Modern Medical Science Research Articles

Musculoskeletal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Revisited – Does Tesla of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Machines Matter?

The field of modern medical science has been revolutionized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which is the preferred modality for the investigation of a whole spectrum of musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions. MRI is a careful interplay between the temporal, spatial, and contrast resolution which forms the foundation for its improved diagnostic performance and value. There are a lot of aspects that improve the image quality and diagnostic performance, however, a higher magnet strength of 3-Tesla has the biggest impact within the current diagnostic range. However various advancements in the hardware and software parameters such as multichannel multi-phased array coils, advanced gradient systems and better post processing techniques have significantly improved image quality at 1.5T scanners as well. All the leading manufacturers offer MRI systems with a higher field strength of 3T which are increasingly being used in recent clinical settings. Scanning at 3T has the advantage of a better signal-to-noise ratio which translates into better spatial and temporal resolution with the added advantage of faster acquisition. Challenges of 3T scanning include higher magnetic susceptibility, chemical shift, and higher radiofrequency energy deposition. This is particularly important in the presence of orthopedic implants because of the two-fold increase in susceptibility artifacts resulting in significant periprosthetic signal loss, signal displacements with voids and pileups, and failed spectral fat suppression. Various modifications are needed to minimize the artifacts at 3T scanners to better utilize the improved spatial and contrast resolution achieved as a result of scanning at a higher field strength. This review discusses the technical features of scanning at 1.5 and 3T scanners along with their clinical implications and diagnostic usefulness in MSK imaging.

Relevance and justification of sublobar resection in early peripheral non-small cell lung cancer in the era of dominance of lobectomy

Surgical treatment of lung cancer dates back to 1933, when the first pneumonectomy was performed to treat this disease. In 1952 pneumonectomy was replaced by lobectomy, which is currently the recognized global standard for operable NSCLC. Modern medical science has accumulated a huge body of clinical data, which allowed us to start a new milestone in the evolution of the surgical treatment of lung tumors, namely, a decrease in the volume of the resection stage of the operation in some early forms of peripheral lung cancer. The article analyzes the results of a number of large-scale works presented in the world literature on this topic.

A Clinical Trial to Evaluate Efficacy of Dhatri Lauh in Management of Annadrava Shoola & Parinama Shoola W.s.r. to Peptic Ulcer

Annadrava Shoola and Parinama Shoola can be compared to Gastric Ulcer and Duodenal Ulcer as explained in modern medical science respectively. Annadrava Shoola shows the characteristic features of Pain before, during the digestion and after the digestion, while Parinama Shoola shows feature of pain during the digestion of food. Disorders related to the digestive system are more on the rise due to the faulty diet and a example of one such condition is peptic ulcer. Peptic ulcer disease is an ulcer (mucosal erosion) of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract that is usually acidic and thus extremely painful. Peptic ulcer is a worldwide problem and its prevalence in India is quite high. Recent studies suggest approximately 40% of adults at some times of their lives get affected by peptic ulcer. It is true that modern medical science has grown up considerably, still it has to face a big question mark in so far as some miserable problems are concerned. The problem selected for this work is one among them. Considering the solemnity and incidence of the disease, the present study is aimed to observe Efficacy of Trial Drug Dhatri Lauh in clinically Diagnosed cases of Annadrava Shoola and Parinama Shoola.

EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF MARMA CHIKITSA ALONG WITH AYURVEDIC MEDICATION IN AVABAHUKA (FROZEN SHOULDER)- A CASE STUDY

In the fast-developing technological era, most diseases may not be life-threatening but hamper day-to-day life and human productivity. Avabahuka is one of those diseases which is painful and affects the normal routine life of an individual. In Ayurveda, frozen shoulders can be compared to Avabahuka. It is a condition associated with pain & stiffness of the shoulder resulting in restricted movement of the shoulder. It is one among the Vata Vyadhi which affects the normal functioning of the upper limbs. The term Avabahuka was first coined by Acharya Sushruta when he described the Samprapti (Pathogenesis) and Rupa (Symptom) of Avabahuka. In Avabahuka, vitiated Vata resides in Ansadesha leading to Shoola, Stambha, and Bahupraspandahara. Marma therapy is the manipulation of subtle energy (prana) in the body for the purpose of supporting the healing process. Marmas are vital points in the body having important surgical procedures and traumatic effects. It is also known as Ayurvedic Acupressure. Modern medical science has limitations in the management of frozen Shoulder. Marma Chikitsa plays an important role in musculoskeletal disorders. Hence a case study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Marma Chikitsa with some Ayurvedic medicine which showed significant improvement in the frozen shoulder.

