Modern Management Models Research Articles

Development of an approach to automation of gas transmission system management

The object of research is the management system of the gas transmission system (GTS) of Ukraine. The analysis shows that the GTS effectiveness is hampered by the information heterogeneity of the available automation means and the lack of automated data exchange on the vertical «process control – strategic management». The study applied the methodology proposed by the ANSI/ISA-95 standard, the reference model of the functional hierarchy of management of manufacturing enterprises. As a result of the research, the functions of the processes acting at the operational level, are determined. An approach to the phased automation of the management of GTS is developed. It provides for the preservation and development of existing means of automation of technological processes and existing systems for planning, optimization and management by gas pipelines and underground gas storage facilities. According to the proposed approach, an operational management system will be created on the basis of existing computerized systems as an MES system that will meet the requirements of this standard. The implementation of the proposed approach can be considered as a combination of two processes, each of which is implemented in three stages, performed iteratively. The first process: creation of operational management systems as MES systems, introduction of automatic monitoring of parameters of physical and technological processes, and the formation of a subsystem of information system responsible for ensuring operational management and control of technological processes. The second process includes: formation of a subsystem of information system responsible for ensuring of business processes, introduction of an automated system for management on the corporate level and the introduction of automatic monitoring of business processes. The interaction of these two processes can occur only in their final phases of final formation of the information system. Therefore, they can be implemented in parallel, which will ensure a reduction in the duration of the GTS reconstruction on the proposed approach. And this, in turn, will lead to a reduction in the period of recoupment of expenses for the introduction of the system. Implementation of the proposed approach as a whole will improve the controllability and efficiency of the GTS operation and create conditions for introducing of modern management models.

Ketahanan Budaya Masyarakat Bali Aga dalam Menciptakan Desa Wisata yang Berkelanjutan


 
 
 This article aims to determine the level of cultural resilience in the Bali Aga villages. The level of resilience is measured from the level of morphological changes of the village and the building on site. The study focuses on the development of the village and building morphology on site, resilience level, and factors that shape resilience. The approach used is descriptive qualitative with research locus is in four villages includes Tenganan Pegringsingan Village, Bugbug Village (Regency of Karangasem), Penglipuran Village, and Bayung Gede Village (Regency of Bangli). The result is Tenganan Pegringsingan Village has a very high cultural resilience, Penglipuran Village has high level of cultural resilience, Village Bayung Gede has a low level of cultural resilience, and the lowest level of cultural resilience is Bugbug Village. The most in uential factor on the level of cultural resilience is the internal factors, especially the ability to integrate the traditional management model (social, economic, and culture) and modern management model (tourism). Managing the uniqueness of village assets proves to be an important factor in creating a sustainable tourism village which is shown by the high number of tourist visits continuously.
 
 

Usefulness of a Telemedicine Program in Refractory Older Congestive Heart Failure Patients.

Background: Home telemonitoring is a modern and effective disease management model that is able to improve medical care, quality of life, and prognosis of chronically ill patients, and to reduce expenditure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, costs, and patients’ and caregivers’ acceptance of our model of telemedicine in a high-risk chronic heart failure (CHF) older population. Methods: Patients with high risk/refractory CHF were included. In the case of alarm parameters’ modifications, a cardiologist decided to inform the emergency department (ED), the patient’s General Practioner, or to programme a clinical ambulatory control. Results: Forty-eight CHF patients (28 males; 58.3%), with a mean age of 80.4 ± 7.7 years, entered this clinical experience. During the 20-months follow-up, four patients dropped out from counselling (8.3%), ambulatory clinical control within-24 h was planned in 18% of patients, 11% of patients were admitted to an ED, and 18% were hospitalized. Thirteen patients (29.5%) died a cardiac death; hospital admissions for heart failure decreased during the year after the enrolment when compared to the year before (from 35 to 12 acute HF hospitalizations/year; p = 0.0001). Moreover, in these HF patients followed, accesses to an ED for an acute episode of HF decompensation reduced from 21/year to five/year (p = 0.0001). The economic expenditure, calculated for the year before and after the enrolment, reduced from 116.856 Euros to 40.065 Euros/year. Conclusions: A telemedicine surveillance in high-risk older CHF patients determines a continuous and active contact between patients/caregivers, the Heart Failure Clinic, and family physicians, permitting an early evaluation of signs and symptoms of acute decompensation.

