Modern Opinion Research Articles

Концепт «правда» в современной газетной публицистике: семантико-стилистический анализ (на материале городской газеты «Кузнецкий рабочий»)

Концепт «правда» в современной газетной публицистике: семантико-стилистический анализ (на материале городской газеты «Кузнецкий рабочий»)

The Culture of Inquisition in Medieval England. Edited by Mary C. Flannery and Katie L. Walter. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2013. viii + 194 pp.

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)The Culture of Inquisition in Medieval England . Edited by Mary C. Flannery and Katie L. Walter . Cambridge : D.S. Brewer , 2013. viii + 194 pp.Book Reviews and NotesAside from the crusades, there may be no phenomenon more associated with medieval religion and more disdained by modern opinion than the inquisition. Now nearly synonymous with interrogation, the mere term evokes institutional repression and persecution of scientists, free thinkers, and heretics, of anyone, in other words, who dares question church or state doctrine. Yet, as the editors and contributors to this collection make clear, the practice of inquisitio emerged from and developed within a complex set of ecclesiastical and juridical contexts in the years following the Fourth Lateran Council. And, attending to these larger cultural contexts complicates many of our long-held assumptions about inquisition. Rather than being solely a strict system ferreting out heresy and prosecuting dissenters, this book shows that inquisition was often a flexible set of practices that emphasized correction, advocated discernment, and even created new spaces theological inquiry, self-expression, and literary invention. Like confession (its more private sibling), medieval inquisition was a dialogic mode that was generative as well as restrictive, enabling opportunities personal and social identity formation. Focusing on the cultural effects of inquisitional processes in England, this collection offers an important and novel set of studies of the public and private significance of inquisition, confession, and the dynamics of religious dissent in England from the late Middle Ages through the early years of the English reformations.The book is falls into two parts. Its first three chapters examine the legal and ecclesiastic contexts in which the practice of inquisition takes shape in medieval England, with the remaining chapters building on this background to explore the ways in which Middle English literature engages, reflects upon, and appropriates inquisitional practices and modes. Henry Ansgar Kelly's impressive opening essay surveys the juridical and historical terrain of inquisition in medieval England, considering its rise in the ecclesiastical courts, its association with the prosecution of heretics, and its emphasis on prior public knowledge (publica fama ) of the accused person's crime. Edwin Craun's chapter, on the other hand, explores the practice of disclosing another's private sin to the authorities, showing that medieval pastoral writers and canonists such denunciation was an alternate way of beginning the process of inquisition, and one that aimed to move the accused to penance. The next chapter, Ian Forrest's essay on lollardy, inquisition, and English provincial constitutions, finds a revival of provincial canon law in the wake of heresy in England. Ultimately, as Forrest shows, for English churchmen, inquisition was an intellectually creative activity and an activity inseparable from their broader pastoral and judicial operations (59).As the remaining essays in this collection make clear, this creative potential extended far beyond legal culture. After establishing the historical and juridical contexts of and issues surrounding inquisition in England, the volume turns toward the literary engagements with it. …

Etyka na łamach tygodników opiniotwórczych

Aspekty znaczeniowe etyki, dostrzegane we współczesnej prasie opiniotwórczej, pokazują, że jest ona utożsamiana z moralnością i etosem. Mówi się o niej w kontekstach związanych z poszanowaniem godności i praw człowieka oraz zasad życia społecznego, które odnoszą się do polityki, gospodarki, biologii, medycyny, ekologii, kultury i cywilizacji konsumpcji. Użytkownikom języka bliższe jest znaczenie etyki w ujęciu pragmatycznym niż normatywnym, o czym świadczy funkcjonowanie tego pojęcia jako aprobowanego społecznie zbioru zasad i norm postępowania właściwych dla konkretnych grup społecznych i wskazującego na jej konkretny styl życia, hierarchię celów.

