Modern International Standards Research Articles

Problems of the guiltless civil liability of medical workers

The legal regulation of relations in the field of medical services in the Republic of Kazakhstan is dynamic and flexible, and its content complies with modern international standards in the field of human and citizen rights. In these conditions, the main task of the state is to improve legislation regulating civil law relations in the medical field, which is accomplished by increasing the quality of medical care through legal mechanisms to protect the rights of the patient. The problems of application and the possibility of expanding the grounds for guiltless liability in the medical field are relevant, are of great scientific and practical interest, and also considered by the author reasonably and quite timely. The author of the article raises questions that enable medical activity as part of consumer turnover, as well as a source of increased danger, which makes it possible to apply the norms of increased responsibility to relations that are associated with its implementation. The article also substantiates the need to reform the norms on compensation for moral damage in connection with its infliction to the patient, which will ensure the right to protection of infringed civil rights most fully.

INNOVATIVE MEANS OF NORMALIZING PHYSICAL FACTORS THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE PROCESSES OF RECONSTRUCTION AND RESTORATION HISTORICAL HERITAGE OBJECTS

The problems of reconstruction and restoration of historical buildings and structures are relevant all over the world. It is especially important for Ukraine, where a large number of historical buildings and buildings of architectural value have been destroyed or damaged by military operations. The developed composite materials allow, due to their small thickness, to reduce the levels of electromagnetic fields and noise to values that meet modern international standards. A particularly important result is the reduction of low-frequency noise levels (by 12–30dB), which is practically not absorbed by building materials and structures. LED sources ultraviolet radiation can be used in the presence of people for at least 8 hours without reaching the maximum permissible exposure level of 30J/m2 according to SBM-2015. The use of LED ultraviolet radiation sources allows to increase the concentration of ions in deionized air to the standard concentration (500 cm-3) within 10 minutes according to SBM-2015 and disinfect the environment.

Historical and legal foundations of investment activity in Ukraine

The relevance is determined by the presence of a constant need for the development of an effective and transparent investment climate in the country. Given that investment activity plays a key role in stimulating economic growth, creating new jobs and raising the standard of living of the population, consideration of the historical and legal aspects of this activity is extremely important.
 Changes in the political, economic and social environment of Ukraine require constant updating and adaptation of legal norms and regulatory mechanisms related to investments. In particular, in order to attract foreign investments and ensure their protection, it is necessary to analyze historical experience and implement modern international standards in the field of investment law.
 In addition, Ukraine's integration into global economic and legal structures requires compliance of national legislation with international standards and obligations. Therefore, the relevance of studying the historical and legal foundations of investment activity in Ukraine lies in the constant need to improve the regulatory environment for the attraction and effective use of investment resources.
 This study is aimed at a thorough analysis of the historical and legal context of investment activity in Ukraine in order to determine the key factors affecting the development of the investment climate in the country. The main goal is to identify and understand the stages and trends in the formation of the investment environment in Ukraine, as well as to analyze the current legal regulation of this area. In addition, the research is aimed at identifying the problems faced by investors and enterprises carrying out investment activities in Ukraine, as well as at the search for possible ways to solve them and improve investment legislation. The results of the study can become the basis for developing recommendations for improving the investment climate in the country and increasing the attractiveness of Ukraine for investors.

Forestry Scenario Modelling: Qualitative Analysis of User Needs in Lithuania

This paper aims to demonstrate the use of qualitative research methods, specifically in-depth interviews, to explore the intangible and often difficult-to-quantify needs for forestry scenario modelling in Lithuania, which are frequently not adequately perceived. The study involved informants representing key actors in forest policy, forest management, research, and education. A total of 21 informants from 11 different institutions, which hold significant power and expertise in forest decision making, were interviewed. The purpose of these interviews was to gather their perspectives on the potential forest decision support system in the country, aiming to address most of their needs. The interview questions explored various aspects, including the requirements for forestry scenario modelling, the desired level of detail and information content for decision making, and both functional and nonfunctional requirements for the scenario modelling system. It is worth noting that the expected functionality of the planned forest DSSs aligns with modern international standards. Nevertheless, the diversity of perspectives, wishes, visions, and intentions of key Lithuanian forestry actors regarding the aims, objectives, and essential functionality of forestry scenario modelling tools were identified. The understanding of the requirements for modern forest DSSs was greatly influenced by the current forestry paradigms in the country and the professional experiences of individual informants. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the utilization of qualitative research, particularly through in-depth interviews, has proven to be a highly effective tool for accurately specifying the requirements of a modern forest DSS. It helped mitigate preconceived notions and address gaps in the envisioned product, specifically by developing a framework of core solutions for the national forestry and land-use scenario modelling system.