Customer Sustainable Maintenance Model to Increasing Traditional Retails Competitiveness in Dealing with Minimarket Expansion

Indonesia is a potential market for modern retail business, supported by the shifting behavior of Indonesians from shopping in traditional markets to modern retailers. The main objective of this research is to find modern retail management model to improve the competitiveness of traditional retails in customer service field. Research method using descriptive research method and policy research. The unit analysis is traditional Retail Traders and Modern retail traders in Blitar District. Data analysis techniques use descriptive analysis to describe findings and policies that involve interested parties to get the right model. The research results show there are 248 modern retail and 2,401 traditional retailers. To be able to compete with modern retail, traditional retail should be cleaned up by doing service plus plus with aim to sustainable maintenance of customer to remain faithful as customer. Service plus plus which is intended is the customer to buy goods do not have to come directly to the store, but can be done with Purchase Order by WhatsApp or SMS, Delivery Service, and Pay After the goods delivered. Keywords: Traditional RetailS, Service Plus Plus and Sustainable Maintenance Model

Модели управления киберфизическими организациями как стратегические конкурентные компетенции национальных экономик

The transformation of science in one of the leading productive forces of industrialized countries in the second half of the 20th century under the influence of deployment of scientific-technical revolution objectively gave impulse to the development of production automation and informatization of modern industrial economies. As a result, complexes of service industries have been developing in the economies of the industrialized countries. Science-intensive services and high-end technologies started developing in the structure of these complexes at the beginning of the XXI century. The fact that science-intensive services complexes have become leading branches of GNP of industrial countries has increased the role of intellectual innovative factors in competitive struggle. Science-intensive goods and services, intellectual property, complex intangible assets become special strategic competitive competencies (abilities) of business (firms), corporate, national economic systems in the competitive environment of the market economy. Models and systems of the management of economies are playing a key role among the present strategic competitive competencies in the mechanism of competitiveness of an enterprise, corporation, national and regional economies. Thus, the aim of the study is to extend the comprehension of digital economy as an economic system where technological restructuring develops competitive competences of cyber-physical organizations that create modern management models corresponding to competitiveness features in high-tech manufacturing. The research is based on the following methods: study and generalization, analysis and synthesis, system approach, combination of historical and logical approaches, methodological tools of management theory. The study has substantiated that the assimilation of cyber-physical technologies by organizations in industrial countries is accompanied by the competitiveness increase among the countries and companies for more profitable spheres of capital investment and impact, sales markets, technological resources. Moreover, the assimilation stimulates the transition to digital economy. The competitive struggle is accompanied by the relative decrease of importance of low natural competitive advantages and by the increased role of high innovation competitive ones. In its turn it demands the development of corresponding high innovation competitive advantages of firms, corporations, national economies considering cyber-physical technological restructuring. Innovation models of management systems of cyber-physical organizations become key factors among the high competitive advantages of countries and companies. Besides the studies devoted to perspectives and challenges of the transition to digital economy should consider breakthrough in new technologies and production types and should aim at dialectical interrelation of success of their development with corresponding modernization of systems of the organization and management of these technologies and productions taking into account competitive struggle. Keywords competitiveness, competitive advantages, strategic competitive competences, cyber-physical organizations, management models, digital economy, fourth industrial revolution, technological restructuring, high-tech manufacturing, digital economic system. Acknowledgements The study was financially supported by the RFFI in the framework of scientific project No. 18-001-00001 “Development of management model of cyber-physical organizations” and according to the public task of Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations to Institute of Economics of the Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Science for 2018.

