Modern Measurement Methods Research Articles

The Effect of UAV Usage on Detail Points in Cadastre Update Studies: Çorum-Karaköy Case Study

In Turkey, cadastral studies to determine the position, areas, and legal status of the real estate parcels have been carried out for a period of approximately 100 years by various laws, measurement methods, measurement instruments, and substrates. In Turkey, it is necessary to update 40% of the existing parcels because of problems such as produced cadastral substrates that do not reflect the ground structure, inadequate standards for technical reasons, and insufficient spatial data for the establishment of systems. The technical part of the studies for the cadastral update is carried out by the use of modern measurement methods and advanced technological devices, with the contribution of the private sector by the tender procedure. The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), which is one of the technological devices, can provide three-dimensional appearance and accuracy, the ability to interpret the land, and time reduction in the studies for cadastral updates. In this study, the contribution of data obtained by a UAV to the detailed studies was investigated for 56 parcels on a cadastral island that has an area of 24.71 ha for the renewal of cadastral parcels related to Karaköy Village of Çorum Province, Osmancık District. The number of detail points determined by the classical method was 392, while the number of detail points determined by the UAV was 682.

Современные методы измерений как инструмент повышения результативности управления качеством

Современные методы измерений как инструмент повышения результативности управления качеством

СИСТЕМНЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К НОРМИРОВАНИЮ ТРУДА: КАК ПРИМЕНЯТЬ

The article discusses relevant issues related to the need for constant reducing production costs, reviving the work measurement system at enterprises and organizations and increasing competitiveness in the domestic and foreign markets. The aim of the work is to define system approaches to work measurement based on modern measurement methods and identifying best practices. The article discusses different approaches to work measurement, common both in Russia and in developed countries. Market transformations are leading to an increase in the labor intensity of hired personnel. Decentralization in the development of labor standards in a market economy has led to stronger democracy in enterprise management, which aligns that the most important social and labor interests of the employer and the worker. In this regard, new approaches to the study of labor costs and production efficiency have appeared. The research by the European Association of National Productivity Centers and the MTM Association has shown that in recent years entrepreneurs in most developed countries have expanded the scope of labor standards in all industries. The authors used the methods of content analysis of scientific literature and Internet sources.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the French version of the credibility/expectancy questionnaire. Further insights into the measured concepts and their relationships

IntroductionTreatment credibility and patient expectancy of improvement have been increasingly considered in clinical research. ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to carry out the cross-cultural validation of a French-language version of the credibility/expectancy questionnaire (CEQ), to further document the psychometric properties of the CEQ, and to add to the empirical data concerning the concepts of credibility and expectancy. MethodsThe process followed up-to-date guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation and included extensive psychometric validation. Accurate translation and cross-cultural equivalence of the questionnaire's basic concepts were assessed by a multidisciplinary expert committee. Reliability and validity were evaluated in a cohort of 209 consecutive patients referred to health psychologists for psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. ResultsThe French CEQ was found to be well understood and acceptable. It demonstrated excellent reproducibility, consistency and factorial validity, confirming the 2-factor model separating credibility from expectancy of the original CEQ. The use of modern measurement methods indicated that the CEQ scales satisfy the important characteristics of unidimensionality and invariance across age and gender. ConclusionThe French CEQ can be used for French-speaking populations in various studies to evaluate both credibility and expectancy for improvement. However, the questionnaire's sensitivity to change should be further confirmed before it can be safely used in longitudinal studies. The study also confirms the close relation between credibility and expectancy but substantiates differences large enough to justify separate measurement of the two components of the questionnaire.

Evaluation of safety and arduousness of work conditions of feller with use of modern measurement methods

Evaluation of safety and arduousness of work conditions of feller with use of modern measurement methods. An analysis of issues relating to the subject of widely understood science of ergonomics is shown. Considerations of the authors concentrate on the assessment of arduousness of work of a worker in the workplace of a feller with special consideration of modern measurement methods implementation. The article also aims at establishing whether Body Media Sense Wear device and POLAR V800 with Polar Flow software are useful in monitoring of physical activity parameters of wood industry workers while diagnosing strain of their work.