SIGNIFICANCE OF VYADHIKSHAMATVA W.S.R TO IMMUNITY: A REVIEW

Ayurveda is the science of life. The two primary aims of Ayurveda is to maintain the health of a healthy person and to help a diseased person to be healthy and stay healthy. Vyadhikshamatava means the resistance power of the body against disease or the defensive system of the body many years ago, our Acharyas mentioned this defence system, which we know as the immunity system in modern medical science. The far most aim of Ayurveda is to prevent the disease. Vyadhikshamatva was first defined by Acharya Chakarpani in a very scientific manner. One of the fundamental principles of Ayurveda is Vyadhikshamatva. Concept of “Vyadhikshamatva” The term Vyadhikshamatva is made of two words Vyadhi and Kshamatva. The term Vyadhi meaning is to harm, injure, damage, or hurt. The word Kshamatva means to compose, suppress, anger, keep quiet, to resist. So, the word "Vyadhikshamatva" means to be patient towards resisting the disease. The term Vyadhikshamatva denotes the resistance power of the body. Also, in another term, it indicates that its body once is being encountered some disease, it will not allow the disease to be manifested because of possessing a specific resistance power for the prevention of disease, Ayurveda has advocated the adherence to concepts like Dina Charya, Ritu Charya, Na Vega Dhaaran, etc. The two main purposes of Ayurveda is to preserve the health of a healthy person and to treat the diseased person. Ayurveda suggests that prevention is an equally important feature of disease management as a cure and thus, strengthening the immune system, is a natural way to help the body fight against the disease our Acharyas advocated the use of Rasayana (Rejuvenation) to enhance Ojas and Vyadhikshamatva (Immunity) The word immunity means of protection form an infectious disease.

Truptighna mahakashaya is the remedy for Functional Dyspepsia

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a clinical condition that brings the patient to the doctor with a wide range of symptoms. Many patients go on changing the consultants thinking that they are suffering with a complicated disease. The prevalence of FD is 20% worldwide. But, in India, the prevalence of FD ranges from 7-49% as per data published in one of the studies. Modern medical science treats the condition with PPI, H2 blockers, prokinetic drugs, Probiotics and many more to provide symptomatic relief. Likewise, Ayurveda, an age old health care system of India has developed its own way of treating this condition based on symptoms. Charaka has classified 500 drugs in 50 groups known as Maha kashaya. Each group of Maha kashaya consists of 10 drugs. Among these groups, a class known as Truptighna maha kashaya contains those drugs that relieve the early satiety and abdominal discomfort. But, the interesting fact is that these drugs have additional pharmacological actions that can be utilized to bring relief to the patients of FD of modern era. The drugs have 11 prominent actions that help relieving the symptoms and also prevent the complication of the condition. This class becomes a good alternative, appropriate, well-meant, nicely formulated remedy for functional dyspepsia.

C.N.S. Protective Drugs: An Overview

Although regulatory authorities presently authorize extremely few drugs for dealing with multifactorial conditions and conditions of cognition such as Alzheimer's, specific plant-derived agents, consisting of, for instance, galantamine and rivastigmine (a semi-synthetic derivative of physostigmine) finding an application in contemporary medicine. However, in Ayurveda, the Indian traditional system of medicine which is more than 5000 years of ages, selected plants have long been categorized as 'Medhyarasayanas,' from the Sanskrit words 'Medhya,' indicating intellect or cognition, and 'Rasayana,' implying 'rejuvenation.' These plants are utilized both in natural and traditional medicine and offer advantages that pharmaceutical drugs do not have. The article is an attempt to examine the most critical medical plants, consisting of Vacha (Acorus calamus), Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Vidhara (Argyreia Nervosa), Shankhapushpi (Convolvulus prostratus), Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus), Mandukaparni (Centella Asiatica), Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri), Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus) which are extensively used for their reputed effectiveness in C.N.S. conditions. This paper’s main aim is to explore C.N.S. Protective drugs or Medhya Rasayana mentioned in Ayurvedic classical textbooks concerning modern science mode of actions and to study the mechanism of the C.N.S. protective drugs. The source for this study is collected from classical Ayurvedic books and commentaries, modern medical science textbooks, and different articles from Pubmed, D.H.A.R.A., Google Scholar, etc. Various Medhya Rasayana mentioned in Ayurvedic texts have potent qualities to enhance memory and relieve medical illnesses related to C.N.S., whether it is related to mental or sensory problems. So, various safe and natural remedies are available in Ayurveda; long-term or short-term mental health can be recovered without any life-threatening complication.