The role of local taboos in the management of marine fisheries resources in Tanzania

Contemporary government rules for fisheries resources management in developing countries have been challenged for their inadequacy. The search for modern management models for coastal and marine resources could be usefully informed by wealth of traditional knowledge that enabled communities to sustainably live with their environment for centuries or millennia. Local taboos, defined as implicit or explicit social rules prohibiting certain actions, have played an important part in many traditional approaches to resource use. A mixed methods approach was used to investigate how local taboos play a role in the management of fisheries resources in some rural and urban coastal communities of Tanzania. Focus group discussions, key informant interviews, participant observations and questionnaire surveys were used to gather primary data. Data were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The study identified a number of potential local taboos in the management of fisheries resources and their habitats in coastal Tanzania. While these taboos showed some potential for applications in modern management approaches, a majority of fishers indicated non-compliance to most of them, especially in urban areas. A number of reasons are revealed to have attributed to the non-compliance of these taboos. These findings suggest the prospect for judicious integration of traditional practices with modern strategies, to enhance compliance. More studies on traditional knowledge that has a role in fisheries resources management are recommended, as are biophysical assessments in conjunction with traditional practices to reveal their scientific benefits. Successful community-based fisheries resources management in Tanzania will draw on modern and traditional perspectives.

The Relationship between Contemporary Holacratic Models of Management and Company Performance: Evidence from Global Corporations in the World

Objective - This paper explores how global corporations apply contemporary approaches in management known as holacracy, and its impact on company performance. The paper argues that the number of corporations with an incorporated model of holacracy is growing and that it leads to an increase of employee's creativity and engagement, which directly affect a companies' performance. Furthermore, the study sheds light on broadening the theoretical link between holacratic management models and company performance in the context of global corporations at the level of internationalization. Methodology/Technique - The study provides evidence from over fifty selected worldwide companies for the period between 2014 and 2016. The data has been collected from annual reports and other secondary based sources and consists of companies possessing features of holacracy, which is one of the phenomena of management in the twenty-first century. In this paper, empirical data has been operationalized and several OLS regression models have been employed, in order to discover the link between modern management models and firm performance. Findings - The paper's findings outline the fact that holacracy positively affects a companys' performance and that the number of global companies using holacratic models is growing. Novelty - To demonstrate the originality or value of the paper which makes it different from prior studies. Type of Paper - Empirical Keywords: Holacratic Management Model; Corporations; Organizational Design.

ADAPTATION OF DOMESTIC STATE GOVERNANCE TO INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE MODELS

The purpose of the article is to provide the evolving international trends of modern management models and authorial vision of model of state governance system in Ukraine, its subsystems, in particular, the system of provision of administrative services that is appropriate for the contemporary times. Methodology. On the basis of scientific and theoretical approaches to the definitions of terms “state governance” and “public governance”, there was an explanation of considerable difference between them and, taking into consideration, the mentality of Ukrainian society and peculiar weak side in self-organization, the authors offered to form authorial model of governance on the basis of historically traditional for Ukraine model of state governance and to add some elements of management concepts that proved their significance, efficiency and priority in practice. Results. The authors emphasized the following two prevailing modern management models in the international practice: “new state management” and “good governance”. The first concept offered for consideration served as a basis for the semantic content of state activity that reflects more the state of administrative reformation. Practical meaning. A practical introduction of management to the domestic model of governance creates the range of contradictions that do not allow implementing herein concept. Pursuant to authors, the second one allows in considerable measure to reform state governance, considering historically developed peculiarities of this model. Moreover, the involvement of concept herein into introduction of informational and communicational technologies in the process of governance eliminates the necessity of power decentralization, it allows to form real net structure and, at the same, to keep vertical power structure, to involve citizens for formation and taking of management decisions, to form electronic communicational channel of feedback, to provide citizens with electronic administrative services. All indicated advantages of the concept certify about the necessity to reform state governance exactly in this field. Meaning/ Distinction. This article raises a question about the significance of formation and sequence of state policy in Ukraine aimed at creating an information-oriented society, space, as well as informational and technological infrastructure.

Evaluation of consumer satisfaction with the quality of training of young professionals by the universities for enterprises of coal-mining complex

The article presents the study results of evaluation of customer satisfaction (a big coal mining company) with the quality of training of young specialists with higher education. Research is based on the model of Kano, one of the most effective tools for assessing the quality of products within the framework of modern management model - Total Quality Management. Based on the results, “quality profile” of training of young specialists with higher education is built and the factors that determine its level and characteristics are identified. The findings show universities the need to include such transformations and changes into the system and the processes of creation and positioning of their “product”. It will give a higher added value to the “product” and, therefore, provide the manufacturer and the consumer with the higher competitive advantage in the current economic conditions.