Stella Blum Grant Report Ladies of Taste and Refinement: How Lace Democratized Women's Dress, 1870–1890

      scholar expresses an attitude commonly found in modern dress and textile histories. The lavish use of machine-made lace embellishment on fashionable Victorian dress is targeted as emblematic of the misguided taste of another era, one that defined ostentation as a signifier of wealth and social prestige. These histories portray machine-made lace as little more than a cheap imitation of its naturally superior predecessor, handmade lace. The question becomes, is this modern opinion defensible? Are we too hasty in characterizing the seeming Victorian love of lacey profusion to nothing more than poor judgment? What were the attitudes towards machine-made lace during the nineteenth century? Evidence of controversy from its earliest introduction includes attacks on manufacturing equipment by Luddites. Its appearance on the market posed a significant threat of competition to the handmade lace industry.2 Midand late-nineteenth-century writers characterized machine-made lace as “quantity” merchandise, inherently incompatible with the “quality” associated with the handmade product. The bias of these authors provides a source for modern perceptions of lace such as those expressed by Earnshaw.3 By contrast, an examination of nineteenth-century sources disputes a consistently negative attitude; consequently, a picture emerges in which machine-made Stella Blum Grant Report Ladies of Taste and Refi nement: How Lace Democratized Women’s Dress, –

A modern opinion concerning the role of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis

On the basis of the published scientific information the authors analyse optimum doses of Ca and vitamin D, their combination, safety for treating patients with osteoporosis. The article emphasizes that the best results in the reduction of the risk of fractures is observed in people over 65, who take a combination of 1,000-1,200 mg/day of Ca and 700-800 IU/day of vitamin D.

Sealing the Mouth of Outrage Notes on the Meaning and Intent of Hart's These from the land of Sinim

Seal up the mouth of outrage for a while,Till we can clear these ambiguities,And know their spring, their head, their true descent…And let mischance be clove to patience.–Shakespeare, Romeo and JulietSinim. A name…taken by many scholars as meaning China under the name Ts'in, but modern opinion mostly regards it as referring to Syene…–Couling, Encyclopaedia Sinica (1917)

Les Songes drolatiques de Pantagruel (review)

MLR, ioi.i, 2006 243 tradition and the tensions and anxiety to which Cynicism often gives rise, it does pro? vide a series of provocative 'lectures cyniques' of major Renaissance texts. These consist in reading a contrario, giving meaning to the apparently meaningless, as in Le Tiers Livre, or in viewing attacks on credulity as being in defence of true faith, as in Cymbalum mundi. This book will therefore be of interest to all those who are concerned with what is reminiscent of ancient Cynicism in the French Renaissance, which will by definition be most specialists. Oxford Brookes University Hugh Roberts Les Songes drolatiques de Pantagruel. Introduction by Michel Jeanneret; postface by Frederic Elsig. Geneva: Droz. 2004. 200pp. SwF24.6o;?i5.o7. ISBN 2600 -00533-1. First published in 1565, this work is a collection of 120 engravings, which the original, anonymous introduction attributed to Rabelais. They show various bizarre creatures: forexample, human beings with animal features, such as the face of an owl (no. 11); or human beings hybridized with material objects, such as a man with a lute for a torso (no. 96). Their very oddity and their lack of captions make these engravings difficult to interpret. The guidance offered by Michel Jeanneret and Frederic Elsig is all the more welcome. Elsig's approach is through history of art. He dismisses the attribution of the engravings to Rabelais and, following modern opinion, ascribes them to one Francois Desprez, known to have worked in Paris between 1565 and 1580. Elsig places the Songes in the tradition of 'droleries', whimsical drawings which often appeared in the margins of medieval manuscripts from northern France and the Low Countries, and which entered high art with Hieronymus Bosch and Pieter Bruegel the Elder. ('Droleries', as he underlines, are distinct from Renaissance grotesques inspired by ancient Roman murals.) He sees the Songes as a pattern-bookfor craftsmen, although, as he himself remarks, no example has been found of any figure taken directly from the book (pp. 192-93). For Elsig, the interest of the work is that, however modest its quality, it helps exemplify the 'culture visuelle' of the era (p. 196). Jeanneret, too, notes the art-historical interest of the work, but emphasizes that it reflects the con? temporary fascination with monsters. And, while ruling out direct involvement of Rabelais in the Songes , he sees in them a Rabelaisian ability to disarm the monstrous by laughter: 'Si les Songes doivent quelque chose a Rabelais [. . .] c'est peut-etre cela: danser sur la crete de l'abime, rire a la face du monstre' (p. 47). Jeanneret and Elsig thus adopt somewhat divergent perspectives. Given the nature of the book, however, such divergence is illuminating and healthy. On balance, the Songes hold perhaps only peripheral interest formost literary spe? cialists. But, be that as it may, gratitude is still due to Jeanneret and Elsig for their scholarship and open-mindedness, and also to the publisher formaking readily avail? able yet another little-known work. North Shields Ian R. Morrison Clement Marot et les metamorphoses de Vauteur a I'aube de la Renaissance. By Flo? rian Preisig. (Cahiers d'Humanismeet Renaissance, 71) Geneva: Droz. 2004. 192 pp. SwF 49.10; ?33.29. ISBN 2-600-00919-1. The project of this book is to chart the changes in notions of authorship brought about by Marot in his works. The firstchapter concentrates on his predecessors, the 244 Reviews Rhetoriqueurs, moving on to Marot and his contemporaries, showing how print culture brought about a new awareness of the power of the author, and new possibilities for him to manifest himself in his text. Stated another way, one might suggest, Marot and his generation were particularly good at self-advertisement and mutual congratulation in their texts and para-texts. If the demonstration in this chapter perhaps becomes a little heavy-handed, I found rather more interesting the discussion in Chapter 2 of the differentpersonae assumed by Marot in his poetry. Marot the buffoon is only one of many: Florian Preisig shows very pertinently the importance of the Marot/Maro parallel often used by the poet and his friends, which clearly conferred on him a singularly elevated status. Preisig also...