ЕКОЛОГІЧНІ ПРИНЦИПИ У ПИТАННЯХ ЗАХИСТУ ТА ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ АРХІТЕКТУРНОЇ СПАДЩИНИ

The article examines the actual problem of preservation of architectural heritage on the example of the city of Odesa, and proposes the definition of conditions for their reconstruction and renovation using ecological principles. In addition to determining the value of the monument from the point of view, aesthetic, historical, scientific, its material authenticity, one should not forget the cultural one, which includes social and spiritual values. The problem is that the population of our historical cities is not fully aware of this, not all sections of the population care for the preservation of their architectural heritage, do not actively participate in the processes of reproduction of architectural monuments, preservation of historical buildings, reconstruction, renovation. In order to determine the entire range of issues related to the condition of preservation of historical buildings as part of the sustainable development of the urban environment, such a broad concept as ecological principles should be applied to them. Guided by these principles, it is possible to convey to the population the importance of residents' participation in the restoration and preservation of the historical urban environment. Informing the population about the conditions for preservation and renovation of valuable architectural structures arouses their interest and involvement. A monument that is not used and not integrated into everyday social life ceases to function as a carrier of any social and cultural significance. There is a need to finally determine the environmental principles that can be implemented during reconstruction and restoration, to identify their components to ensure a set of design parameters based on modern international standards and the legislation of Ukraine. Adapting the problems of architectural heritage preservation to the modern needs of citizens, the development of voluntary societies united by heritage preservation programs can be a guarantee of their solution.

Vascular injury during lumbar discectomy: risk factors, diagnosis, methods of surgical correction, features of anaesthetic management and intensive care

One of the priority tasks in neurosurgery is to reduce the frequency of postoperative complications and mortality. Lumbar discectomy is the most frequently performed intervention in spinal neurosurgery and it is a fairly safe procedure. One of the possible intraoperative surgical complications, that threatens the patient’s life is vascular injury. The first clinical case of damage to the large vessels during discectomy was described in 1945. It is believed that the frequency of this complication is 1‒5 cases per 10,000 surgical interventions, but the literature notes that these figures may be significantly underestimated. Some authors indicate that the frequency of this complication, despite the development of surgical techniques over the past 50 years, has not significantly decreased, so it is important for surgeons to be informed and alert about the possibility of such a problem. Among the factors that significantly increase the risk of vascular damage congenital, acquired and technical are determined. Variability of clinical symptoms of damage to lagre vessels is due to different localization of injury, type (arterial, venous or combined) and scale of vascular disaster. For each level of surgical intervention, the "most typical" vessel damage is identified. Vascular injury during discectomy can occur according to three clinical and pathomorphological scenarios: manifestation of vessel rupture symptoms, arteriovenous fistula or a pseudoaneurysm formation. According to different authors, the frequency of these findings varies significantly. This review examines the symptoms of possible variants of vascular damage development during discectomy and describes the characteristics of surgical correction methods. Along with clarifying the location and variant of vascular damage, the critical thing is assessing the amount of blood loss and the rate of ongoing bleeding. In the case of suspected massive bleeding, the paramount importance is the involvement of additional medical personnel for the surgical haemostasis and providing sufficient blood for haemotransfusions. In case of a vascular accident, the key requirement for adequate anaesthetic management is the maintenance of permissive arterial hypotension until the moment of surgical haemostasis. Targeted treatment of haemorrhagic shock in case of damage to large vessels consists of rapid haemostatic resuscitation including blood components and products in a balanced 1:1:1 ratio, such as plasma, red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, and coagulation factors. In Ukraine, obtaining a sufficient amount of blood components and products (according to the protocol of massive haemotransfusion) in case of unpredicted blood loss is a difficult task, therefore, in the absence of certain components or blood products, whole blood can be used as an alternative. The number and severity of complications and outcomes primarily depend on the efficiency and timeliness of blood transfusions, along with the speed of surgical arrest of bleeding. This publication describes in detail the main points of management of patients with massive bleeding according to modern international standards and Ukraine regulatory documents.

