dynamics of that time period: supreme power, reformers, insiders, oligarchs, representatives of special services, “pro-soviet” and democratic opposition, urban educated class, workers and miners’ movements, “ordinary people”. The author concludes that the rapid sweeping changes in the politics of the 1990s took place, as they did before, in the parametric space with the axes of “state success” and “freedom”. Transitions occurred between the phases that were typical for much longer cycles of the Russian historical past — “crisis”, “liberalization”, “authoritarian rollback”, “state collapse”, “military-political triumph”. At the same time, the mechanism of the general democratic backsliding trend and the growth of authoritarian tendencies calls for clarification. The authors propose a phase model that explains this change through the patterns of response strategies of the supreme power to challenges and threats under different conditions. Weakness and failures of the state policy coupled with a shortage of resources led to mass disillusionment, delegitimization of the supreme power and reform policy, which manifested itself in elections and inspired the adherents of the restoration. The increase in the corresponding threats placed a premium on administrative and violent measures. Once sufficient resources were accumulated, those measures were becoming successful and received positive reinforcement. With each crisis, the supreme power took an upper hand, while the collegial separation of powers was reduced, and the reforms lost their original focus on economic freedom, the rise of small and medium-sized businesses, and the growth of democracy. As a result, the opportunities for the political modernization were missed, giving way to the authoritarian trends.

The Political Modernization Plan for 2021 and its Role in Reducing the Gender Gap in Jordan, an Analytical Study

The Political Modernization Plan for 2021 and its Role in Reducing the Gender Gap in Jordan, an Analytical Study

Political (de)modernization of Russia in the 1990s: turning events and models of conflict dynamics

A set of theoretical models are presented to explain the complex political dynamics in Russia in the 1990s.The parametric model is used to analyze the fluctuations of the political system in a conditional space defined by two axes: the scale of collegial division of power (CDP) and the level of state success. Major turning events as closely related structural changes shift the state of the political system along bothaxes. Political modernization occurs when success and CDP rise, while demodernization is defined as a decline on one or both scales. The contours model combines structure and agency processes and takes into account two contours of political dynamics. In the large - socio-political - contour, turning events affect grassroot structures and processes related to objective conditions of life, subjective moods, and behavioral attitudes of broad groups of the population. In the small contour (interactions of political actors with their rivalry and conflicts) the same turning events change the balance of power of the main players in national politics. The general principles of the dynamics of the CDP, state success in their interrelation, as a result of turning events as a consequence of the interaction of actors in the small loop under the influence of processes in the large loop are formulated. A step-by-step model explaining the natural shift to authoritarianism on the basis of these principles and under special conditions is proposed. Through these models, the mechanisms of conflict dynamics and socio-political processes of the 1990s in Russia are presented, when the processes of political modernization began to be combined with and then replaced by trends of demodernization.

From I Samuel 8 to Genesis 1: Towards a Political Theology of Difference

ABSTRACT One way of understanding Political Theology is as the reading of modern political concepts as secularized theological concepts, influentially promoted by Carl Schmitt. Chief among theological concepts secularized into modern politics, for Schmitt, is God, whose rule translates, through the writings of Jean Bodin and Thomas Hobbes into modern sovereignty. For Hobbes, the sovereign is a “mortal God,” and God’s rule over Israel is the only ancient political model worthy of emulation. While scholars have increasingly engaged the role of theology in modern political thought, there has been little reckoning with the particular Judeo-Christian notion of God – an overlord alluded to in gendered terms – that is the prototype for modern sovereignty. This understanding of God has shaped and limited the modern political imagination, inviting understandings of sovereignty as domination. This article explores the possibility that visions of politics or sovereignty absent domination, being pursued in our time, would be enriched by – and may indeed require – an expansion of our theological imagination.

