Modern Period Research Articles

“KİTABİ-DƏDƏ QORQUD” DASTANLARINDA TƏRBİYƏVİ MOTİVLƏR

Educational motives in epos of “Kitabi-Dede Korkud” Summary It is clear from researches that, “Kitabi – Dede Korkud” is one of the main sources of the pedagogical thought of Azerbaijan. In this work have been etched the great ideas of humanism, authority, summons to heroism and manliness, superior human senses. In article analysis and lighted the ideas on pedagogical and psychological importance, also investigated the important features of them for the modern period. This article would be useful for both researchers – scientists, also practical teachers. Key words: epos of “Kitabi – Dede Korkud”, pedagogical ideas, educational motives, historic – tropism traditions, common human ideas

Enfance, martyre et mission dans L’Histoire des martyrs du Japon de Nicolas Trigault (1624)

Abstract This article analyses a still understudied figure that is present in martyrological accounts of the Early Modern Period: the child martyr which is an intriguing and important character in Catholic propaganda during the wars of religion that shook Europe. We will see how a Jesuit missionary uses this character in his account of the Christian mission in Japan. Nicolas Trigault (1577–1628), in his work L’Histoire des martyrs du Japon (The History of the Martyrs of Japan) takes up a long Christian martyrological tradition while anchoring it in a context of cultural exchanges between Europe and Japan. Using various biblical narratives (whether the Passions of Christ or the martyrdom of the Maccabees) as a point of comparison with these Japanese martyrs, Trigault places these Christians, so far removed from his target audience, in a Catholic community that extends over a long period of time and a vast geographical territory. In this use of the martyrological narrative, the death of the children proves to be a powerful argument. As exceptional figures of martyrdom, they act as witnesses to the level of faith of a community, the sacrifice of the children being the ultimate demonstration of its constancy. However, the figure of the martyred child also comes into conflict with the figure of the morally crippled child, testifying to the ambiguity that European culture and the Christian religion have with this period of life. These stories, later exported to Europe, are used to edify both the youngest children, urging them to imitate their Japanese counterparts, and the parents, presenting an ideal imagery of the Christian family.

Camilla's traces: Movement as an analytical key to literary history

AbstractIn this article, we develop a framework for the analysis of ‘movement’ in literary texts. We focus on characters, translation and transmission, thereby going beyond, on the one hand, a stylistic analysis of individual passages, and, on the other hand, the linear enchainment of scenes and summaries underlying much of the narratological discussions around movement, speed and pace. We will develop this framework through a discussion of the character Camilla in Vergil's Aeneid: Book XI, Gavin Douglas's Eneados (1513) and John Dryden's Aeneis (1698). Both the version stylistically close to Vergil (Dryden) and the one that is stylistically looser (Douglas) allow for a discussion of movement that takes the principle beyond a primary concern with style. In a final step, we move to the contemporary example of Ursula Le Guin's Lavinia (2008) in order to investigate how ‘movement’ translates from the epic to the novel. Movement, as we shall show, can be analysed as movement of plot, movement of thought, and movement of figure in narrative. The framework that we propose allows for the principled discussion of transgeneric transfer of narratives, here between epic and novel, as well as the comparison of texts from different moments of literary history between the Middle Ages, the Early Modern period and the present day.

Saint Joseph, the Turks, and the Jews: The Path to Antisemitism of Josef Deckert, Priest in Vienna, 1869–1901

Abstract This article studies the development of antisemitism in Austria in the late nineteenth century through the example of Josef Deckert. The priest is depicted in historiography as one of the most prominent anti-Jewish agitators of that period, but his path to antisemitism has not been explored. This research indicates that Deckert's adoption of antisemitic ideology happened abruptly and was not guided by ecclesiastical or lay authorities. The article, therefore, invites us to look more at individual actors and local cultures and less on strategies from above when studying the spread of populist movements. At the same time, the analysis draws attention to two aspects that have been studied little in connection to the diffusion of antisemitism in the modern period, the cult of Saint Joseph and the remembrance of the Turkish siege of Vienna. Deckert was deeply devoted to Saint Joseph and invoked the patron saint of the Habsburg monarchy, not only as protector of Catholic Austria at the time of the Ottoman wars, but as patron of the workers and defender against the contemporary Austrian Jews.