生态型灌区的建设与现代化管理

党的十八大来，生态文明建设得到重视。在生态文明背景下建设生态型灌区是当前生态建设的一个发展趋势。生态型灌区兼生态保护和农业生产于一体，本文通过分析我国灌区的生态与环境现状，提出生态型灌区的建设方案，最后分析国内外灌区的管理模式，提出了适用于我国生态型灌区的现代化管理模式，以期构建生态与环境友好型灌区。 Since the 18th national congress of the communist party of China, ecological civilization construction has been taken seriously. Constructing ecological irrigated areas under the background of ecological civilization is a development trend of current ecological construction. Ecological irrigation area includes ecological protection and agricultural production. This paper analyzes the ecological and environmental status of irrigated areas in China. And the construction scheme of ecological irrigation area is proposed. Finally, it analyzes the management mode of irrigated areas at home and abroad, and puts forward the modern management model applicable to China’s ecological irrigation area, in order to construct eco- and environmentally-friendly irrigated areas.

Research on supply chain risk assessment with intuitionistic fuzzy information

The paper suggests an intuitionistic fuzzy operator to assess supply chain risk. With the global economic integration trend, more and more enterprises adopt the modern management model of supply chain in order to have access to the advantage of responding quickly to the market demand. Through the i mplementation of supply chain management, their management efficiency has been significantly improved which led to brought good economic benefits. However, at the same time risk is becoming an unavoidable problem for the enterprises in supply chain, because of the uncertainty of the environment of the supply chain and the ever-increasing complexity of its own. The management of supply chain risk assessment has attracted increasing attention of theoretical and business research. The study investigates the supply chain risk assessment with intuitionistic fuzzy information, and then proposes a dependent intuitionistic fuzzy Hamacher weighted geometric (DIFHWG) operator. This operator is used to design an algorithm for supply chain risk assessment with intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, several experiments are conducted to verify the developed method.

Process Orientation as a Basis for increasing supply chain Management Maturity

Abstract Process management is an essential element of modern management models, at the enterprise level, but also at the supply chain level. However, the importance of process management is explicitly indicated by the process management maturity models, through analysis of the level of process orientation, or through analysis of the level of quality of process orientation components. Starting from the fact that competition in modern conditions often takes place between supply chains, process management maturity grows into supply chain management maturity. Some of the supply chain management maturity models are SCMAT model, S(CM)2 model and SCPM3 model. In this paper the framework of another supply chain management maturity is formulated, by upgrading the SCOR model with process orientation, or SCORBPO model. This model involves analysis of the presence of supply chain management best practice, on one hand, and the presence of process orientation components, on the other hand. The aim of the research was to identify the maturity of enterprises in Serbia in applying supply chain management best practice, as well as process orientation components that are potential sources of competitive advantage or constraints for enterprises and supply chains. Analysis of justification of hypotheses is done by using correlation and regression analysis. The general conclusion is that between the presence of best practices and process orientation components there is a positive correlation, and that most of the process orientation components affect the implementation of supply chain management best practices.

A Comparative Analysis of Modern Performance Measurement and Management Models of Companies

Abstract Modern business conditions have led to the development of a large number of different models for strategic performance management, which view performance measurement through the prism of financial and non-financial indicators, from multiple perspectives. Strategic performance management models should enable efficient and effective management, i.e. an adequate response to continuous changes in the business environment. Theory and practice in this area suggest the development and implementation of various integrated frameworks (models) for performance management of companies, in order to achieve business excellence. In addition to the well-known integrated models, such as the Balanced Scorecard (BSC), Performance Pyramid, SAILS model (Strategy Aligned Integrated Linked Scoring System), GRASP model (Goals-Resources-Actions-Structure-People), and others, Kanji’s Business Excellence Model (KBEM) and Kanji Business Scorecard (KBS) have been developed as well. Kanji’s model was created with the objective of eliminating the weaknesses and shortcomings of previous models, particularly the Balanced Scorecard. The application of multidimensional performance measures should increase the informational power of management in making strategic business decisions. The goal set by this paper is to consider some of the basic features of modern performance measurement and management models of companies that are represented in theory and applied in practice, and, on the basis of comparative analysis, to draw conclusions about their advantages and disadvantages.