Determination of the probability of a lightning strike in the elements of the object taking into account the statistical distribution of the current value

Problem. Modern international standards in the field of lightning protection, when assessing the probability of a lightning strike into an object, do not take into account the statistical distribution of the lightning current. Goal. Justification of the expediency of taking into account the statistical distribution of the lightning current with a determined probability of lightning striking the elements of the object, and the effectiveness of the application of the improved «rolling sphere» method. Methodology. Method of mathematical modeling, based on RSM with additional consideration of the probability distribution of lightning current. Results. The expediency of taking into account the statistical distribution of lightning current at the determined probability of lightning striking the elements of the object has been proven. The effectiveness of the improved «rolling sphere» method, implemented in the form of a computer program, which takes into account the given probability distribution of lightning current in the range from 2 kA to 200 kA, has been proved. The expediency of introducing the concept of «average value of the area of the collection area» is substantiated, taking into account the probability of lightning with a current in a given range. It has been established that the application of the standardized formula leads to a significant (many times) overestimation of the predicted number of lightning strikes to the object, if the height of the object exceeds 20 m. The reasons for the difference, according to the author, are due to the following properties of the standardized methodology: usually, the real shape of the object is not taken into account; statistical distribution of lightning current is not taken into account; it is based on the results of experimental studies obtained mainly for mast or rod-type objects in laboratory conditions with a limited discharge interval. Practical value. This approach will provide an opportunity to optimize the layout of lightning arresters during the restoration of objects, taking into account green reconstruction. The obtained results are proposed for consideration by the Technical Committee TC 81 IEC for inclusion in the next editions of the standards.

CONSTITUTIONAL MONITORING AS A TOOL FOR CONSTRUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM

This article is dedicated to the study of prospects and prerequisites for the development of constitutional monitoring in Kazakhstan. Constitutional monitoring is viewed as an effective tool for identifying deficiencies in the national legal system and determining directions for its improvement. To describe the existing prerequisites for the implementation of constitutional monitoring, the author refers to the example of the latest constitutional reform and the genesis of monitoring development, which allows the conclusion to be drawn about its progressive development. The article proposes to define the object, criteria, and methodology for conducting constitutional monitoring, as well as approaches to its implementation and achievement of goals in Kazakhstan. The author recommends taking into account the experience of other countries and international organizations, ensuring transparency and objectivity of constitutional monitoring, establishing clear criteria and indicators, involving independent experts and civil society. The object of constitutional monitoring is proposed to be considered in a broad sense, covering existing law and law enforcement practice. Criteria for conducting constitutional monitoring are recommended to be determined based on the approaches of the United Nations and the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe, and the methodology for analyzing and evaluating criteria can be developed based on internationally recognized tools such as the Rule of Law Index or the Corruption Perceptions Index, among others. In conclusion, the author emphasizes that systematic constitutional monitoring is a necessary condition for achieving stability and progressive development of the country's legal system. The article has potential value for several audiences. Firstly, policy makers and legislators who are striving to improve Kazakhstan's legal system can use its recommendations to develop effective strategies. Secondly, this article may be useful for students, legal scholars, human rights activists, and anyone interested in legal issues. It will help to gain a more structured understanding of the prospects for the development of constitutional monitoring in the context of Kazakhstan, as well as recommendations for the application of modern international standards and practices in this process.

The influence of the judge's gender competence on ensuring the equal access to justice