Measuring with noise? We can do better!

It has long been established that correlation-based measurement techniques, using, e.g., maximum length sequences and swept sines, outperform classical methods based on random Gaussian noise. Among the advantages of these modern techniques are better rejection of background noise and reduced measurement duration to achieve similar or better precision. These advantages are especially interesting in room and building acoustics, where many measurement positions typically have to be covered and background noise is often an issue, especially when measuring sound transmission loss or velocity level differences. Unfortunately, there is currently no provision in the ASTM standards on room and building acoustics that would allow the use of these modern measurement methods. To demonstrate the advantages of these methods, this contribution will present an example of measurements of the apparent sound transmission loss, i.e., measurements of sound pressure level differences and reverberation times. In addition to the standardized measurements according to ASTM E336, all measurements were repeated with maximum length sequences and swept sines. The results will be compared and the advantages of the modern techniques will be highlighted.

Analysis of railway track geometry measurement methods usability

Precise information of railway tracks geometry is necessary to design alignment project. Geodetic measurements are the most common method of determining this information and sags of arch direct measurement are the traditional and still popular measurement method. Development of geodetic measurements techniques made possible to use another methods such as tacheometry, GNSS, and new methods based on mobile measurement devices. Series of experiments were conducted to set the practical usability of selected modern measurement methods to design track alignment project. The experimental measurements were performed on the 3 km long two-track railway fragment. Following methods were used during the test measurements: sags of arch direct measurement, tacheometry with total station, GNSS, automated methods with the use of a trolley system. Above mentioned measurement methods were compared taking into account time and labour consumption, range of geometric data, measurement equipment cost, reliability and accuracy of surveying procedure. Because of different data types are delivered with various methods, sags of arch were used for comparison of accuracy. Comparison of geometrical data obtained with analysed methods allowed to formulate conclusions concerning practical usability those methods for track alignment project development.

The French PROMIS-29. Psychometric validation and population reference values.

PROMIS-29 is a new generic standardized questionnaire measuring self-reported health status. It was developed as part of the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) in the United States. The objective of this study was to carry out the psychometric validation of a French-language version of PROMIS-29 and to establish general population reference values for France. Quota sampling was conducted by an independent polling company (Ipsos) to obtain a general population sample (n=1,501) representative with regards to: gender, age, occupation, region, and population density of the place of residence. Data collected included the results of the questionnaires PROMIS-29 and Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), the presence of selected chronic diseases, and socio-demographic information. The French PROMIS-29 demonstrated excellent factorial validity, confirming the 7-factor model of the original PROMIS-29. The use of modern measurement methods indicated that the PROMIS-29 scales satisfy the important characteristics of unidimensionality and, for five of the seven composite scales, invariance across age, educational level and gender. Gender and age specific (10-year intervals) reference values were generated for PROMIS-29 use in France. The French version of PROMIS-29 is a valid and reliable measure of self-reported health status in the French population. The instrument's sensitivity to change needs to be evaluated before its use in longitudinal studies can be recommended.

Modern measurement methods in strength tests of sigma thin-walled steel beams

In the paper the modern measurement methods of structural deformation using GOM optical measuring systems based on digital image processing were presented. First part of the work demonstrates the results of measurement of initial geometrical imperfections of steel structural elements using the Tritop optical 3D coordinate measuring machine. The method of preparation of sigma type steel beams with a height of 200 mm, a flange width of 70 mm and a wall thickness of 2 mm is presented. Afterwards, the subsequent stages of measurements and the method of reading the obtained results and their interpretation are described. The next step presents a test stand designed to perform strength tests of thin-walled sigma beams in a four-point bending scheme. In addition, the method of preparation of beam’s surface to measurement of 3D using the Aramis system and electrofusion strain gauges is presented. The deformation values obtained for three sigma-type steel beams were compared with respect of two mentioned measurement methods. The final conclusions and recommendations regarding the methodology of geometry and strain measurement using optical measuring systems complete the work.