Features and public financing of digitalization and E-Government: The case of Kazakhstan

In Kazakhstan, for more than 20 years, the state policy on the formation of a single information space, aimed at reducing budgetary resources for the formation and maintenance of information resources of government agencies, as well as the creation of a unified communication environment. The relevance of the article is due to the following factors: the acceleration of digital modernization processes in Kazakhstan under the influence of global informatization and the consideration of the prospects of improving the efficiency of the Kazakh government through the introduction of information technology is not always recognized by society as an institutional advantage. As special methodological tools, the study used experimental, empirical and heuristic methods to analyze factors and identify problems in budget financing in the field of digitalization and E-Government in Kazakhstan. The main source of data is the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The main conclusions: there is a need for further economic and political modernization of Kazakh society through the widespread use of information technology, and in our view, the practical approach to the use of public financing to create a real e-government and the prospects for its development in Kazakhstan is interesting.

Unveiling the Nuances and Enduring Relevance of Machiavelli’s Theory: The Process of Acquisition to Power and Maintenance Statecraft in a Multipolar World

Niccolo Machiavelli, a pivotal figure of the Renaissance era, epitomized rationality and realism in his political philosophy, bridging the gap between medieval and modern political thought. His seminal works, including “The Prince” and “Discourses on Livy”, marked a revolutionary shift in political discourse, earning him the title of “First Modern Political Thinker”. Machiavelli's life was characterized by a quest for pragmatic knowledge and a deep engagement with the political landscape of his time. Influenced by a myriad of philosophers and writers, ranging from Thucydides to Dante Alighieri, Machiavelli synthesized diverse ideas to craft his unique perspective on statecraft. Employing historical, empirical, and inductive methods, he dissected the acquisition and preservation of power, emphasizing pragmatic realities over abstract ideals. The central theme of Machiavelli’s political theory was the notion of statecraft as a practical endeavor tailored to contemporary needs rather than a product of divine ordination. He delineated methods for seizing power, advocating for a blend of force, cunning, and citizen support. Machiavelli prescribed specific qualities for rulers, urging them to embody a combination of fortitude and cunning. Regarding morality, Machiavelli distinguished between state morality and personal morality, endorsing a pragmatic approach for rulers while upholding individual virtue for the ruled. He emphasized the separation of politics and religion, asserting that each realm should fulfill its distinct functions without interference. Despite criticism for perceived inconsistencies and immorality, Machiavelli’s enduring legacy lies in his transformation of political thought. His influence on practical politics and his role as a harbinger of the modern era underscore his profound impact on the trajectory of political philosophy. While his theories continue to provoke debate, Machiavelli remains an enigmatic figure whose ideas reflect the evolving ethos of his time.

Knowledge Management in Parliament. A quantitative overview for Europe

Despite being the fundamental pillar of our democratic systems, there has been a notable scarcity of research on knowledge management within parliamentary settings. The few existing approaches fail to consider the unique structure of parliaments and the challenges newly elected members face. Previous research concluded that knowledge in parliaments still tends to be tacit, informal, and not recorded. In view of the multitude of highly knowledge-intensive crises in the last decade, the need for political knowledge management becomes apparent. This paper investigates how members of the national parliaments in Europe manage their knowledge relevant for policy-making, using original data collected in a quantitative online-survey in mid-2023. I was able to show that both organizational and cultural barriers hinder good knowledge work and that a systematic approach is still not being pursued. I come to the conclusion that modern politics lacks sufficient resources and know-how to adequately evaluate and apply the flood of information in everyday business. This deficiency is especially detrimental to inexperienced MPs and members of the opposition. Building on these findings, a proposed model for political knowledge management is presented. The central pillars are, on the one hand, the creation of awareness, the formulation of a knowledge strategy, the more intensive integration of external expertise and the establishment of IT support.

Compassion, Female Victimhood and Abortion Legalization in Postcolonial India: Tracing Epistemic Heterogeneity in Abortion Politics

