Modern International Relations Research Articles

Environmental Agenda in the Modern Chinese Sea Policy

The article is devoted to the study of the role of marine ecology protection in the modern political course of China. Today, the ocean has great importance in Chinese development from an economic, energy, and resource point of view. However, its benefits are threatened by the environmental problems caused by anthropogenic pressure due to the development of human society, population growth, and industry. Currently, China faces plastic, waste, and oil pollution, illegal activities leading to the depletion of food resources, increasing ocean acidification due to air pollution, and degradation of the coastal environment. Awareness of the importance of the ocean for domestic and foreign policy forces China to take measures to protect it. At the same time, since the environmental agenda in modern international relations acts both as an instrument of pressure and as a means of political rise, it is effectively used by China in the struggle for global leadership both in the environmental protection sphere and in the world in general. Using the environmental agenda as a peaceful means of rising, China seeks to transform the current global order while showing itself as a responsible world leader.

Современные концепции позиционирования государств в международных отношениях

The relevance of the research topic is due to the search for a scientifically sound strategy for Russia’s political positioning in the international space. The article presents the authors’ attempt to justify the con- ceptual behavior of the country in modern international relations based on the analysis of theories of the post- industrial period. The aim of the study is to search for concepts and scientific theories that can serve as a method- ological basis for designing the political behavior of a particular country or exert an effective regulatory impact on a variety of subjects of international relations. The research methods are abstract modeling of the situation and fore- casting, qualitative content analysis of modern theories, which allows to identify the conceptual aspects of the be- havior of political actors in modern international relations. Apart from this, the course of reasoning leads the authors to the conclusion that international policy should be based on scientific theories allowing to calculate the prospects of development of the global community depending on the behavior strategies of individual states.

The Russian factor in the development of France's strategic culture

Due to the development of the Ukrainian crisis and, as a result, the change in the international situation, the French leadership has taken steps to change its foreign policy course, including with regard to Russia. Issues related to understanding the strategic culture of France are key in developing a foreign policy course towards our country, which requires a modern response. However, strategic culture as a concept has not been studied much and continues to be the subject of research by scientists. The strategic culture of France has been formed over a large number of years, and now the French strategic culture is embodied in the positioning of the state abroad, has its own style and specific features. The current situation in modern international relations regarding the deterioration of relations between Russia and France requires theoretical study aimed at identifying the foundations of France's strategic culture and its influence in order to form a foreign policy.

The Need to Overcome the Cultural Hegemony of the West in Political Science on The Example of the Problem of Contemporary Islamist Terrorism

Using the example of the problem of contemporary terrorism, the article raises the question of the need to overcome the dependence of Russian science on the hegemony of the West. In the world in general and in Russia in particular, the period of admiration for the Western concept of liberal democracy and the concepts of globalization, human rights, soft power, civil society, democratic transition, terrorism, hybrid wars, etc., developed by liberal thought, is coming to an end. These theories are increasingly less accepted in as normative, universal, whose implementation necessarily requires Western supervision. These theories, developed during a unique historical process in Western countries, cannot be adequately applied to determine the direction of development of non-Western countries. In this study, we consider the problem of contemporary Islamist terrorism as a concrete example of the need for a critical revision of Western ideas. To do this, we turn to the ideas of a number of Russian authors, as well as Western representatives of postmodernism, neo-Marxism and left-radical thought, who sharply criticize the basic dogmas of Western liberal political science. This allows us to conclude that Islamist terrorism is not the result of the activities of individual radicals or a manifestation of the aggressive nature of Islam, but is reproduced by the conflict system of modern international relations. Thus, Islamist terrorism as a radical form of politicization of Islam is most often a reaction of the Muslim world to Western globalism, to the crisis of a number of Muslim societies as a result of Western intervention. The system-functional approach makes it possible to understand the place and role of Islamist terrorism in contemporary hybrid wars, which the West uses to maintain its global empire. Islamist terrorism can be viewed as an element of a system of hybrid wars. In this system, along with Islamist terrorism, there is an important phenomenon of combating it - anti-terrorism, and also, along with Islamist terrorism as the activity of non-governmental armed groups, there is state terrorism, mainly carried out by Western states.