Les Songes drolatiques de Pantagruel (review)

MLR, ioi.i, 2006 243 tradition and the tensions and anxiety to which Cynicism often gives rise, it does pro? vide a series of provocative 'lectures cyniques' of major Renaissance texts. These consist in reading a contrario, giving meaning to the apparently meaningless, as in Le Tiers Livre, or in viewing attacks on credulity as being in defence of true faith, as in Cymbalum mundi. This book will therefore be of interest to all those who are concerned with what is reminiscent of ancient Cynicism in the French Renaissance, which will by definition be most specialists. Oxford Brookes University Hugh Roberts Les Songes drolatiques de Pantagruel. Introduction by Michel Jeanneret; postface by Frederic Elsig. Geneva: Droz. 2004. 200pp. SwF24.6o;?i5.o7. ISBN 2600 -00533-1. First published in 1565, this work is a collection of 120 engravings, which the original, anonymous introduction attributed to Rabelais. They show various bizarre creatures: forexample, human beings with animal features, such as the face of an owl (no. 11); or human beings hybridized with material objects, such as a man with a lute for a torso (no. 96). Their very oddity and their lack of captions make these engravings difficult to interpret. The guidance offered by Michel Jeanneret and Frederic Elsig is all the more welcome. Elsig's approach is through history of art. He dismisses the attribution of the engravings to Rabelais and, following modern opinion, ascribes them to one Francois Desprez, known to have worked in Paris between 1565 and 1580. Elsig places the Songes in the tradition of 'droleries', whimsical drawings which often appeared in the margins of medieval manuscripts from northern France and the Low Countries, and which entered high art with Hieronymus Bosch and Pieter Bruegel the Elder. ('Droleries', as he underlines, are distinct from Renaissance grotesques inspired by ancient Roman murals.) He sees the Songes as a pattern-bookfor craftsmen, although, as he himself remarks, no example has been found of any figure taken directly from the book (pp. 192-93). For Elsig, the interest of the work is that, however modest its quality, it helps exemplify the 'culture visuelle' of the era (p. 196). Jeanneret, too, notes the art-historical interest of the work, but emphasizes that it reflects the con? temporary fascination with monsters. And, while ruling out direct involvement of Rabelais in the Songes , he sees in them a Rabelaisian ability to disarm the monstrous by laughter: 'Si les Songes doivent quelque chose a Rabelais [. . .] c'est peut-etre cela: danser sur la crete de l'abime, rire a la face du monstre' (p. 47). Jeanneret and Elsig thus adopt somewhat divergent perspectives. Given the nature of the book, however, such divergence is illuminating and healthy. On balance, the Songes hold perhaps only peripheral interest formost literary spe? cialists. But, be that as it may, gratitude is still due to Jeanneret and Elsig for their scholarship and open-mindedness, and also to the publisher formaking readily avail? able yet another little-known work. North Shields Ian R. Morrison Clement Marot et les metamorphoses de Vauteur a I'aube de la Renaissance. By Flo? rian Preisig. (Cahiers d'Humanismeet Renaissance, 71) Geneva: Droz. 2004. 192 pp. SwF 49.10; ?33.29. ISBN 2-600-00919-1. The project of this book is to chart the changes in notions of authorship brought about by Marot in his works. The firstchapter concentrates on his predecessors, the ...