This paper provides a revised history of an understudied event in the trajectory of Indian political modernity - the moment of the legalization of abortion in 1971. The existing scholarship on the event reads it as one that was motivated purely by a developmentalist vision of a modernizing postcolonial elite, to the extent that the latter regarded increases in human numbers as hindrance to economic growth and identified abortion-legalization as a key solution to this quandary. While merited, such interpretations do not account for the varied techniques of persuasion mobilized by the parliamentarians/ lawmakers responsible for debating the laws. With the help of extensive archival analysis of the parliamentary debates, the paper shows how the modes of reasoning put forth in these debates were not always pegged to a developmentalist paradigm but rather made unequivocal use of a heterogeneous idiom of “compassion” for the woman, victimized by male irresponsibility, to ground its case. The lawmakers’ mobilization of this concept further recognized that the victimized pregnant woman’s standpoint is epistemically inaccessible/ incommensurable to those who are responsible for adjudicating on the act of abortion. An acknowledgement of this incommensurability between the knowledge that the two parties hold, became the foundation for compassion. In the process of elucidating the use of the idiom of compassion broached in these parliamentary debates, the paper broadens our interpretations of global histories of welfare feminism in general and reproductive justice in particular.

Проблемы шариата в интеллектуальном дискурсе современного индонезийского общества

The purpose of the article is to analyse the problems of Sharia law and Shariatization of law in modern Indonesian society. The novelty of the study lies in the analysis of the problems of Shariatization of Indonesian society, which remain understudied in modern Russian historiography. Methodologically, the article is based on the principles proposed in the new social history, which allows to investigate the phenomenon of Shariatization through the prism of societal reaction to forced modernization, stimulat-ing the growth of contradictions between Sharia as part of the traditional political and legal culture and the norms transplanted from the West into the secular development model. The article analyses 1) the issue of correlation between secular and religious law in Indonesia, 2) the development of the phenom-enon of legal parallelism in Indonesia, which emerged as a consequence of the limited implementation of Sharia norms in legal and political practices, 3) identifying the role of universities as the main intel-lectual centres that actualise and accumulate public demand for Sharia law in Indonesian society. It is assumed that, in Indonesia, legal parallelism based on the simultaneous and parallel co-development of secular law and Sharia law emerged and developed. The article shows that 1) political modernisation and the construction of Indonesia as a secular state did not lead to a significant weakening of Muslim legal traditions, 2) the limited application of Sharia is recognised by Muslim intellectuals and devel-oped as the ijtihad, focused on the academic study of Sharia, 3) discussions about Sharia and its place in legal practices are localised at the level of the university community, which determines the moderate nature of public perception of the problems and prospects of Shariatization.

Increasing Business Resilience of International Corporation in Current Environment

The issues of business resilience of international corporations and, in particular, enterprises operating in the nuclear field are becoming important in terms of modern political and economic instability in Russia caused by both the coronavirus pandemic and political factors especially. The purpose of the presented article is to justify the need to conduct a study of the business resilience of an international corporation and develop ways for its improvement using the example of the state corporation (SC) Rosatom. The objectives of the research are clarifying the concept of "business resilience", studying economic indicators that characterize the business resilience of an international corporation, conducting a study of the factors that form the business resilience of the SC Rosatom, as well as developing recommendations for increasing the business resilience of an international corporation using the example of the SC Rosatom. The concept of "business resilience" is clarified, indicators characterizing it are determined. A number of problems that international corporations faced in current environment were identifi ed based on the analysis of the economic security system of the SC Rosatom, as well as a study of the process of creating business resilience. Also, recommendations and actions were worked out to improve the business resilience of an international corporation using the example of the SC Rosatom. These recommendations are of applicable nature and can be used by nuclear enterprises.

Theorizing reflexivity and transformative change in marine governance

ABSTRACT With multiple blue crises unfolding, momentum exists to develop and implement transformative marine governance approaches towards sustainable use of our oceans. Such approaches will only be transformative when they foster reflexive governance that questions and changes existing values and structures of power and governance. Yet, we lack understanding of how transformative marine governance change relates to reflexivity. This article takes an actor perspective and conceptualises reflexivity through three elements: (1) the trigger that leads to (2) processes of single, double and triple loop learning and reflection, and (3) the capacity to enact change. Building on the duality of structure and agency, we argue that reflexive actors are able to enact transformative change by changing their policy practices and the governance arrangements they are embedded in. These changes can in turn lead to political modernization, i.e. the structural transformation processes within the political domain of society. This will also result in changes across multiple governance arrangements. However, reflexivity is a process both enabled and constrained by existing power and governance structures, and does not happen automatically. We therefore conclude that reflexivity and transformation require deliberation, contestation and the capacity to learn and break through vested interest, discourses and power structures.