Evaluation of Using Medicinal and Aromatic Plants by Healthcare Professionals During the Coronavirus Pandemic (Covid-19) Period

Bu çalışmada, Covid-19 (Kovid-19) pandemisine karşı sağlık çalışanları tarafından, geleneksel olarak kullanılan tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma tanımlayıcı modelde tasarlanmış olup 10 Temmuz-31 Aralık 2021 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Türkiye’deki sağlık çalışanları araştırma evrenini oluşturup basit rastgele örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında, alan uzmanlarınca hazırlanan yarı yapılandırılmış anket formu kullanılmıştır. Demografik bilgiler ve tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler olmak üzere iki kısımdan oluşan anket, Google forms üzerinden online olarak uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 24 paket programı kullanılmış, yüzdelik ve frekans hesaplamaları yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya, Türkiye genelinde 1320 sağlık çalışanı katılmış olup, katılımcıların %55’i kadın, %45’i erkektir, meslek gruplarına göre dağılımı; %18’i hemşire, %16’sı sağlık memuru, %12’si hekim, %10’u ATT, %9’u paramedik, %9’u ebe, %8’i tıbbi sekreter, %7’si eczacı, %6’sı psikolog ve %5’i diğer (sosyal çalışmacı, müdür, diş hekimi vs.) şeklindedir. Çalışma sonucuna göre; sağlık çalışanlarının %77’si Covid-19 pandemisinde tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerin tamamen ve kısmen etkili olduğuna inandığını belirtmiş ve bunların %63’ü şifalı bitkileri kullanmıştır. Kullanılan bitkiler içinde kekik/Origanum sp. (%99), narenciye/Citrus sp. (%94) ve sarımsak/Allium sativum (%93) en yüksek düzeyde tercih edilmiştir. Tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerin kullanımı hakkındaki bilgilerin en çok sosyal medya (%99) aracılığıyla elde edildiği görülmüştür. Katılımcıların %94’ü bitkileri aktardan temin etmiştir. Bitkiler daha çok demlenerek (%99) ve çiğ gıda (%91) şeklinde tüketilmektedir. Bu süreçte tıbbi ve aromatik bitki kullananların %63’ü Covid-19’a yakalanmadığını bildirmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Covid-19 sürecinde sağlık çalışanlarının büyük çoğunluğunun tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerin etkisine inandığı ve şifalı bitkileri kullanmayı tercih ettikleri ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bu çalışma modern tıp ilmi almış bireylerin tamamlayıcı tıbba olan bakışını yansıtması açısından önemli bir değere sahiptir.

Consolidation of Gold and Gadolinium Nanoparticles: An Extra Step towards Improving Cancer Imaging and Therapy

The multifactorial nature of cancer still classifies the disease as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Modern medical sciences are following an interdisciplinary approach that has been fueled by the nanoscale revolution of the past years. The exploitation of high-Z materials, in combination with ionizing or non-ionizing radiation, promises to overcome restrictions in medical imaging and to augment the efficacy of current therapeutic modalities. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have proven their value among the scientific community in various therapeutic and diagnostic techniques. However, the high level of multiparametric demands of AuNP experiments in combination with their biocompatibility and cytotoxicity levels remain crucial issues. Gadolinium NPs (GdNPs), have presented high biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and excellent hemocompatibility, and have been utilized in MRI-guided radiotherapy, photodynamic and photothermal therapy, etc. Τhe utilization of gadolinium bound to AuNPs may be a promising alternative that would reduce phenomena, such as toxicity, aggregation, etc., and could create a multimodal in vivo contrast and therapeutic agent. This review highlights multi-functionalization strategies against cancer where gold and gadolinium NPs are implicated. Their experimental applications and limitations of the past 5 years will be analyzed in the hope of enlightening the benefits and drawbacks of their proper combination.