Sade, Vanille et Manille: Urology and the Body of the Text

Sade, Vanille et ManilleUrology and the Body of the Text William Donoghue The malady that D. A. F. Sade complained about to his wife in the famous "La Vanille et la Manille" letter from the Bastille at the end of 1784 has never been satisfactorily identified. Sade thought his suffering was due to a congenital defect of some kind, while modern opinion has tended more towards the notion that he had venereal disease.1 In either case, scholars have had little to go on and have generally preferred to focus on Sade's mental rather than physical condition when interpreting his life and work.2 The body, however, has made a comeback in criticism in recent years, so it may be timely once again to ask not only what it was Sade suffered from, but how one is to locate the articulation of that complaint in his work. This is matter for a longer study—one that would continue the line Annie Le Brun first took on the body in Sade—but I would propose at least the following thoughts and ruminations on both the nature of the illness and how it intersects with Sade's writing. Sade was adamant that there was to be no autopsy performed on his body, so the only real information we have on his illness comes from the above letter. As always in Sade, pain and sexual release go together, but the detail and figural language of the Vanille et Manille letter remind us that this conjunction has a material rather than mental origin. Writing to his wife, he uses a bow and arrow metaphor to describe his painful ejaculations: ce n'est pas que l'arc ne soit tres tendu—oh ne vous fachés pas, il y aura sur cela tout ce qui pourra vois plaire—mais la fleche ne veut pas partir—et c'est ce qui tue—parcequ'on veut quelle parte—faute d'objet la tete va— Lacking a sexual "object" in prison, Sade goes slightly crazy with the time and effort needed to reach what are finally unnatural and [End Page 13] painful orgasms. Prison is bad, he says, because solitude gives strength only to ideas. And it is these "ideas"—the countless imagined scenarios of Sade's hallucinatory sexual prowess and pain—that fill and animate his writing.3 He continues: Mais j'ai parfaitement pris mon parti sur l'opiniatreté de cette fleche a ne vouloir point partir, d'autant plus que quand elle fait tant que de fendre les airs.—c'est veritablement une attaque d'epilepsie—et sans d'ennuiy[eu]ses precautions, je suis bien sur qu'on s'en douterait au faubourg St antoine ... There then follows the likeness, or metaphorization of the problem as thick cream that cannot escape through the narrow neck of a bottle, so that the thickness inflates "les vaisseaux" and tears them. Sade writes: si j'avais ces autres moyens que j'emploiye quand je suis libre—la fleche devanant moins retive et partant plus souvent, la crise de son depart ne seroit plus ni aussi violente, ni aussi dangereuse—car son danger s'explique par sa difficulté ... si la fleche, plus fluide, partait plus souvent; et d'apres cela moins d'episodes—et reversiblement episodes terribles efforts violens, si la fleche trop nourrie par son trop long sejour, est obligé de dechirer le carquois en le traversant— And we then get the even more striking rifle metaphor where Sade asks us to imagine a rifle with a bullet that grows larger in the firing chamber the longer it is not fired, until finally "elle faira crever le canon" (Œuvres 12, 449-50). This is the best Sade can do to tell us about what he suffers: he likens it to an attack of epilepsy. The notion put forth by Jean-Jacques Pauvert and du Plessix Gray, therefore, that what Sade called "un defaut de conformation" and likened to an epileptic seizure was really some kind of undiagnosed venereal disease runs up first against the fact that Sade himself, who had some experience in these matters, thought otherwise. Second, when Sade is freed from prison and...