The persona of the early modern philosopher

This article provides a critical assessment of the scholarly analysis of the persona of the early modern philosopher. In particular, it examines the ways in which historians have tended to analyse the formation of philosophical personhoods in terms of spiritual exercises while at the same time subordinating this aspect of self-formation to larger institutional and sociopolitical contexts and levels of explanation. By presenting spiritual exercises as a prerequisite for or even as a means of shaping a self motivated to pursue and seize institutional and sociopolitical power, one risks trivializing the therapeutic function at the very core of those exercises’ significance. The article examines the intellectual traditions and assumptions that have paved the way for this interpretation and argues for a more thorough analysis of the therapeutic context, an analysis that raises other research questions and ultimately paves the way for a rather different understanding of what it meant to be and live as a philosopher in the early modern period. Although the article focuses on the persona of the early modern philosopher, it also invites readers interested in persona, identity formation and spiritual exercise in other historical contexts.

The service life of military constructions from the heritage of the Romanian Ministry of National Defense: between efficiency and adaptability

Romania’s military infrastructure has undergone significant transformations over time. Periods of expansion and modernization have alternated with phases of reduction and, sometimes, the transfer of barracks into civilian administration. These changes reflect not just technological advancements but also the adaptation to the dynamic requirements of national defense.The 2008 infrastructure regulations link the employment duration of military facilities directly to military activity, highlighting the need for a flexible and adaptable infrastructure. In this context, the article examines the legislative framework regarding the amortization of investments, the wear and tear of constructions, and the authorization of works, emphasizing the importance of aligning military regulations with civil ones.In conclusion, the article analyzes the discrepancies between national legislation and military regulations, suggesting revisions and additions to the existing regulations, particularly regarding temporary and semipermanent facilities, to meet the current and future needs of national defense more effectively.

Financial legal personality of military personnel in Ukraine

Тhe article clarifies the essence of the special social rights of military personnel in the modern period of military aggression in Ukraine, as a system of legal and social guarantees established by the state and the implementation of which characterizes the state of financial legal personality of the military. The financial legal personality of military personnel is characterized, which is implemented in the financing of social rights and state social guarantees of the activities of military personnel, which are related to the exercise of rights related to the completion of service, sufficient material and monetary support, rights to residence and adaptation to the social environment, and others . The author proves that the provision of stable financing of expenses for the social protection of military personnel and support of their activities depends on the systematic coherence of the activities of all subjects of financial legal relations, in particular, the certainty of the financial legal capacity and legal capacity of the military. On the basis of the current legislation and the positions of scientists, it is determined that a military serviceman, as a subject of financial legal relations, is a participant who realizes legal personality in financial legal relations, that is, enters into specific relations with other subjects regarding the formation, distribution, and use of public finances, in particular, regarding the implementation of financial and legal protection relations.
 It has been established that the task of implementing the financial legal personality of the military is entrusted to the state, but there are discrepancies in the current legislation regarding the types of financial support for the military, their budget financing and the distribution of powers for their implementation in the budget process among its participants. The dependence of the realization of the rights to perform the professional duties of the military on the state of financial support of their special social rights is traced, which requires the systematization of social payments to the military and the coordination of powers for their distribution among the participants of the budget process. The need to clarify the essence of the rights and obligations of the military, defined by the current legislation regarding the legal and social protection of military personnel with budgetary legislation, is proved. The conclusions of the article emphasize the need for stable financing of the special social rights of the military, as a condition for the financial and legal protection of the military guaranteed by the state.

A Comparison of Pipa Performance Between Modern Chinese and the Sui and Tang Dynasties Taking China and Japan as Examples

The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of Ancient China, especially Chinese music. Because of enhanced international communications, Chinese music has been diffused to adjacent East Asia countries, including Japan. To be specific, this paper mainly takes pipa as an example to explore comparisons and contrasts between Chinese ancient and modern music; Chinese and Japanese musical development; also, in the dynasties of Sui and Tang. In this research paper, Pipa music is the main research object; its history, appearance, and usage are all discussed and compared. The central question is how the differences between Chinese pipa and Japanese pipa happened in history and culture. This paper uses qualitative research and comparing papers on the same topic. Based on this research, Pipa music between the Sui Tang period and the Modern period are different in appearance, sound effects, and grasping manipulations.