Evaluation of Terrestrial Laser Scanner Accuracy in the Control of Hydrotechnical Structures

Abstract In many cases of monitoring or load testing of hydrotechnical structures, the measurement results obtained from dial gauges may be affected by random or systematic errors resulting from the instability of the reference beam. For example, the measurement of wall displacement or pile settlement may be increased (or decreased) by displacements of the reference beam due to ground movement. The application of surveying methods such as high-precision levelling, motorized tacheometry or even terrestrial laser scanning makes it possible to provide an independent reference measurement free from systematic errors. It is very important in the case of walls and piles embedded in the rivers, where the construction of reference structure is even more difficult than usually. Construction of an independent reference system is also complicated when horizontal testing of sheet piles or diaphragm walls are considered. In this case, any underestimation of the horizontal displacement of an anchored or strutted construction leads to an understated value of the strut’s load. These measurements are even more important during modernization works and repairs of the hydrotechnical structures. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the possibilities of using modern measurement methods for monitoring of horizontal displacements of an excavation wall. The methods under scrutiny (motorized tacheometry and terrestrial laser scanning) have been compared to classical techniques and described in the context of their practical use on the example hydrotechnical structure. This structure was a temporary cofferdam made from sheet pile wall. The research continuously conducted at Wroclaw University of Science and Technology made it possible to collect and summarize measurement results and practical experience. This paper identifies advantages and disadvantages of both analysed methods and presents a comparison of obtained measurement results of horizontal displacements. In conclusion, some recommendations have been formulated, which are relevant from the point of view of engineering practice.

Vertical Displacements Analysis of Measurements Achieved by Laser Station

Measurements of vertical displacements using geodetic methods consist in the determination of changes in the location of reference points on the object or of its whole components. Such measurements require a high accuracy which can be ensured by the application of appropriate measuring instruments and measurement technologies. Modern measurement methods enable us to undertake tasks which traditional methods could not handle, and the required precision is guaranteed. This article describes an analysis of measurements of vertical displacements taken by means of a coordinate laser station, Leica TDRA 6000, as an alternative for measurements performed by precise levelling. An original approach to the stabilisation of measurement points is presented and technical guidelines for measurements are provided. An analysis of the data obtained from the measurements allowed us to formulate conclusions regarding the measurement technology in question and the accuracy of the results.

Prospects for the domestic production of large-sized cast blades and vanes for industrial gas turbines

Russian experience in the production of large-sized cast blades and vanes for industrial gas turbines is analyzed for the past decades. It is noted that the production of small- and medium-sized blades and vanes made of Russian alloys using technologies for aviation, marine, and gas-pumping turbines cannot be scaled for industrial gas turbines. It is shown that, in order to provide manufacturability under large-scale casting from domestic nickel alloys, it is necessary to solve complex problems in changing their chemical composition, to develop new casting technologies and to optimize the heat treatment modes. An experience of PAO NPO Saturn in manufacturing the blades and vanes made of ChS88U-VI and IN738-LC foundry nickel alloys for the turbines of the GTE-110 gas turbine unit is considered in detail. Potentialities for achieving adopted target parameters for the mechanical properties of working blades cast from ChS88UM-VI modified alloy are established. For the blades made of IN738-LC alloy manufactured using the existing foundry technology, a complete compliance with the requirements of normative and technical documentation has been established. Currently, in Russia, the basis of the fleet of gas turbine plants is composed by foreign turbines, and, for the implementation of the import substitution program, one can use the positive experience of PAO NPO Saturn in casting blades from IN738-LC alloy based on a reverse engineering technique. A preliminary complex of studies of the original manufacturer’s blades should be carried out, involving, first of all, the determination of geometric size using modern measurement methods as well as the studies on the chemical compositions of the used materials (base metal and protective coatings). Further, verifying the constructed calculation models based on the obtained data, one could choose available domestic materials that would meet the operating conditions of the blades according to their heat resistance and corrosion resistance.