Identifying inappropriate hospital stay in patients with venous thromboembolism

Background: Traditionally, venous thromboembolism has been treated in a hospital setting. Nowadays, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) preparations allow most deep venous thrombosis (DVT) patients to benefit from home therapy. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the previous treatment of deep venous thrombosis in a hospital setting was appropriate in the context of modern opinion, using the Dutch Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol (DAEP). If so, the DAEP could be used to assess the appropriateness of the present hospital stay of other patient groups. Methods: A retrospective study of patients treated from 1995 to 1998 for DVT or for pulmonary embolism (PE), before the implementation of ambulatory treatment, was conducted that assessed the appropriateness of the patient's hospital stay using the DAEP. Results: Only 27.1% of the treatments for DVT were found to be appropriate in a hospital setting and related to specific hospital care. Inappropriate stay was mostly related to delays in hospital and discharge procedures. Of the patients with PE, 50.2% needed a hospital stay. This proportion was statistically significantly higher than in DVT patients ( p<0.001). The extent of the DVT was not related to the length of bed rest prescribed. Conclusions: The DAEP was able to identify inappropriate hospital stay in the past within the DVT patient group. Further exploration of the potential of the DAEP to identify patient groups who could be treated at home is warranted.

Urbs fide atque aerumnis incluta - acerca del mite de Sagunt en època augústea

Este artículo revisa y examina la evidencia textual en las fuentes antiguas sobre el mito de la ejemplar fides Saguntina, comparándola con los datos de la investigación arqueológica, epigráfica y numismática. Frente a la tesis de investigaciones anteriores, no puede probarse una relación entre la población indígena de Arse y el asentamiento mítico griego ni una relación con los Rutuli latinos. En contra de la opinión de algunos investigadores modernos, ni siquiera el relato de los bravos Saguntini que se sacrificaron a raíz de su alianza con Roma parece ser anterior a la época final de la República romana. Los Saguntini inventaron una tradición a partir de los recuerdos vagos de la conquista cartaginesa para fortalecer los lazos con el Imperio Romano y para no ser considerados como bárbaros hispanos.

Isaiah, Part 3, Volume 2, Isaiah 49-55

Isaiah, Part 3, Volume 2, Isaiah 49-55, by Jan L. Koole. Historical Commentary on the Old Testament. Leuven: Peeters, 1998. Pp. xxv + 454. N.P. The series to which this commentary belongs is beginning to establish itself as a major resource both for understanding of the text of the OT and for responsible exegesis to undergird and preaching. Although ultimately the team of contributors will be internationally representative, the early volumes to have appeared are all by Dutch scholars (the present one being the translation by A.P. Runia of a contribution to the Commentaar op het Oude Testament series). This is especially welcome, as otherwise their valuable work is all too often available to only a handful of specialists. In conscious distinction from many newer Corms ot interpretation, the series is firmly historical in orientation, and this is based squarely on a theological understanding of the Bible as God's word originally imparted at specific times and places. Traditional forms of critical scholarship are thus required in order to hear it aright in the modern world. The series is intended to serve the church and the communities by paying attention both to the historical specificity of the text and to the history of its interpretation through the ages. To meet this challenging agenda, each paragraph of the text is studied under several headings. In the present volume, a new translation is followed first by an introductory discussion of essentials and perspectives. Here a simplified running exegesis incorporates copious references to the NT and occasionally to later Christian and Jewish interpreters as well. It is this section that will be of most help to pastors and preachers. Two sections of scholarly exposition follow, and they are understandably longer and more technical. The first is of an introductory nature, treating such issues as the connection of the paragraph to its wider context, form criticism, and the literary structure of the passage. Finally, and fullest of all, there follows a verse-by-verse exegesis, which treats the Hebrew text in great detail, with a battery of references to secondary literature and seemingly no stone left unturned. Being the second of Koole's projected three volumes on Isa 40-66, the present work has no introduction (that having been included in the volume on chs. 40-48, which appeared in 1997), but starts straight in at 49:1-6. On the whole Koole's commentary may be characterized as decidedly traditional, but not in any obscurantist sense. He accepts that with ch. 40 a new voice from the Babylonian exile is heard in Isaiah, but he is conscious too of the links between the various parts of the book as a whole. Beyond that, however, he argues in dialogue with the whole range of modern opinion in favor of the unity of chs. …