The Eye Stays in the Picture: Virtual Images in Early Modern and Modern Optics

Abstract In optics, real images can be projected onto a screen, while virtual ones always remain behind mirrors. This apparently straightforward distinction is based on complex premises which emerged in the Early Modern period, and its development went hand in hand with a transformation of the notion of image, which became detached from sensual perception. In this article I will outline this historical process, and argue that the distinction between a real and virtual image still implies a reference to visual perception which makes it problematic, yet useful for didactic purposes.

The Coastal Landscape of West Samos in the Seventh and Sixth Centuries BCE: Possible landing points and routes

This article uses a combination of archaeological, environmental and historical evidence to consider where the most plausible shipping routes and landing points were around the west part of the Aegean island of Samos during the period 700–500 BCE, a time known for significant maritime activity in the region. Emerging evidence suggests that the west part of Samos, although subject year-round to strong and dangerous winds and lacking in safe anchorages along its coastline, connected itself in antiquity to a range of regional and supra-regional maritime networks. This article provides an important discussion for considering the practicalities of how those networks operated. Taking into account the size and capacity of ships sailing the Aegean in the seventh and sixth centuries BCE, this article considers how small ships would have fared in this region, in light of annual wind forecast, coastal topography and offshore bathymetry. Although there is a dearth of primary historical evidence from this period, comparative written accounts from the early modern period provide an opportunity for reflecting on how this area of the Aegean could have been navigated in small craft. This article closes by presenting a synthesis of possible year-round and seasonal routes usable around the island.

How Female Intellectuals Stopped Being Philosophers: On Anna Maria van Schurman in the Catalogues of Learned Women

Abstract This article examines the figure of the female intellectual exemplified in Anna Maria van Schurman, as she is portrayed in the catalogues of learned women. The aim is to demonstrate the dramatic and unexpected changes that this persona undergoes during the eighteenth century. The article challenges the common misconception that gender roles progress throughout history towards an ideal of freedom and equality. Instead, I argue that we see a regression in the eighteenth century where the ideal of female intellectuality transforms from focusing on gender-neutral virtues such as academic skill and learnedness to emphasizing traditionally feminine traits like modesty, piety, and domesticity. The first part of the article introduces the genre of catalogues of learned women, focusing on the German context. The main part presents an in-depth analysis of the biographical entries on van Schurman, juxtaposing the early eighteenth-century portrayals with entries from the turn of the nineteenth century. The purpose of this analysis is to illustrate the radical discursive changes concerning women intellectuals by using van Schurman as case study. Finally, the last part of the article will be dedicated to a discussion of historical conceptualizations of womanhood, exploring why the gender narrative changed in the early modern period.

Penguatan Pendidikan Keluarga terhadap Karakter Anak Milenial di Era Modernisasi dalam Perspektif Surah Luqman Ayat 12-19 dan Hadis Tentang Pemimpin

The era of modernization is an era of change from traditional to advanced (modern), such as current conditions which cover various aspects, including education. In the modernization period, education focuses on developing students' character. This approach aims to form a good personality that is able to adapt to current developments, which is greatly influenced by the role of the teacher. This research aims to identify and describe the contribution of teachers in shaping student character in the era of modernization. The literature study method is used to collect data from various sources, such as journals and articles. Data analysis techniques involve reading and discussion to formulate information comprehensively. Research findings show that Islamic character education based on local wisdom is strengthened by the role of parents in teaching manners. The four foundations of character education include religious values, culture, environment and individual potential, with religious values as the main foundation. The moral message from Luqman Al-Hakim in Q.S. Luqman verses 12-19 highlight the urgency of guiding children's faith with monotheism from an early age, teaching them to be grateful to Allah and filial piety to their parents, educating children to do good deeds, teaching them to act virtuously and avoiding evil, and preparing children with noble morals and good manners in interacting. This message reflects the central role of Islamic education in shaping an individual's personality and morals, with a focus on the principles of monotheism and ubudiyah behavior. Keywords: Family Education; Millennial Character; Modernization Era.