The role of modified Pichha Basti in the management of Ulcerative Colitis - A Case Study

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease that causes inflammation and ulcer in digestive tract. UC affected the innermost lining of large intestine also called the colon and rectum. In most popular symptoms usually develop over time rather than suddenly. UC can be draining or sometimes lead to life threatening complication. While it has no know cure there are several new treatments that can greatly reduce sign and symptoms of the disease and bring about long term remission. In Ayurveda Raktaatisara, Pitajatisara, Parvahika and Grahani shows symptoms having resemble with UC like blood and bile mixed stool with excessive foul smell, burning sensation, suppuration of colon and anus, colic pain etc. Pichha Basti indicated in Parvahika, Grahani and Atisara by Acharya Charaka and Vagbatta. This Basti reduce inflammation due to its Grahi, Deepandravya and Picchila Guna. It also improves the function of Apanvata. In modern medical science many conventional medicines are used in ulcerative colitis some drug like mesalamine may give relief in sign and symptoms but this drug is not suitable due to their side effects. The patient gradually developed the following symptoms like bilateral joint pain in all major and minor joints, hair loss, reddish discoloration on bilateral medial aspect of thigh and hip etc.

A conceptual review of Artavavaha Srotas and its Viddha Lakshan

According to Ayurvedic Samhitas, Srotas is a structural and functional unit of the body. Srotas are the hollow spaces or channels which are responsible for any movement or transformation. There are many types of Srotas mention by Acharyas. Maharshi Charaka explains Srotas as a medicinal aspect and Maharshi Sushruta explains Srotas according to surgical aspect. Artavavaha Srotas is Antarmukh Srotas which are also known as Yogawahi Srotas. It is similar to the female reproductive system in modern medical science. As per Maharshi Sushruta, Artavavaha Srotas are two in number and their Moolsthana is Garbhashaya and Artavavahi Dhamanya. Any trauma to this Srotas causes Bhandhayatva (infertility), Artavanasha (amenorrhea) and Maithuna Asahishnuta (dyspareunia). In this study description of Ayurvedic concept along with discussion regarding the patho-clinical perspective of Artavavaha Srotas and its Viddha Lakshan in light of modern science.

Osteogenic sarcoma - clinical cases in the practice of a children's orthopedist and surgeon

Despite the significant achievements of modern medical science, oncological diseases pose great difficulties regarding the etiology, timely diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these ailments. Early diagnosis of tumors is the main task facing doctors. Our clinical observations over the past 5 years have shown that all children with tumors sought medical help late with advanced forms. Therefore, our task is to convey to a wide range of pediatric specialists, and not only, information that will help to recognize tumors as early as possible. Time is of crucial importance - whether the child will live or not. The given typical clinical cases should alert you to the recognition of tumors. Unfortunately, the markers of osteogenic sarcoma have not been developed at the moment, so clinical signs play an extremely important role in recognizing this disease.

Философияның медицина студенттерінің рухани ізденісін дамытудағы маңыздылығы

The main factors in the upbringing of a personality are education and educative work in the family and educational institutions, therefore, the correct organization of its processes in the formation of spirituality is of particular importance. When improving the special training of medical scientists, it is very important to radically change their humanitarian training, especially in all possible consequences of the results of research and practical activities, to increase in their minds the philosophical culture of thinking and personal moral responsibility. It is necessary to determine the significance of the science of philosophy for modern students – for future doctors studying modern medical sciences. In the presented work, we tried to prove the importance and significance of philosophical science for future doctors, since philosophy provides broad universal knowledge about the sociocultural reality surrounding us, helps a person to understand his place and role in the world. This article is written in order to determine the purpose, significance, impact and knowledge of the subject of philosophy for medical students. In the course of the definition, the experiments and studies carried out, the topics and works carried out in the subject of philosophy, as well as the thoughts of students related to a particular topic are shown. In general, in the course of writing the article, we tried to get answers to the questions of what role the subject of philosophy plays for medical students, whether it has its advantages in everyday personal and professional life, whether it has its pros and cons. The scientific and pedagogical foundations for the formation of the spirituality of the younger generation are the core of our research.

On some issues of medical semiotics

Very few works are devoted to the problem of medical semiotics, meanwhile, modern medical science, having received new research methods, expanding knowledge about diseases and the human body, continuously introduces new concepts, terms, indicators. Their integration into the general context of medical semiotics is an important problem. A significant difficulty is the large volume of symptoms, syndromes currently accumulated in medicine. This article is devoted to the transformation of empirical medical semiotics into analytical one. The authors, relying on the apparatus of theoretical semiotics, proposed a new classification of symptoms and the concept of the meaning of symptoms. These approaches make it possible to make all the array of medical symptoms available for use by a doctor and to diagnose diseases based on a logically consistent and modeling human thinking algorithm. The article outlines a further program for the improvement and development of medical semiotics.