BOOK REVIEW: James, Valentine Udoh, ed. CAPACITY BUILDING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSIONS. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. 1998.

Reviewed by: Capacity Building in Developing Countries: Human and Environmental Dimensions DIMENSIONS Enslin J. Van Rooyen James, Valentine Udoh, ed. 1998. Capacity Building in Developing Countries: Human and Environmental Dimensions DIMENSIONS. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. 344 pp. $75.00 (cloth). Many scientists in the twentieth century have studied development in the third world. Generally, the prevailing modern opinion is that capacity building in developing countries implies that local people should be empowered to create and implement their own policies best suited to their own conditions. The time when foreign donor and aid countries thoughtlessly and even naively poured in huge amounts of money and expected development to take place seems to be something of the past. The international community realized that active engagement in the developing countries' resource development programs is necessary. Without active engagement, the recipient countries will continue to remain undercapacitated since money, in many instances, only finds its way into the bottomless pit of corruption and misappropriation when accountability is limited. Financial aid does not automatically guarantee better education, an improvement of infrastructure, or proper skills enhancement. What developing countries need are well structured programs, negotiated with the nations concerned, that are implemented in partnership with local institutions and organizations. However, the kind of active engagement strategy followed by assisting countries is significant. Assistance in the form of foreign experts who manage projects without involving local decision-makers could result in no skills transfer taking place at all. Care should be taken not to create a “basket case” that is materially, intellectually, or psychologically dependent upon another country. Too many such cases exist and it does not contribute to sustainable development at all. The editor of the book Capacity Building in Developing Countries makes the following point in the preface: “The challenge, then, for developing countries, as well as the assisting/donor international community, is to attempt to enhance the ability of the people of developing nations to develop essential policies and management skills necessary to build their nations' human, economic, social, political, and cultural structures so as to take their proper place in global affairs” (p. xv). All assistance should be planned and implemented as a process of empowerment to the local community and its institutions and organizations. The point is that the relationship that occurs between the foreign experts and consultants and the locals, respectively, could be compared with one of a mentor and protégée. This, however, presupposes a mutual understanding of one another's culture and philosophy, a relationship based on trust, and a clear comprehension of what is to be attained through the partnership. In the end, the beneficiary of foreign aid should be sufficiently empowered to manage its own affairs in an economically and socially accountable manner that is also environmentally sustainable. The book identifies certain critical issues associated with the process of capacity building in developing countries. It effectively addresses the [End Page 136] social, economic, and developmental issues associated with capacity building in essentially separate sections, with some emphasis on humanity and the environment. Although in practice it is difficult to divorce the socio-economic and developmental issues from one another, it is understood that for academic and structural reasons this had to be attempted in the book. The book addresses case specific issues, such as: “Ethnicity in the Politics of a Nation: Nigeria and the Problems of Social Transformation,” and “Pineapple Production, Labor, and Marketing Relations in the Periurban Economy of Accra, Ghana,” as well as general issues such as “The Difficulty of Consensus Building in Developing Countries: The African Dilemma,” and “Management Capacity Building: A Strategic Imperative for African Development in the Twenty-First Century.” The authors and editor should be commended for selecting key issues related to development. It is not easy to effectively address the plethora of issues associated with capacity building and skills enhancement and sustainable development in one publication. The prominence awarded to environmental issues throughout the book also deserves comment. All too often the realization that humans and the natural environment should share resources is lost in books of this nature. This is the case in publications that lean towards addressing development issues from the viewpoint that gross domestic product is the...