Incompatibility of political strategies as a labile external cause of a geopolitical conflict: a milestone goal of the parties

The article analyzes the crisis of modern international relations and identifies the initiator of the conflict. The concepts of the conflict-parties` goal and the main opponent are divorced. The authors show the lability of the parties' strategy, depending on available resources and political will, and the stability of the parties' basic goal, despite all its variability.

Issues of Information and Ideological Security: Experience for Uzbekistan

The article discusses issues of theoretical and practical provision of information and ideological security. The experience of foreign countries has been studied, regulatory documents that ensure the information and ideological security of various states have been analyzed. In modern international relations, information wars, i.e. the principle of “defeating the enemy without fighting” is playing an increasingly important role. Leading countries of the world paid attention to information wars in the early 1960s. With the development of information technology and social networks, methods of waging information wars have expanded. Nowadays, information resources are more important than military ones. Thus, studying the experience and methods of foreign countries makes it possible to create effective countermeasures. It is very important to study the experience of foreign countries and identify the main directions of information attacks in relation to Uzbekistan.

DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN CHALLENGES OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS

Nowadays, economic diplomacy is a very important component of modern international relations in different countries, so each state aims to defend and protect its own economic interests. Nevertheless, this requires diplomatic representation in the economic sphere, however some developed countries demonstrate a certain "economic nationalism" in their international economic relations with other countries, that is characterized using all known economic and legal instruments to increase their influence in various segments of international markets. In such circumstances, Ukraine needs to intensify the use of economic diplomacy, which is an effective tool for protecting national interests and strengthening its competitiveness in international relations. The article is devoted to the study of potential ways of developing economic diplomacy in Ukraine and propositions of its practical implementation in the context of modern challenges caused by globalization. The paper presents a study of the theoretical foundations of using economic diplomacy to strengthen the country's economic position. Furthermore, the study investigates Ukraine's foreign economic activity and the role of economic diplomacy as an instrument of influence. Outlining the shortcomings and issues in Ukraine's economic diplomacy, this article proposes viable solutions and methods to overcome them, aimed at stimulating development in essential areas and industries. The results of the survey are relevant for the development of state strategies for Ukraine's economic diplomacy in the foreign economic sphere and international economic relations. Besides, it also provides valuable information for businesses and enterprises to analyse current economic trends.

Basic Conditions for Application of Necessity as a Circumstance that Precludes Bringing to International Legal Responsibility

The article examines a situation of necessity as a circumstance that precludes bringing to international legal responsibility. The relevance of the article is due, on the one hand, to the growing crises in modern international relations, and on the other hand, the lack of comprehensive studies of necessity in the Ukrainian science of international law. The purpose of the article is to determine the specifics of the international legal grounds for states and international intergovernmental organizations to apply to the state of necessity, as circumstance that precludes bringing to international legal responsibility. The article uses general philosophical, general scientific, special scientific and legal methods of research, in particular: dialectical, formal-logical, analysis and synthesis, comparative-legal, and logical-legal. The article analyzes Art. 25 of the draft articles on the responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts prepared by the UN International Law Commission and submitted to the UN General Assembly in 2001 (UNGA resolution 56/83 (A/RES/56/83) of December 12, 2001). The relevant practice of a number of international courts and arbitrations was analyzed, in particular: the International Court of Justice, the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. The main conditions for the lawful use of necessity are identified, and a forecast of the areas of its further application is given.