Access to justice which is the necessary elements of the Rule of Law as well as Rechtsstaat enables individuals to effectively protect themselves against infringements of their rights. Since the modern international standards which the national judicial system must meet include not only independence, impartiality, competence and efficiency, but also gender sensitivity, therefore the gender competence of judges is not just the demands of the times or a fashionable trend, but primarily a guarantee of the equal access to justice.
 Based on the specifics of the functions performed by a judge the article reveals the types of the judge’s gender competence such as expert, method and social competence. Also the author identified five core gender competencies for judges, which are: 1) interacting and communicating with the parties/participants of the process in an appropriate manner (without gender bias); 2) applying procedural legislation to the specific needs of participants in the process, taking into account the circumstances of the case (including the principle of gender equality); 3) searching for and interpreting the rules of substantive law through the use of national and international case law and legal instruments relating to gender equality and prevention of sex- and gender-based discrimination; 4) taking action to effectively protect the rights and legitimate interests of the individual, considering gender aspect; 5) drafting a judgement (judicial opinion writing) in compliance with the principles of gender equality and non-discrimination. Accordingly, in each of the competencies, the necessary knowledge, skills and qualities (values, attitude) of a judge have been identified, corresponding to the three components of the structure of gender competence – cognitive, activities-related and encompassing values and attitudes.
 On the basis of analysis of the ECtHR case law some examples of violations by national courts of the requirements of the rule of law regarding access to justice are shown, and it is concluded that quite a few violations of the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms could be avoided in a wide range of cases if judges possessed a sufficient level of gender competence, in particular, if they were able to recognize gender-sensitive situations when considering different categories of cases and react appropriately to them. Therefore, the acquisition of gender competences by judges, in particular through training, will contribute to ensuring the equal access to justice, which is one of the strategic objectives of the Council of Europe.

Council of Europe standards on the use of facial recognition technologies in criminal proceedings or who is the eye of Sauron looking at

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to analyze the current approaches of the Council of Europe regarding the regulatory regulation of the use of facial recognition technology in criminal proceedings, taking into account the wide spread of this method of fighting crime. The methodology includes the analysis of the Council of Europe Instructions on facial recognition dated January 28, 2021 and the Recommendations of the Council of Europe dated November 18, 2022, the study of the experience of other countries, the assessment of the risks of implementing this technology, the available scientific and theoretical material, and the formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. The following methods of scientific knowledge were used during the research: terminological, logical-semantic, functional, systemic-structural, logical-normative. The results. The result of the study was the determination of the main principles of the implementation of the national facial recognition system, which is definitely extremely necessary and effective in the activities of law enforcement agencies and the defense sector. In order to ensure a balance between the observance of human rights and the security of society and the state, this system must be based on legality, transparency, temporal criteria (determining the time of image storage), prohibition of discrimination (tracking based on national, religious and other criteria), audit and ethics. Practical significance. The conducted analysis of modern international standards and recommendations can be useful in the development of draft laws on the introduction of facial recognition technologies (amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine regarding the granting of permission to deploy a facial recognition system in a certain place with a certain purpose and the adoption of a special law on regulating the activities of a special national body responsible for the functioning of this system) to prevent human rights violations. The lack of ECtHR practice on this issue (one application was submitted for consideration) requires careful legislative elaboration of the introduction of new technologies.

Prevalence of malocclusions under conditions of prolonged introduction of systemic fluorides in variable concentrations: Literature review

The pathogenesis of malocclusions, which are common among the population of all countries, is well represented in the professional literature. The occurrence of malocclusions is associated with genetic and various environmental factors. Among the latter, fluorides which affect the prevalence of some dental diseases are of particular interest. However, there are few publications reflecting the frequency of malocclusion among the population in the regions with different levels of fluoride in drinking water. This problem seems to be significant in the context of the increasing impact of fluorine compounds on human health, including dental health.The aim of the study. To analyze the literature on the frequency of malocclusion among the population living in conditions of variable fluoride content in drinking water. A manual search of domestic and foreign literature was performed in the search databases PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar. From the initial list of publications, eighteen articles that met the inclusion criteria for the study were selected for analysis. We revealed significant variability of the research results. Some authors note a higher prevalence of malocclusions among the population under conditions of increased fluoride intake, others note a lower one, and still others did not reveal any differences between the values obtained in both samples. Most of the assessed publications did not methodologically meet modern international standards, and therefore were of little evidence.The literature data do not provide grounds for an unambiguous assessment of fluorine compounds as an environmental factor that indirectly affects the process of occlusion formation in humans and animals.The review did not allow to make a definitive conclusion on the possible impact of systemic fluorides on the prevalence and pattern of malocclusion in humans and animals. It requires the implementation of studies that comply with the principles of evidence-based medicine.