Late Scholastic Arguments for the Existence of Prime Matter

Scholastic hylomorphism conceives prime matter and substantial form as metaphysical parts of every physical substance. During the early modern period, both hylomorphic constituents faced significant criticism as scientists and philosophers sought to replace Aristotelianism with physical explanations for the workings of the universe. This paper focuses specifically on prime matter and delves into the arguments put forth by four 16th-century scholastic philosophers – Toledo, Fonseca, Góis, and Suárez – in their attempts to establish the existence of prime matter. Firstly, I analyse a set of arguments rooted in substantial change, which emphasize the crucial role of a persistent, common substrate in the processes of generation and corruption. Secondly, I explore a set of ex-nihilo arguments and, thirdly, I examine a series of demonstrations based on the interplay between accidental and substantial change. Although these three sets of arguments converge on the necessity of a common substrate for substantial change to occur, they fall short of demonstrating that this substrate is both prime and shared by all natural entities. Fourthly, I turn to a set of arguments centred on the impossibility of infinite regress, designed to complement those related to natural change, and I assess additional arguments that do not primarily focus on substantial change. Lastly, I draw my conclusions on these argumentative strategies to demonstrate the existence of prime matter.

Transformation of the media system of Afghanistan in the context of the formation of statehood

The object of the study is the media of Afghanistan. The subject of the study is the genesis of methods for regulating the media system in Afghanistan. The article pays special attention to the formation of the media system of the modern period, which the authors have been defining since the end of 2021. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the media system of Afghanistan has been formed under the influence of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF, acted in accordance with resolution No. 1386[39] The UN Security Council of December 20, 2001) and the desire to create a liberal democratic state in the understanding of the ISAF leadership. Freedom of speech, expression and the media, which were achieved during this period, has been under the control of the Interim Government of Afghanistan since August 2021. This article defines the methods used by the current government of Afghanistan to regulate the media system. The main method of research is the content analysis of documents and information on the practice of law enforcement, compliance with current legislation. Naturally, he could not be divorced from the method of systematization of information - the study of information objects. For the first time in the scientific literature, an empirical study is presented, which represents important material on the history of the media system of Afghanistan, its current state, and the analysis of legislative changes. The study seems to be significant and expands knowledge about the media in this region. For 20 years, the media system of Afghanistan has been formed under the influence of an international coalition led by the United States, which tried to create a liberal democratic state. It was based on a compromise of Western "democratic" and Islamic values, more pluralistic and free than before and after this period. In August 2021, another political force came to power, forming a state based on other principles, which began to exercise control over all spheres, including the media, taking Sharia norms as a basis. One of the conclusions of the study was the strengthening of the traditional identity of the state by the new political power, which was "shaken" by Western reforms. After coming to power, the interim Government of Afghanistan repealed the 2004 Constitution and the 2009 Media Law. The Law on Access to Information in 2019 has not been officially repealed, but it is not respected in the country. Thus, the transformation of the state's media system has begun in the country.

Fernanda Alfieri / Takashi Jinno (Eds.), Christianity and Violence in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period Perspectives from Europe and Japan. Berlin/Boston, De Gruyter 2021

Fernanda Alfieri / Takashi Jinno (Eds.), Christianity and Violence in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period Perspectives from Europe and Japan. Berlin/Boston, De Gruyter 2021