Assessment of Sanctions against Russian Science by Foreign Researchers: Diversity of Approaches

Introduction. The introduction of restrictive measures (sanctions) against Russian science, aimed at preventing Russia's participation in international scientific collaboration in both bilateral and multilateral formats, has become a prominent feature of modern international relations. For the first time in many years, international collaboration in various scientific fields has encountered significant political and economic constraints, leading to Russia's withdrawal from joint programs and projects with key partner states in the scientific sphere. The study's significance lies in the necessity to develop a theory related to this type of sanctions, given their unprecedented nature. A comprehensive understanding is needed, reflecting foreign scientists' views on the sanctions: whether they deem them justified and if they are willing to continue cooperation in any capacity. This will become a basis for modifying Russia's science and technology policy in the context of international cooperation. The subject of the study is the range of approaches foreign experts have toward the structure, scale, and implications of sanctions against Russian science. Object: Conceptual systematization of foreign researchers' perceptions regarding the phenomenon of anti-Russian sanctions in the scientific field. Tasks: identify the reasons behind the increased interest of foreign researchers and experts in the issue of international sanctions against Russian science; assess the level of consensus within the global scientific community regarding the need for such sanctions; identify the cause of bias among supporters of anti-Russian sanctions in the scientific field; determine the extent of foreign analysts' interest in the impact of sanctions on both Russian and global science; identify the pragmatic aspects of the current model of sanctions against Russian science. Degree of topic development: This type of research has not yet been conducted in either Russian or foreign science. Methods. General scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, abstraction and generalization, comparison), systemic and structural-functional approaches were used along with specialized scientific methods, such as discourse analysis, meta-analysis, and stochastic factor analysis technique. Result and Discussion. The article identifies three groups of approaches, along with their underlying arguments concerning the category of sanctions under consideration: radical, moderate, and liberal. The author demonstrates the predominance of a moderate approach, which aligns with official decisions to sever institutional scientific cooperation with Russia while permitting personal contacts. Conclusion. The international research community, aiming to gain a comprehensive understanding of the impact of sanctions against Russian science on Russia and the rest of the world, pursues two objectives. The first objective is to identify strategies for enhancing the effectiveness of sanctions and justifying their necessity while mitigating their negative impact on global science. The second objective is to find effective strategies for implementing scientific sanctions, which could potentially be applied against other countries in the future. Considering the positions and approaches of foreign researchers toward the phenomenon of anti-Russian scientific sanctions is crucial not only for developing the theory of scientific sanctions but also for shaping the concept of Russian science and technology policy under new circumstances. The novelty of this study lies in its first-ever attempt in both Russian and foreign scientific literature to conceptualize the range of foreign expert discourse, which is characterized by diverse views and approaches toward sanctions applied to Russian science. The article contributes to the relevant field of research, specifically the theory of international sanctions in the scientific sphere, by arguing for the need to complement the analysis of the objective content of sanctions with an analysis of their subjective evaluation by the expert community.

INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS OF “INITIATIVE DIPOLMACY”: FEATURES, PROBLEMS, AND PROSPECTS

The article examines the institutional mechanisms of «initiative diplomacy» with a focus on identifying their features, challenges, and prospects. «Initiative diplomacy» represents an active role of states and other actors in international relations in seeking and implementing solutions to global problems. It complements traditional diplomacy and strives for a more just and sustainable world order. The study analyzes the characteristics of the institutional mechanisms of «initiative diplomacy», highlighting that their key features include their transformative influence, ability to attract a wide range of participants, and facilitate flexible and innovative diplomatic activities. The article discusses the challenges faced by the institutional mechanisms of «initiative diplomacy» including establishing trust, coordinating actions, and others. The authors also explore the prospects for the development of institutional mechanisms of «initiative diplomacy». Their ability to engage diverse stakeholders and contribute to the achievement of just and sustainable solutions makes them promising instruments in international relations. This approach continues to evolve and holds the potential to make effective contributions to contemporary global political processes. The analysis of the features, challenges, and prospects of the institutional mechanisms of «initiative diplomacy» allows for a better understanding of their role and significance in modern international relations, as well as their potential in addressing global problems and achieving a more just and sustainable world. In this context, it is noteworthy that in recent years, the Republic of Tajikistan has actively and effectively applied the principles and mechanisms of «initiative diplomacy», establishing its prestige and status as a significant and influential state on the international stage.