Management Theory, Research and Practice for Sustainable Development in Africa: A Commentary from a Practitioner's Perspective

In this article we give a synthesis of the argument that inadequate management theory and practice have contributed to Africa's lack of sustainable development. The article is based on a keynote address by the Governor of the Bank of Botswana, Ms Linah Mohohlo to the biannual conference of the Africa Academy of Management in Gaborone, January 2014. The governor, based on rich insights of a practitioner was content that scholars, practitioners, and policymakers have not done enough to integrate theory and practice to initiate models relevant for African sustainable development. We therefore call upon African scholars, managers, and experts to take the challenge of identifying common cultural practices which could be integrated into modern management models for African sustainable development.

Sustainable City Marketing: a Modern Management Model

The purpose of this paper is a theoretical reconstruction of the principles of the concept of sustainable city marketing as a modern management model, based on a survey of the literature. The paper also presents the concept of sustainable development as the foundation of sustainable marketing. The concept of sustainable development is a solution to current global economic, environmental and social problems. It has become a principle acknowledged worldwide at almost all levels of administration and in corporate practice. Sustainable marketing is a management concept reflecting the implementation of sustainable development principles in marketing. Sustainable marketing should become an inherent part of policy documents and an important management tool.

Control in a Management System in Modern Conditions.

To the 90's of the last century the characteristics of environment of organizations functioning and development highlighted the ability to organize the implementation of planned ideas by Management. The given trend is caused by the lack of effective management tools for planning and control, which are adequate to the modern management models, and an attempt to solve the problems of modern management by the traditional methods and mechanisms. The purpose of this work was to identify the specific characteristics of the strategic and anti-crisis management system; study of the role of control in strategic and anti-crisis management based on their characteristics; development of general approaches to the effective control formation in the strategic and anti-crisis management system. In which case, we proceeded from the basic provisions of control organization in the management system, and established theories and global practices of management. In this article we suggest a control mechanism, based both on the system and process approaches to the management organization, in which the place and role of control procedures is examined stage by stage. The process of strategic control represents a set of interacting closed circuits at the strategic and operational levels: the strategic control is based on the methods and mechanisms of control at the operational level, which provide the toolkit to control the strategic objectives implementation. In considering the crises as the destruction of existing parameters system of the organization’s activities and the transition to a new state, maximum relevant to the changed characteristics of environment of organizations functioning and development, the role of control reveals, on the one hand, at the prevailing independent creative activity of personnel, and forced hard managing, on the other hand. The requirements to the control in the anti-crisis management system, based on an analysis of crises and the specificity of amid the crisis management were formed. The end result of the conducted study are the proposed models and plans control actions in the systems of strategic and anti-crisis management system, based on a systematic approach to management processes and control, which take into account the influence of external factors and the internal potential of the organization.

Управленческие учет и анализ в современных концепциях управления: проблемы и ограничения

The authors consider the topical issues of modern strategic management and describe modern models of strategic management. Value-oriented management model, which aims to achieve the maximum possible value of the organization, examined in detail. The authors note the need for management accounting to collect information on key performance indicators, which show the change of the values of the organization and management analysis for the control and management decisions.

The Effects of Chaos Theory, Sıx Sıgma and Blue ocean Approach on Fırm Performance at Famıly Fırms: An Empırıcal Study in Turkey

In this study, the effect of the modern management models on general performance of the family corporations was analyzed with the questionnaire method. Blue Ocean Strategy, Six Sigma and Chaos Theory were used as the modern management methods. In the questionnaire, total 330 directors working in 17 different family corporations were asked questions under the title of Market Orientation, Modern Management Models and General Performance of the Corporation. In analysis part, it was clearly seen that Blue Ocean Strategy came into prominence compared to Chaos Theory and decreased the effects of Six Sigma on overall performance. While necessity of reaction formation has a high importance for all operations in a competitive environment, it is an inevitable fact that highly negative effect of the non-reaction affects the financial and growing performance of the business. In conclusion, it came out that Blue Ocean Strategy directly affects the business performance and that corporations try to wait for an opportunity and try to increase the business skills in an ambiguous competitive environment.