How Alexander von Humboldt's life story can inspire innovative soil research in developing countries

Abstract. The pioneering vision of Alexander von Humboldt of science and society of the early 1800s is still highly relevant today. His open mind and urge to make many measurements characterizing the interconnected web of life are crucial ingredients as we now face the worldwide challenge of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Case studies in the Philippines, Vietnam, Kenya, Niger, and Costa Rica demonstrate, in Alexander's spirit, interaction with stakeholders and attention to unique local conditions, applying modern measurement and modeling methods and allowing inter- and transdisciplinary research approaches. But relations between science and society are increasingly problematic, partly as a result of the information revolution and post-truth, fact-free thinking. Overly regulated and financially restricted scientific communities in so-called developed countries may stifle intellectual creativity. Researchers in developing countries are urged to leapfrog these problems in the spirit of Alexander von Humboldt as they further develop their scientific communities. Six suggestions to the science community are made with particular attention to soil science. (The Humboldt lecture, presented by the 2017 recipient of the Alexander von Humboldt lecture, Johan Bouma, can be accessed at http://client.cntv.at/egu2017/ml1.)

In-flight wing deformation measurements on a glider

ABSTRACTFlight testing is both vital for collecting data for aeronautic research and at the same time fascinating for its contributors. Taking a glider as a versatile test bed example, this paper presents a transnational measurement campaign within the framework of a collaborative project funded by the European Commission. This project Advanced In-Flight Measurement Techniques 2 (AIM²) is a follow-up of Advanced In-Flight Measurement Techniques (AIM) and dedicated to developing and enhancing promising optical metrology for various flight test applications up to an industrial level.The Image Pattern Correlation Technique (IPCT) and infrared thermography (IRT) are two of these modern non-intrusive measurement methods that were further developed and applied to the glider test bed within the scope of AIM². Focusing on optical deformation measurements with IPCT the experimental setup, the flight testing and results are summarily discussed. Gliders are not commonly used flight test platforms, which is why this contribution concludes with some lessons learned in general and especially related to the presented application. The experience to be shared with the flight testing community addresses equipment preparation, data collection and processing as well as how to meet official requirements and perform test flight operations in a dense controlled airspace.

Optimization of end milling parameters and determination of the effects of edge profile for high surface quality of AISI H13 steel by using precise and fast measurements

This work researches end milling process parameters and also various coating effects on surface quality of the machined parts experimentally. It especially focuses on the effects of tip radius of the tools on the machined surface quality with modern and precise measurement techniques and methods. Taguchi, design of experiments method, was used to determine the optimum processing parameters like cutting speed and depth of cut. Additionally the best coating material which combined with different tool radiuses to obtain high surface quality for the end milling process of AISI H13 hot work steel were investigated. The conducted statistical tests were indicated that coating type is the most effective parameter for the surface roughness according to the selected parameters and their levels. The created mathematical model can explain the 0.90 proportion of the total variability in Ra, arithmetical average surface roughness parameter. High precisely captured optical images indicate tip radius wear effects on surface quality clearly.

The role of technical advances in the adoption and integration of patient-reported outcomes in clinical care.

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are gaining recognition as key measures for improving the quality of patient care in clinical care settings. Three factors have made the implementation of PROs in clinical care more feasible: increased use of modern measurement methods in PRO design and validation, rapid progression of technology (eg, touchscreen tablets, Internet accessibility, and electronic health records), and greater demand for measurement and monitoring of PROs by regulators, payers, accreditors, and professional organizations. As electronic PRO collection and reporting capabilities have improved, the challenges of collecting PRO data have changed. To update information on PRO adoption considerations in clinical care, highlighting electronic and technical advances with respect to measure selection, clinical workflow, data infrastructure, and outcomes reporting. Five practical case studies across diverse health care settings and patient populations are used to explore how implementation barriers were addressed to promote the successful integration of PRO collection into the clinical workflow. The case studies address selecting and reporting of relevant content, workflow integration, previsit screening, effective evaluation, and electronic health record integration. These case studies exemplify elements of well-designed electronic systems, including response automation, tailoring of item selection and reporting algorithms, flexibility of collection location, and integration with patient health care data elements. They also highlight emerging logistical barriers in this area, such as the need for specialized technological and methodological expertise, and design limitations of current electronic data capture systems.