TRANSFORMATION OF GLOBAL ORDER

The global order is changing. Not only Yalta-Potsdam and postbipolar systems are changing but also Westphalian sovereignty with its government centricity and “dictatorship of great Powers” is transforming. New configuration is being built in the modern system of international relations. In the modern system of foreign relations sanctions took a form of wide-scale global actions against certain countries. As an economical instrument in foreign relations, sanctions became a “Universal hammer” in the hands of the world economical giant - the USA - to solve its narrow national objectives. Value foundations of international relations are also being reformatted. Information wars became part of modern international relations. Russia’s special military operation (SMO) in Ukraine is changing the modern American order that established itself after the USSR’s disintegration. The way the future global order is going to be shaped depends on the way Russia is going to solve the Ukrainian question.

Динамика китайско-российского политического гуманитарного партнерства: современные реалии и перспективы

In modern international relations, new forms and mechanisms of interaction between the two countries are developing. The humanitarian political partnership is a new phenomenon located at the intersection of political science and the foreign affairs. In recent years the humanitarian activities of countries in the international space have become more and more systemic and are acquiring an increasingly clear political context. Over the past decades, China and Russia have also been paying considerable attention to the implementation of joint pro-jects in various humanitarian fields, thereby establishing closer cooperation pursuing long-term strategic goals, usually of a political nature. Due to the prevalence and insufficient study of this phenomenon, the problem of the Chinese-Russian humanitarian political partnership, its dynamics, current state and prospects, seems not only relevant, but also definitely new. Using an integrated methodological approach, the author of the article answers the question about the content of the humanitarian political partnership between China and Russia, its patterns, and also offers his own vision of the model for its future development.

Trade and economic relations between the EAEU member states and the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean at the present stage: the cases of Armenia and Kazakhstan

In the context of a changing world order, the development of regional integration processes is an important trigger for the inclusion of countries in the world economy and increasing the sustainability of national economies. Integration processes contribute to deepening of the interdependence of different countries, as well as to the expansion of the influence of world economic relations on national economic systems. At the same time, tendency towards the erosion of institutions and mechanisms of multilateral (global) trade and the formation of preferential regional and interregional trade agreements (partners in which are often not only individual countries, but also integration blocs), has become one of the characteristic features of modern international economic relations. The Eurasian Economic Union, as an international organization for regional economic integration, makes efforts to expand geographical boundaries of foreign economic ties, with the aim of developing relations with the economic integration groupings and individual countries throughout the world. With the same purpose EAEU member states pay attention to the development of relations with the region of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), considering regional countries as promising partners for mutually beneficial cooperation. This article is devoted to the study of trade relations between the countries of the EAEU and Latin America. Special attention is paid to the trade and economic relations of Armenia and Kazakhstan with Latin American countries. The choice of these two states is not accidental, since they are relatively active in the Latin American direction and complement the policy of the Russian Federation aimed at deepening cooperation with the LAC. The author concludes that these countries have the potential for further development of trade and economic relations, the implementation of which requires overcoming, first of all, logistical obstacles and tariff barriers.

The influence of transnational corporations on the Ukrainian economy development in the post-war period

Transnational corporations, as a form of international business, currently significantly influence the development of strategies for developing Ukraine's economy, becoming the leading players in modern international relations. In modern realities, the transnationalization of enterprises in Ukraine can be an economic tool that forms new directions of social development, goals of foreign economic activity, and the specifics and conditions of the country's participation in the global division of labor and international trade. Today, transnational corporations are a significant element in many countries' economic systems, helping to increase economic efficiency. The article aims to study transnational corporations' influence on the country's economy in the post-war period. The results. The article analyzes aspects of the activities of transnational corporations in Ukraine and their impact on the country's economy. A classification of the main methods transnational corporations implement in their external expansion is presented. It was determined that the main activities of transnational corporations include investing funds through direct foreign investment (creating joint ventures, branches abroad, developing a corporate network), exporting products and services, selling licenses to foreign partners, and forming strategic alliances with other companies. It was determined that the activities of transnational corporations are based both on the use of their production resources and on cooperation with independent enterprises. Such corporations often exploit cheap labor and favorable tax conditions by locating their branches in countries with low taxes or other competitive advantages. Conclusions. The definition of the main characteristics of transnational corporations, which emphasize their significant contribution to forming the country's economic structure, has been clarified and expanded. It has been proven that due to their significant financial potential, transnational corporations often have advantages over local companies, as they provide the exchange of goods, services, information, and production resources necessary for the reconstruction of the country in the post-war period. Keywords: transnational corporations, investments, innovations, investment and innovation development, country reconstruction.