Common problems and cooperative solutions. Organizational activity in evolutionary studies, 1936-1947.

Previous articleNext article No AccessCommon Problems and Cooperative Solutions: Organizational Activity in Evolutionary Studies, 1936-1947Joseph Allen CainJoseph Allen Cain Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Isis Volume 84, Number 1Mar., 1993 Publication of the History of Science Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/356371 Views: 22Total views on this site Citations: 28Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1993 History of Science Society, Inc.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:María Rebolleda‐Gómez, Ruth G. 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Borrello The Historiography of Modern Evolutionary Biology, (Sep 2020): 1–26.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74456-8_5-1Anya Plutynski Speciation Post Synthesis: 1960–2000, Journal of the History of Biology 52, no.44 (Oct 2018): 569–596.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-018-9512-4David Sepkoski The Unfinished Synthesis?: Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology in the 20th Century, Journal of the History of Biology 52, no.44 (Nov 2018): 687–703.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-018-9537-8Brendan Luyt Michael Tweedie, Woutera van Benthem Jutting and the Mollusca of Malaya's limestone hills, Archives of Natural History 45, no.22 (Oct 2018): 245–259.https://doi.org/10.3366/anh.2018.0517Kim Kleinman Genera, evolution, and botanists in 1940: Edgar Anderson's “Survey of Modern Opinion”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 67 (Feb 2018): 1–7.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2017.11.001Joeri Witteveen “A temporary oversimplification”: Mayr, Simpson, Dobzhansky, and the origins of the typology/population dichotomy (part 2 of 2), Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 57 (Jun 2016): 96–105.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2015.09.006 Bibliography, (Oct 2015): 566–665.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119072218.biblioBy Camilo Quintero Trading in Birds: Imperial Power, National Pride, and the Place of Nature in U.S.–Colombia Relations Camilo Quintero, Isis 102, no.33 (Jul 2015): 421–445.https://doi.org/10.1086/661592Victoria Cain The Art of Authority: Exhibits, Exhibit-Makers, and the Contest for Scientific Status in the American Museum of Natural History, 1920–1940, Science in Context 24, no.22 (Apr 2011): 215–238.https://doi.org/10.1017/S026988971100007XRichard G. Delisle What was really synthesized during the evolutionary synthesis? A historiographic proposal, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 42, no.11 (Mar 2011): 50–59.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2010.11.005Richard G. Delisle The uncertain foundation of neo-Darwinism: metaphysical and epistemological pluralism in the evolutionary synthesis, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 40, no.22 (Jun 2009): 119–132.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2009.03.004Steindór J. Erlingsson The costs of being a restless intellect: Julian Huxley’s popular and scientific career in the 1920s, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 40, no.22 (Jun 2009): 101–108.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2009.03.006Charissa S. 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The Performance of Bacchylides ODE 5

The consensus of modern opinion on the performance of this ode is that it was not a properly commissioned epinicion, but was sent spontaneously by Bacchylides in an attempt to introduce himself to Hieron. Gzella, for one, argues that many so-called epinicia were sent from poet to patron in order to impress and win commissions. Hence one finds, or so he claims, the terms , though, to be sure, commissioned epinicia were far more common.1 One could be misled here into believing that these were terms used by Pindar and Bacchylides themselves

Boethius of Dacia: ‘On the Highest Good’

The name Boethius of Dacia evokes today an image of a radical thinker, who championed the cause of philosophical freedom, even at the expense of his religious beliefs. His writings have earned him, together with his contemporary, Siger of Brabant, the title of leader of the ‘Latin Averroists’ or ‘Heterodox Aristotelians.’ Boethius’ treatise on the highest good has contributed greatly to the modern opinion of Boethius as a radical thinker. M. Grabmann, who rediscovered the De summo bono, considered the work to be a clear expression of the anti-Christian tendencies inherent in ‘Latin Averroism’; and P. Mandonnet saw the short treatise to be the most radical expression of a program of the natural life, the purest rationalism, and a total denial of the Christian order. More recently, this view has been modified by F. Van Steenberghen and his students, who argue that Boethius of Dacia is indeed a Christian thinker, and in no way excludes ‘supernatural beatitude’ from his notion of the highest good. They point out that, as a teacher of Aristotelian philosophy, Boethius’ main concern is the summum bonum which can be attained on earth. As a result, the De summo bono is a characteristic product of the Arts Faculty at Paris.