Research on Professionalized Operation and Management Model for Large and Medium Biogas Projects

On the basis of analysis of domestic and inland management models for biogas projects, this article has learned experience from foreign experiences on operation and management of biogas projects. The key factor for medium and large biogas projects is professionalized operation and Specialized company who is an agency by agreement of the project investor. The new professionalized model manages biogas projects in comprehensive and systematic manner as per market demand, and provides efficient compressive services so that biogas projects could produce maximum social, economic, environmental and biological benefits. Thus, the new model which caters for requirements of market economy is a highly efficient vibrant modern management model for biogas industry. According to case analysis results, Hunan HuiMing Environmental Protection Energy Corporation is an experienced company that could be employed to operate and manage large and medium biogas projects.

New Public Management and the Conceptual Upheaval of Human Resource Management

During the last decades of the 20th century most world states, Lithuania being one of them, started different reforms of a public sector that were aimed at transforming M.Weber’s described ideal, legislative and rational bureaucracy and increasing the effectiveness of public institutions and their activity. According to the theorists of these reforms (Osborne, Gaebler, 1992; Hughes, 1998; Pollitt, Bouckaert, 2003), inflexible, centralized bureaucracies developed during industrial periods have become ineffective and unproductive; moreover, they cannot function effectively and successfully in a rapidly changing knowledge society and economy. Thus, they should be changed into more flexible, result oriented, modern management models developing the partnership of public and private sectors (Skietrys, Raipa, Bartkus, 2008). This aspiration is the main stimulus to turn to a business sector under the market conditions and to base on New Public Management (NPM) modernizing the structures of administration culture taking into account the challenges of the time under consideration. NPM ideas and their introduction are directly linked with human resources (HR) of public institutions. HR is the main and most valuable asset that is managed by the institutions of a public sector. Activity effectiveness depends on it. According to M. Armstrong (2006), human resource management (HRM) is a strategic, complex approach to the most important aspect of an organization, i.e. to people who individually and collectively support the realization of organizational objectives. This approach explains the fact that HR is the main factor of any changes having its culture and aspirations that can stimulate or hinder changes related to the change from public administration (PA) to NPM. In order to achieve a consecutive turn, the system of HRM is of the utmost importance as well as its conformity to NPM requirements that witness the change of principles (Storey, 2001). Thus, this change is a process that requires objective and full assessment of the present HRM that would help to reveal the obstacles of the change and would offer development directions. NPM is a new way, however, some of public sector models have already been tried. Their analysis is closely related with some researches (Pollitt, 1993, 2003; Osborne, Gaebler, 1992; Wilson, 2004, Boston, 1991; Hughes, 1998; Hood, 1991; Kettl, 2000; Massey,1993; Peters, Waterman, 1982; Peters, 2003; and others). Much attention is devoted to Weber’s ideal bureaucracy model and its criticism that has been aimed at opposing public choice and “managerialism” theories (Aucoin, 1990; Reichard, 1992; Schedler, 1995; Budaus, Gruning, 1998). However, both management practice and theory hold that there exists some succession between the new and the old, and this aspect should be taken into account. Lithuanian researchers also stress this fact (Puskorius, 2002; Raipa, 2001; Domarkas, 2004). Mention is made about an intermediate case of a public sector reform (Domarkas, 2004), the necessity of political changes (Zidonis, Sudnickas, 2005), the models of effective activity development (Christauskas, Marcinkeviciute, Petrauskiene, 2007). There are research works that deal with public sector institutions, different aspects of HRM and their changes (Thom, Ritz, 2004; Manning, Parison, 2002;Fleming, 2000; Larsen, Brewster, 2003; Rabin, 2003, Renwick, 2003; OECD, 2005). Lithuanian researchers of a public sector base their approaches on western theories and models while analyzing HRM (Barsauskiene, 2002; Vienazindiene, 2009; Siugzdiniene, 2008; Chlivickas, 2005; Domarkas, 2002; Raipa, 2003; Velicka, Minkevicius, 2005; Juraleviciene, 2003; Ciarniene et al., 2007; Tijunaitiene, Neverauskas, Balciunas, 2009; Gustas, 2003, Cesnuleviciene, Lakis, 2002 and others) They emphasize Lithuanian peculiarities. In spite of a wide range of researches, HRM change from public administration (PA) to NPM is analized rather fragmentary; they lack the system approach that could reveal the cognition of this phenomenon, i.e. its research methodology showing HR change from PA to NPM. This article is aimed at presenting a research methodology and its application in practice, and the use of the results obtained is clearly demonstrated in the field of HRM development.