Role of Panchakarma in Non- Communicable Diseases

The global burden of non-communicable diseases is increasing rapidly, and adopting a healthy lifestyle is an important strategy to combat it. Ayurveda can play an essential role in this regard, as the main aim of Ayurveda is to prevent diseases by following a healthy lifestyle. However, to implement such traditional knowledge (that is based on a healthy lifestyle). Principles of Ayurveda) in actual practice, a systematic process should be followed. Ayurveda is a traditional system of medicine that applies holistic principles that primarily focus on personal health. Ayurveda originated in India and is one of the oldest healthcare traditions. Ayurveda is often known as the "science of life" because "Ayu" in Sanskrit means life, and "Veda" means science or knowledge. Vagbhatt's Ashtanga Haridyama, Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita (400 BC - 200 AD) and Ashtanga Hrudayam contain detailed descriptions of over 700 herbs and 6,000 sutras. This systematic process must involve serious research (i.e., development and evaluation). Ayurvedic-based lifestyle interventions) and behavioural change. This article explains the importance of Panchakarma therapies or procedures mentioned in Ayurvedic classical textbooks and their implementations to counter Non- Communicable Diseases. As a result, there is a greater goal to accomplish. Traditional knowledge of Ayurveda is found in actual practice that is useful for society. The aim is to explore and seek solutions or treatment options available in Ayurvedic classical texts for Non-Communicable diseases. The source for this study is collected from classical Ayurvedic books and commentaries, modern medical science textbooks and different articles from Pubmed, DHARA, GoogleScholar etc. Exploration of various Panchakarma procedures or therapies described in Ayurvedic classical texts helps us better understand pathologies of Non- Communicable diseases from their root causes and allow us to understand how potent Panchakarma therapies have a healthy influence to counter Non- Communicable diseases.

Clinical efficacy of Paribhadradi Pralepa on Sandhigata Vata (Osteoarthritis)

On the basis of symptomatology Sandhigata Vata has resemblance with osteoarthritis (OA) in modern medical science. In Ayurveda, symptoms of Sandhigata Vata are described as Hanti Sandhigati (restricted movements), Sandhi Shoola (joint pain), Sandhi Shotha (joint swelling or oedema), and Prasarana Akumcana Janya Vedana (pain in flexion and extention of the joints). It mainly affects weight bearing joints of the body especially hip and knee joints and mainly associated with aging, physical occupational activities and obesity. Paribhadradi Pralepa is a traditional preparation practiced at Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurveda Teaching Hospital, Yakkala, Sri Lanka in treatment of Sandhigata Vata with successful results. So far, no known scientific study has conducted to evaluate the effect of Paribhadradi Pralepa in Sandhigata Vata. Hence, the present study was carried out. The clinical trial was conducted on 60 patients belonging to the age group of 35 to 60 years old. The prepared Pralepa was recommended to apply in the night for a period of fourteen days continuously. Severity of signs and symptoms were assessed before, during and after completion of the treatment using specially prepared grading scale. The reduction of clinical features was also assessed after two weeks of follow up period. Results were analyzed statistically and reduction of symptoms was statistically significant. It is concluded that Paribhadradi Pralepa is effective in management of Sandhigata Vata.

ASSESSMENT OF DADRU BASED ON DASHAVIDHA PARIKSHA

Dadru is described under kustha in Ayurvedic Samhitas. It is included under kshudra kustha by Acharya Charaka. Acharya Sushruta and Vagbhata included it under maha kustha. Dashavidha pariksha comes under the aatur desha. In dashavidha pariksha, ten points are examined to access the roga and rogi bala. These points are prakriti, vikriti, sara, samhanana, parmana, satmaya, satwa, aaharshakti, vyayam shakti, vaya. Assessment of Dadru with the help of dashavidha pariksha. The conceptual study, i.e., reviews of Ayurvedic and modern medical science literature related to Dadru. A total of 50 patients between the age group of 16-70 years were selected. The predominant age group was 31-60 years. No patient of pravar twak sara was registered in the study; the maximum number of patients were madhyamam samhanana, madhyamam pramana, madhyamam satmya, madhyamam sattva, madhyamam aahar shakti, and madhyamam vyayam shakti. Kapha and pitta dosha are mainly dominating in Dadru. The disease is kruchasadhya. The avara twak sara person is affected primarily in Dadru. Most of the patients registered in the study had madhyamam samhanan, madhyamam parmana, and madhyamam vyayam shakti. The disease occurs mainly in the person who takes ati amla and ati lavan food. The patients who were for study have madhyamam sattva and madhyamam aahara shakti, kandu, raga and mandal present in all patients.