Public Opinion, Polling, and Political Behavior

The advent of scientific public opinion polling gave democratic governance a new dimension. For the first time representatives could discern people's opinions on virtually any public issue. Despite this ability, three important questions remain. Are people adequately informed to consider the complex problems of modern government? Will they give their true opinions to a pollster? And even if these two conditions are satisfied, do representatives have to be bound by popular opinion? This article argues that modern public opinion analysts who use polling data tend to ignore these questions and instead focus on patterns of attitudes among various groups in the population. Before scientific polling became common, those who studied public opinion directed their efforts to the connection between behavioral manifestations of public opinion and the development of public policy. They worried more about the role of public opinion in the formulation of public policy. It turns out that much of the public opinion literature preceding scientific polling remains relevant, and we ignore it at our peril.

Gallus and The Culex

The Culex remains the most bewildering of poems. The consensus of modern opinion holds that it is a deliberate forgery, post-Ovidian in date, purporting to be a work of the youthful Virgil and thus serving to fill the large biographical vacuum in the career of the poet before the publication of the Eclogues. If this is the case, it must be asked why the forger chose to fill that gap with a poem thematically and stylistically so idiosyncratic which nevertheless managed to gain ready acceptance as Virgilian by the end of the first century A.D. This is a very large question, but in postulating the close dependence of parts of the poem on Cornelius Gallus (I), particularly on his symbolism of poetic inspiration (II–V), I hope to go some of the way towards providing an answer (VI). If this article is directed primarily at the problem of the Culex, I would like to think it makes a contribution also to the much more important study of Gallus, whose reputation has suffered somewhat since the publication of those wretched lines from Qasr Ibrîm. Yet, if not a single line of his work had survived, the one thing we could say of his poetry with confidence is that it inspired. Anyone trying to make an assessment of Gallus' poetic achievement should first make a close study of Virgil's Sixth and Tenth Eclogues and then ask whether fragments have ever formed a firm basis for the evaluation of an author's work. Rehabilitation should not be necessary.

MONOMORPHIC AND POLYMORPHIC OPINION LEADERSHIP WITHIN A RELATIVELY CLOSED COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Previous research generally has indicated that within modern societies opinion leaders tend to function within single-topic areas, whereas, within traditional societies, opinion leaders tend to function across multiple-topic areas. Results conflicting with this general pattern have been obtained by several researchers. The present study was based on the speculation that these discrepant findings could be explained by the nature of the communication system in which the subjects function (varying from relatively open to relatively closed), regardless of the general society surrounding the communication system. The results of the study found a high degree of association between monomor-phic and polymorphic opinion leadership within a relatively closed communication system in a modern society. Supplementary findings indicated moderately high association between both innovativeness and communication apprehension and polymorphic opinion leadership. Much lower relationships between monomorphic opinion leadership and these variables were observed.

Roman Involvement in Anatolia, 167–88 B.C.

The defeat of Perseus at Pydna, the destruction of the Macedonian kingdom, and the contemporary humbling of the Seleucid monarch Antiochus Epiphanes at Alexandria by an insolent Roman parvenu, are reasonably taken to demonstrate the absolute supremacy of Rome over the Hellenistic kingdoms of the Orient. At the same time the state of Rhodes suffered a drastic reduction of power through the removal of its mainland territories, and the king of Pergamum was severely snubbed, because both were believed to have favoured a negotiated settlement of the Macedonian war. Henceforth, in the consensus of modern opinion, the kings of Anatolia were puppets on a Roman string. This follows the theme song of Polybius—that Rome had acquired the mastery over all the parts of the civilized world, and in common opinion men had no choice but to listen to the Romans and obey their instructions.