Art Collector of Colonial Korea: Pak Yŏngch’ŏl’s Art Collecting and Museum

Pak Yŏngch’ŏl (1879-1939) was a high-ranking government official, businessman and prominent art collector during the modern period. After Pak’s passing in 1940, his family donated Tasan mun’go (the Tasan Collection) to Keijō Imperial University in accordance with his will. The collection was comprised of 115 artworks, which included calligraphy, paintings, and craft items, along with a fund of 20,000 won. Pak’s financial support laid the foundation for the establishment of the Keijō Imperial University Museum two years later. Both the donation of his collection and the subsequent founding of the museum distinguish Pak Yŏngch’ŏl from contemporary Korean collectors. This study sheds light on Pak Yŏngch’ŏl’s character as an art collector and his perception of the museum based on a detailed investigation of the Tasan Collection housed at the Seoul National University Museum.Pak Yŏngch’ŏl did not actively participate in the appreciation and collection of art until the age of fifty. He began collecting art around 1928, coinciding with his appointment as the vice president of Chosŏn Commercial Bank. Pak then spent the next decade focused on building his collection. This study focuses on Pak Yŏngch’ŏl’s inspection tour of European countries in 1928, which was the catalyst that spurred his considerable devotion to the collection of art. During the tour, Pak Yŏngch’ŏl had the opportunity to experience various museums symbolizing modern civilization in Europe. The Louvre Museum in particular, which was first opened to the public and renown for its outstanding collection, seemed to have informed Pak of the value of art. The cultural treasures exhibited in the public spaces of museums would have reminded Pak that the preservation of historical artifacts is one of the indicators of civilization.In the pre-modern period, the appreciation and collection of calligraphy and painting were typically private activities limited to the individual’s personal domain. However, the political and social changes brought about in the modern period redefined art collecting within a public context. Pak Yŏngch’ŏl, who formed a collection and donated it with the purpose of establishing a museum, epitomizes the shift in perceptions of art collection in Colonial Korea.

TURKIC-RUSSIAN LANGUAGE INTERSECTIONS AND THEIR CONSIDERATION IN TEACHING RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE (THE RESULTS OF WORKING WITH TURKMEN STUDENTS)

Purpose. In the article based on the author’s many years of experience of working with foreign students she aims at the analysis of a block of issues related to language unions and the functioning of languages in the modern world, which is methodologically significant in the process of teaching Russian as a foreign language. The objects of study are the similarities between two structurally different language families; the indicators of this specificity in language consciousness; the questionnaire data of 500 foreign students in the process of teaching a linguistic course of language theory. Method and methodology of the work. A number of methods are used in it, the main of which is the general descriptive one. It also includes such methods as comparative, functional, stylistic analyses and partially a quantitative one. Results of the research. It allowed to find out and systematize universal characteristics of the Turkic and Russian languages which are manifested in the modern period of integration of peoples. It also presents the results of the questionnaire of Turkmen students in the course of teaching of academic disciplines with subsequent analytical survey of the questionnaire data; it covers the problems of language teaching of Turkmen students and gives a number of methods of working with students. Practical implications. The results of the research can be implemented in teaching such academic disciplines as language theory, comparative linguistics and cultural studies.

지역 연구와 일본학의 역할 - 근대 시기 대구 연구의 의미와 체계화를 사례로 -

지역 연구와 일본학의 역할 - 근대 시기 대구 연구의 의미와 체계화를 사례로 -

호남 서예의 연구현황과 향후과제

This paper examines the Calligraphy of Honam that has been studied so far, dividing it into the Joseon period and the modern period. Calligraphers from Honam were divided into Jeonbuk and Jeonnam. Then, the genealogy was set and the current status of research on individual calligraphers was reviewed. In addition, he introduced people who were not noticed at all in the previous research and suggested complementary points as future research tasks.
 I proposed the following three topics to be studied in the future. First, it is necessary to illuminate the calligraphy of Baek Kwanghoon and Baek Jinnam, who used their unique elegant and concise calligraphic style. Second, it is required to investigate basic data on the process of changing the calligraphic style of Yi Samman and the family history and calligraphy of Yi Samman group members. Third, it is necessary to study Yun Gyun and others, who is a famous writer from Honam and is not yet known to academia.

NORTH SUMATRA IN THE CONTEXT OF TRADE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: HISTORICAL TRACES OF TRADE

North Umatera, a province in the northern part of Sumatra Island, has a rich and varied trade history in the context of international relations. The historical traces of trade in this region cover important periods, starting from the Malay kingdom era to the colonial and modern periods. This article explores the role of North Sumatra as a vital trade node in the Indonesian and international trade networks. By considering geographic, cultural, and political factors, this research traces the evolution of trade routes and economic relations in the region. The main focus of this article is on the influence and contribution of trade to the social, economic and cultural development of North Sumatra, as well as its impact on the dynamics of international relations. Through a historical approach, this article provides a deeper understanding of the role of North Sumatra in building diverse trade relations with other nations, as well as the importance of trade in forming the identity and development of this region from time to time.