Seasonal cycles of biogenic volatile organic compound fluxes and concentrations in a California citrus orchard

Abstract. Orange trees are widely cultivated in Mediterranean climatic regions where they are an important agricultural crop. Citrus have been characterized as emitters of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in chamber studies under controlled environmental conditions, but an extensive characterization at field scale has never been performed using modern measurement methods, and is particularly needed considering the complex interactions between the orchards and the polluted atmosphere in which Citrus is often cultivated. For one year, in a Valencia orange orchard in Exeter, California, we measured fluxes using PTRMS (Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer) and eddy covariance for the most abundant VOC typically emitted from citrus vegetation: methanol, acetone, and isoprenoids. Concentration gradients of additional oxygenated and aromatic compounds from the ground level to above the canopy were also measured. In order to characterize concentrations of speciated biogenic VOC (BVOC) in leaves, we analyzed leaf content by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometery) regularly throughout the year. We also characterized in more detail concentrations of speciated BVOC in the air above the orchard by in-situ GC-MS during a few weeks in spring flowering and summer periods. Here we report concentrations and fluxes of the main VOC species emitted by the orchard, discuss how fluxes measured in the field relate to previous studies made with plant enclosures, and describe how VOC content in leaves and emissions change during the year in response to phenological and environmental parameters. The orchard was a source of monoterpenes and oxygenated VOC. The highest emissions were observed during the springtime flowering period, with mid-day fluxes above 2 nmol m−2 s−1 for methanol and up to 1 nmol m−2 s−1 for acetone and monoterpenes. During hot summer days emissions were not as high as we expected considering the known dependence of biogenic emissions on temperature. We provide evidence that thickening of leaf cuticle wax content limited gaseous emissions during the summer.

Rating the Impact of Visual Impairment

Abstract The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) used the Snell Visual Efficiency Scale (1925). Following scientific progress, the Vision chapter in the fifth and sixth editions of the AMA Guides began using the Functional Vision Score (FVS) that is endorsed by the International Council of Ophthalmology and the International Society for Low Vision Research and Rehabilitation. Use of the FVS provided an opportunity to correct many inconsistencies in the VES system and also is better integrated with modern measurement methods and the ratings used for other organ systems. The FVS score is obtained by combining the Functional Acuity Score and the Functional Field Score; if any adjustments are introduced in this combination, they must be completely justified and cannot be based on subjective arguments. The disability is rated on the basis of functional considerations and is not influenced by nonfunctional factors. Combining visual acuity loss and visual field loss into a single number is attractive for administrative and legal purposes, but this step is meaningless in the context of rehabilitation because rehabilitation for visual acuity loss is entirely different from rehabilitation for visual field loss. The FVS system provides internationally endorsed statistical estimates of the effects of visual impairment on the ability to perform activities of daily living.

Did a Switch in Time Save Nine?

Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s court-packing plan of 1937 and the “switch in time that saved nine” animate central questions of law, politics, and history. Did Supreme Court Justice Roberts abruptly switch votes in 1937 to avert a showdown with Roosevelt? Scholars disagree vigorously about whether Roberts’s transformation was gradual and anticipated or abrupt and unexpected. Using newly collected data of votes from the 1931–1940 terms, we contribute to the historical understanding of this episode by providing the fi rst quantitative evidence of Roberts’s transformation. Applying modern measurement methods, we show that Roberts shifted sharply to the left in the 1936 term. The shift appears sudden and temporary. The duration of Roberts’s shift, however, is in many ways irrelevant, as the long-term transformation of the Court is overwhelmingly attributable to Roosevelt’s appointees.

Measurements of Surface Roughness in Conventional and Ultrasonically Assisted Bone Drilling

Bone fracture due to an accident, aging or diseases is a feature of everyday life. One of the principal methods of repair and reconstruction of such a fracture is based on drilling the bone and fixing its separate parts together using screws, wires and plates. Morphology of the drilled hole surface and fixative components such as screws, pins and hooks influences strength of the bonds between them. Modern measurement methods provide researchers with a high-precision data on the main parameters of surface roughness. This study is concerned with measurements of surface roughness of holes drilled in a cortical bone using two drilling techniques. Hole’s surface roughness produced with conventional drilling (CD) and ultrasonically assisted drilling (UAD) was measured with, and compared for, various contact and non-contact methods. The difference in surface roughness for both drilling techniques was explained based on high-speed filming of the bone drilling processes.