Шляхи адаптації та модернізації випробувального обладнання для відтворення ударних навантажень виходячи з вимог стандарту MIL-STD-810

The subject matter of the article is the process of testing the objects of general use, aviation and space industry, railway transport, electric power industry, and nuclear industry on the impact of shock loads. The goal is to implement modern international standards, in particular MIL-STD-810, in the practice of testing laboratories. The tasks to be solved are: to study the possibility of using vibration stands in impact testing and to modernize the existing test equipment by developing a new software for control systems based on existing and proven algorithms. To achieve this goal, the analysis of current regulatory documents was carried out and the existing experience in the conformity assessment was adapted. The following results were obtained: a research test stand was created using the technical capabilities of the Test & Certification Center of RPI “HARTRON-ARKOS” LTD. The software was developed using standard library elements from the SCADA system. The capacity of using a vibrating stand during impact testing was taken into account, and an iterative impact control mode was implemented. The operability of the modernized test equipment was confirmed by full-scale verification of all parameters with a positive result, and approbation was passed during real tests in various modes for complex test objects. This paper formulates proposals for expanding the capabilities of the existing laboratory and testing base when implementing MIL-STD-810. The proposed approach to software development allows the replication of the code in any other software environment. A comparative assessment of financial and time costs for the purchase of new and modernization of existing equipment confirms the economic feasibility of the described approach. The perceptiveness of the adoption of the MIL-STD-810 standard as a state standard of Ukraine was defined. It is proposed to use this standard in the practice of testing laboratories to conform the requirements of developers and manufacturers in various industries, as well as a basis for industry standards, which ensures the replacement of outdated and canceled standards.

Municipal Elections: Peculiarities and Challenges in Georgia

After the restoration of independence, in the 90s, along with other vital issues of state importance, the process of bringing municipal democracy closer to the Georgian reality began actively. A number of factors prevented perfecting the local management system in Georgia, therefore, it is still in the process of reforming. The most important component, which enables municipal bodies to function in accordance with modern international standards and is a guarantee of effective self-government, is the rule of their formation. 
 Electiveness, that is, the possibility of people's participation in the creation and activities of municipal bodies, is a visible expression of the exercise of the right of local self-government. It is noteworthy that the municipal elections, in their essence, are characterized by a number of peculiarities and sharply differ from the elections of the central governmental institutions. Accordingly, national states, including Georgia, try to create legislation that is adapted to the political and social reality of their own country and reflects traditions and legislation which will provide the realization of real content of local self-government and the possibility of involvement of the population of the municipal unit. In the relevant electoral legislation, substantial changes were made more than once, which had a positive impact, mainly, on the result of the October 2, 2021 local self-government elections. Additionally, municipal electoral legislation and practice still face challenges, on which answers depends the future of Georgia as a democratic and legal state largely.

Higher Education System in the Context of Sustainable Development Goals (on the Example of Georgia)

Aim. The purpose of the article is to study, analyse and present the readiness of Georgia in the modern period to meet international problems – it is the main goal of sustainable development, including higher education. The government of Georgia, since ancient times correctly understood the role of education for future prosperity, currently the government is doing its best to meet the international challenges in the fourth goal of sustainable development - education, including higher education. Methods. The paper is presented based on official documents, scientific research papers, analysis, and the historical-comparative method. Results. The article presents important challenges for the integration of the Georgian state into the European space at the present stage, which is enshrined in the Constitution (Parliament of Georgia, 2018) and several important documents. In this context, promoting access to education is an important international agreement for the country to overcome modern global challenges - one of the most important goals of sustainable development - an important precondition for strengthening the socio-political and cultural development of society. Conclusion. The paper is based on the study/processing of international and local official materials, as well as expert research has the opportunity to assess the readiness of the higher education system to follow the goals of sustainable development. The country’s relevant structures are actively creating all the conditions for the convergence/engagement of the Georgian educational space under modern international standards which has been demonstrated in practice by the capabilities of higher education institutions.