Redefining the Societal Role of Women Among the Bukusu Community of Bungoma County in Western Kenya (1945-1923)

This text delves into the redefinition of the role of women among the Bukusu of Bungoma County in western Kenya from the year 1945 to 2023. The paper’s main objective is to investigate the origin of the change of roles of women among the Bukusu people. The research holds the hypothesis that there is an origin for the prevailing transformations of roles of women among the Bukusu. It makes use of existing literature such as books, journals, articles, magazines, and newspapers, and existing observations. This research is significant in adding new knowledge to the anthropological studies of women with a particular focus on the Bukusu women of Bungoma County in Kenya. The research design employed in the article is historical methods with the utilization of books, journals, and research works as secondary sources that will back and complement the author’s observations. The article establishes that changes in the roles of women in the Bukusu community emanate from missionary activities, colonialism especially the colonial cash crop economy, and political modernization in the region.

PANDANGAN HUKUM PIDANA TERHADAP KASUS POLITIK UANG DALAM PEMILU TAHUN 2024

Political corruption is a prominent phenomenon in modern politics, influencing political processes in various countries, including Indonesia. This article delves into the evolution of politics in Indonesia post-reform, with a focus on the role of political parties and the practice of money politics in elections. The main discussion explores the phenomenon of money politics, highlighting its correlation with political corruption and the role of political parties in society. Additionally, the article examines factors influencing the practice of money politics, such as the lack of closeness between political parties and the public, individual education levels, and low welfare standards. This analysis provides deep insights into the dynamics of money politics.By summarizing findings and implications from the analysis, this article suggests that money politics poses a serious challenge to the integrity of democracy and political justice. Therefore, efforts to prevent money politics should be a priority in strengthening a cleaner, fairer, and more transparent political system. Thus, this article makes a significant contribution to understanding money politics and efforts to address it for the sake of a healthy and sustainable democracy.

:The Origins of the Bible and Early Modern Political Thought: Revelation and the Boundaries of Scripture

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Adam Smith Reconsidered: History, Liberty, and the Foundations of Modern Politics by Paul Sagar (review)

Adam Smith Reconsidered: History, Liberty, and the Foundations of Modern Politics by Paul Sagar (review)

Ecumenical critical theory, pluralism and developmental trends

Critical social theory is a late product of the Enlightenment, though pushed beyond its original intentions. It then developed mainly with Marxism, but since the beginning other strands have been important, such as anarchism, feminism, anti-colonialism, anti-racism and environmentalism. The immanent critique of modernity must be seen indeed as ecumenical. In its plurality, it must have however at its core the realisation of equal freedom and full solidarity that remains an unfulfilled promise and offers a criterion of demarcation for critical theory. The diagnosis of the times for critical approaches also depended on identifying long-term developments, especially within Marxism, but this seems to have been almost entirely forgotten. I will argue that it is both possible and necessary to resume this strategy. Finally, I ask how we connect these conceptual issues to praxis. The article concludes with a more substantive discussion of political modernity.

Уважение в праве: эволюция нормативного закрепления и доктринального осмысления

The author of the article attempts to determine the essence of the phenomenon of “respect” in relation to the state-legal patterns of its evolution in normative legal acts, law enforcement practice and research by scientists. The article analyzes individual historical monuments of law, the legislation of the Soviet period of the development of the national state and law, as well as the modern political and legal doctrine of understanding respect as an element of legal reality. Based on this, it is concluded that respect is positioned mainly in two projections: as a moral and ethical regulator of public relations, as well as a normative requirement, but having a spiritual nature. A certain kind of evolution of respect in law is proved: from a moral and ethical value to a legal principle. It is postulated that today respect in law must be considered through its dual nature with projection as a principle of Russian law based on moral and ethical values, i. e. within the framework of sensory and activity normative components. The author’s interpretation of the concept of “respect in law” is proposed, the conclusion is made about the need for a full-fledged, general theoretical study of respect, the formation of its doctrinal concept.