Neurological, psychiatric and psychosocial consequences of cardiosurgical interventions in the conditions of artificial blood circulation and general approaches to their prevention

Cardiac surgery is a modern, effective, and promising direction of treatment of patients with severe cardiac pathology. An integral component of modern surgical interventions on the heart is artificial blood circulation, which is accompanied by several risks for the patient both during the operation and in the postoperative period. Despite the improvement of the surgical technique and the technological support of sur- gical interventions on the heart, the expansion of the spectrum of indications for operations and the increase in the average age of patients, the frequency of postoperative complications in CPH remains high, and the search for ways to reduce them is an extremely important task of modern medical science and practice. Among the postoperative complications of CVC, a significant place belongs to neurologi- cal disorders cerebral infarction, postoperative encephalopathy, and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Also, negative clinical-psychopathological and psychosocial consequences occupy a significant place. Current scientific data on the pathogenesis, clinical and phenomenologi- cal features, and ways of treatment and prevention of complications of CHD are incomplete, contra dictory, and require additional research. Based on the above, a conclusion was made about the relevance of a number of important problems regarding the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with neurological consequences of surgical interventions on the heart, which require careful study and further resolution.

Modern aspects of immune protection of the middle ear in the pathogenesis of acute otitis media and its complications

The relevance of the study is due to the need for an extended search for information on the current state of the problem of acute otitis media in adults based on the experience of Ukrainian and foreign authors. The aim of our research: To analyze the world experience on the etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis of acute otitis media in adults. Materials and methods: 125 modern literature sources of electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, MED-LINE, U.S. National Library of Medicine Clinical Trials, Research Gate and Cochrane Library. Introduction: The problem of otitis media as a component of the problem of inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract remains relevant in modern medicine, based on its incidence and prevalence in the structure of otolaryngological diseases. Despite the achievements of modern medical science, these indicators remain consistently substantial, which determines the relevance of further research to improve diagnosis and treatment. Results: By conducting a bibliographic method of research it was found that most scientific articles are devoted to the problem of acute otitis media in children, while the problem of acute otitis media in adults is not sufficiently studied. Clinical and experimental studies have established that the function of immune protection of the middle ear is present at almost all physiological levels from epithelial cells to intracellular nuclear factor. This function is realized through the messengers of the cytokine network. Among the pool of cytokines, IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α are important for the pathogenesis of acute otitis media. One of the features of the immune defense is a clear succession of stages of inflammation with its own features at each stage. It is shown that each of the links of immune defense (including cytokines) is able to detect (in case of discrepancy in strength and time) a negative effect with the maintenance or intensification of inflammation. The data of experimental analysis of pathomorphological changes in the middle ear depending on the duration of the disease are presented. It is also shown that the issue of complicated course (in particular mastoiditis) is still relevant. The role of acute otitis media in the deveopment of intracranial complications (meningitis) has been established. The significance of comorbidity for the pathogenesis of acute otitis media and the role of diabetes mellitus in the structure of comorbidity was proved. The main factors of reducing the effectiveness of diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis media are convincingly outlined: the multifactorial nature of the etiology, the peculiarities of immune protection and the tendency of otopathogens to evade the host's immune response, the importance of comorbid pathology in adult pat ients with ENT diseases. A certain number of literature sources are devoted to the features of the course of acute otitis media in diabetes mellitus. The shortcoming identified by the results of the analysis of literature sources: the lack of research on the peculiarities of the clinic and diagnosis of acute otitis media in adults, especially in the setting of comorbid pathology, primarily type 2 diabetes mellitus, indicates the relevance of further research on this problem.

TRANSHUMANIST FUTURE OF THE INFORMATION SOCIETY: PRESERVATION OF HUMAN NATURE AND SPIRITUALITY

The article examines the prospects of human existence in the society of the future based on certain trends of its development in the modern digital society. Based on the analysis of literary sources of information, it has been concluded that the modern information society transforms a person into a certain type of machine for processing information, since he loses the meaning of his being, ceases to be a spiritual being. It is shown that the greatest threat to the possible reconstruction of human nature is modern medical science, which will be able to turn a person into a cyborg in the future. The possibility of influencing the human brain by physical factors in order to obtain the desired properties is considered.