FORMATION OF A STRATEGY FOR INCREASING THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISES AS GUARANTEE OF DECARBONIZATION OF THE UKRAINIAN ECONOMY

The metallurgical industry of Ukraine in wartime faced significant difficulties in its functioning. However, at the moment there is a gradual recovery of the industry. It should be noted that steel production is an extremely energy-intensive process, accounting for the second largest share of energy consumption and the largest share of CO2 emissions. Therefore, in order to control the growth of energy consumption and CO2 emissions in this industry, as well as to be competitive in the international market, Ukrainian metallurgical enterprises should not only expect maximum assistance from the government bodies and international partners in matters of logistics and sales markets, but also focus on energy efficiency issues and decarbonization of their production. While improving the energy efficiency of steel production through the introduction of standard energy efficiency measures will help the industry, there is a need to further develop and deploy a wide portfolio of breakthrough solutions to improve processes and infrastructure. This will achieve long-term deep reductions in CO2 emissions. For this activity to be purposeful rather than chaotic, individual enterprises and the industry must develop a strategy to increase energy efficiency and decarbonize their production. This article is devoted to one of the possible approaches to solving this issue. Along with a description of the mathematical model for the formation of an optimal strategy for improving energy efficiency and decarbonization of metallurgical industries, the article presents the structure of energy costs, as well as the list of significant energy usages at metallurgical enterprises. In addition, a separate place in the article is given to the issue of building an energy baseline, taking into account the provisions of modern international standards in the field of energy management system (ISO 50001, ISO 50006, ISO 50047), as well as the main factors affecting energy consumption. The paper also presents the list of typical measures for improving the energy efficiency of metallurgical enterprises for each group of significant energy usages.

MODELING PROCESSES TO IMPROVE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY ON THE BASIS MODERN INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

The article investigates the ways and means of improving and perfecting the occupational safety management system at the enterprises of Ukraine with the help of modern international standards. A detailed analysis of the new international standard ISO 45001 on safety, as well as a model for improving the management system of labor protection at the enterprise. The object of research is international standards for occupational safety and health management. The purpose of the work is to analyze the implementation of a new international standard on occupational safety with the development of a new model of occupational safety management at the enterprise. Research methods – analytical. Quality management of labor protection at enterprises is one of the priority activities of enterprises in order to reduce occupational injuries, improve working conditions and microclimate in the enterprise. In order to effectively manage occupational safety at enterprises, the authors of the article propose the introduction of a new model of occupational safety system management in accordance with the international standard ISO 45001. The research consists in determining the correct approach to the organization of the labor protection system at the enterprises of Ukraine by applying modern international standards for occupational safety and health management, modeling processes to improve the state of labor protection at enterprises The results of research can be recommended for implementation in the management system of labor protection at enterprises of Ukraine.

Training teachers in the design of experimental tasks for the development of students’ science literacy

Introduction. An analysis of the results of international comparative studies showed that the use of experimental tasks in the educational process ensures that students achieve higher levels of science literacy. The research purpose is to study the technology of designing experimental tasks for the development of students’ science literacy to improve teachers’ professional competencies in the field of monitoring, control and evaluation of the quality of students’ educational achievements, taking into account modern international standards. Methods. Theoretical methods included as follows: content analysis of scientific and methodological literature on the formation of students’ science literacy; generalization of the analysis of results of Russian schoolchildren’s participation in international studies. Observation, pedagogical experiment and questioning were used as empirical methods. When developing diagnostic tools, the structure of teachers’ professional competencies was considered as a combination of three components: knowledge, skills and practical experience. Statistical processing of the results of the pedagogical experiment was carried out using the sign test (G-criterion). The study involved 102 teachers from educational institutions of the Perm Krai (Russian Federation). Research results. A technology for designing experimental tasks for the development of students’ science literacy was developed and tested, and a typology of experimental tasks was described. The results of the pedagogical experiment on testing the task design technology revealed the development of a cognitive component of teachers’ professional competencies (with a significance level α=5% Gemp<Gcr, 47<72). All participants in the experiment demonstrated a positive trend in the development of the ability to analyze PISA tasks and correlate them with the main components of science literacy (with a significance level α=5% Gemp<Gcr, 65<102). Conclusion. The conducted research makes it possible to draw a conclusion about the effectiveness of the developed approaches to the design of experimental tasks. Using the design technology, teachers can prepare formative and summative assessment tasks for the systematic development of students’ science literacy.

Assessment of digital channels of communication with defined reliability characteristics

In the classical theory of telecommunications, an indicator of reliability is the probability of an information bit error. In modern international standards and recommendations, there is a hierarchy of quality indicators of the communication channel based on measurements, which is not related to the classical theory of noise immunity. The procedures for measuring the quality indicators of information transmission are possible only when using an already existing telecommunication system. The use of the classical theory of noise immunity makes it possible to provide for the correspondence of the energy parameters to the necessary quality indicators for the future communication system. The research aims to develop a unified methodology to assess the quality of communication channels and combine the classical theory of telecommunications with international recommendations and standards. To find the relationship between them, we analyzed existing methods of assessing the quality of communications channels, developed an algorithm for assessing the quality parameters and analyzed the characteristics of the channel. The methodology helps to assess the level of compliance of the quality parameters of information transmission through the channels of existing digital telecommunication systems with the requirements of international standards and recommendations. It is possible to research the behavior of quality indicators and optimize the operation of existing and design new digital communication channels according to the criteria of the quality of information transmission in accordance with the requirements of international standards and recommendations.

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ОЦЕНКИ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЦИИ УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАИЛУЧШИХ ДОСТУПНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ НА МЕЗОУРОВНЕ

The article is devoted to the issues of increasing the stability of the functioning of production systems at the meso-level in the transition to a balanced development economy. The necessity of developing new methods and tools to assess the level of development and balance of interests of the economic, social and environmental subsystems of society at different levels of management of economic systems is substantiated. In addition, taking into account the spatial, socio-economic and natural-geographical factors affecting the development of the subjects of the federation, the issue of studying regional differentiation in the context of subsystems of economic management, social and environmental spheres is acute. The purpose of this article is to develop methods and tools for assessing the balance of the development of the economic, social and environmental spheres at the regional level of management and their approbation on the example of the regions of the Russian Federation. Descriptive statistics, cluster and variance analysis were used as research methods in the article. Dynamic cluster analysis of the integral components of ESG revealed a change in the position of regions in the theoretical space, which was typical for more than a third of the subjects of the federation – 39%, which also confirms the thesis of changes in the implementation of ESG transformation at the regional level of economic systems management. The concept of the best available technologies is designed to stimulate the industry to modernize, introduce modern technologies characterized by high resource, environmental and economic efficiency. It is concluded that a competent determination of the benefits from the introduction of the best available technologies, including external environmental and social effects, will allow enterprises to reasonably consider themselves among the participants of the ESG movement, apply for state support measures and comply with the most modern international standards. The modeling results presented in the article and the conclusions drawn on their basis can be used by the state authorities of the regions in assessing the effectiveness of the implementation of regional policy, to identify the balance of development of all three integral components: management of the economic system, social policy and environmental friendliness of the regional economic system.

MODERN SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (Part 2. Safety indicators of control systems)

Purpose: Analysis and determination of the main modern international safety requirements that must be met in the design, development and operation of industrial equipment management systems, as well as confirmation of the need for further improvement of the domestic regulatory framework in this area. Methodology/approach: Performed analysis of the requirements of modern international standards (IEC 62061 and IEC 61508) on the safety of electrical, electronic and programmable electronic control systems for industrial equipment and the existing sequence of protection against hazards; the algorithm of step-by-step realization of control systems and the basic features of the organization of their structures at the level of functional blocks and subsystems for maintenance of necessary level of completeness of functional safety are defined; the peculiarities of the process of design and development of each of the subsystems and the algorithm of its execution are analyzed; defined algorithms for estimating the probability of dangerous accidental hardware failures for the recommended basic architecture of subsystems (type A, B, C and D) and for the control system itself; provided recommendations on the composition of the specification of safety requirements in the design of control systems; reviewed software requirements. Conclusions: The analysis of the features of functioning and application of modern international safety standards, which must be observed in the design, development and operation of industrial equipment management systems convincingly confirms the relevance and need for further improvement of domestic regulations in this area. Research results: Modern requirements for the organization of the control system structure at the level of functional units and subsystems to ensure the required level of completeness of functional safety of electrical, electronic and programmable electronic control systems for industrial equipment are determined, as well as features of application the of algorithms for estimating the probability of dangerous accidental failures of control systems and their subsystems. Practical implications: The development and implementation of relevant national standards based on IEC 62061 and IEC 61508 should accelerate the further development of technical progress in Ukraine in the field of industrial safety. Originality/value: Defining the main features of the functioning of modern international safety standards, which must be observed in the design, development and operation of industrial equipment control systems; Appropriate recommendations for their practical application are provided; Substantiated and confirmed the relevance and importance of the development of relevant harmonized national standards based on the standards IEC 62061 and IEC 61508.