The place and role of cultural diplomacy in the process of consolidating the country's image on the international arena

The article examines the peculiarities of cultural diplomacy, and also determines the place and role of cultural diplomacy in the process of consolidating the country's image on the international arena. It was determined that cultural diplomacy plays an important role in modern international relations. The spread of traditions and cultural values contributes to the destruction of barriers and stereotypes, promotes mutual understanding of representatives of different cultures. The spread of cultural heritage, familiarization with the intellectual contribution of the people of a separate state forms a general perception, attracts attention, increases the level of respect and forms a positive image of the country. Considering the fact that cultural interaction is an autonomous element of interstate interaction, contributing to the achievement of established foreign policy goals, its implementation becomes possible thanks to the deep relationship between traditional diplomatic missions and special cultural institutions. It is noted that in order to create a positive image of the country, it is worth using various forms of cultural international cooperation, such as festivals, forums, exhibitions, tours of outstanding creative groups, fairs and holidays of national culture. During the organization of such events, representatives of diplomatic institutions should contribute to the resolution of organizational issues (signing of documentation, organization of negotiations with public authorities of the host country), while employees of cultural organizations are responsible for the substantive side of these initiatives. It was established that in order to form the image of the state, it is impossible to do without the use of communication strategies specific to the sphere of cultural foreign policy. The state's cultural policy and cultural diplomacy should mainly operate with communicative strategies in the information sphere to popularize national culture outside the state. It has been proven that the key factors in the process of implementing state policy in the field of cultural diplomacy should be Ukrainian cultural achievements abroad, taking into account heritage and modernity, as well as emphasizing the need to form strategic planning to support the image of Ukraine on the international arena.

한·중 사료 속의 서부여 존재를 논함

After the death of King Daeso of Dongbuyeo(東夫餘), Buyeo of the Nak’s Kingdom, which was initially sealed by Goguryeo(高句麗) as Buyeo King, is not a lord belonging to the Goguryeo Yeonnabu(椽那部). It can be confirmed through Korean-Chinese historical records that it was a royal state with independent military, diplomatic, and trade rights. King Daeso's younger cousin, who surrendered to Goguryeo, was not a heir to the throne, so he was not eligible to surrender by sacrificing his country, so it can be seen as an exile with his followers. Goguryeo, which wanted to become a new hegemonic power, established a new Buyeo as a result of King Daemusin's strategic proposal to expand its power by turning the royal family of Dongbuyeo into a reliable ally. The relationship with Goguryeo can be seen as a bandwagon alliance if analyzed by modern international political relations theory (IR). Buyeo became a target of the enemy and suffered serious damage when it participated in Goguryeo's hegemonic war, and Goguryeo's discriminatory support for this became the background for Buyeo to break its alliance with Goguryeo and collude with Houhan(後漢). King Uigutae(尉仇台), who rejuvenated Buyeo, secured the Daebang(帶方) area with Gonsongang(公孫康), the son of Gongsondo(公孫 度), the Taishou of Liaodong(遼東太守), and move the capital. For this Buyeo, which was in the Liaoseo(遼西) area from the 1st to the early 4th centuries, I suggest that it is necessary to classify it as 'Seobuyeo(西夫餘)' for the systematic organization of Buyeo history research.

The importance of transformation of global value chains in the international business in the context of harmonization of international economic relations for Russia

Subject. The article considers global value chains as a key factor in the development of modern international economic relations. Objectives. The aim is to perform a comprehensive study of the transformation process of global value chains, using the case of Russia and the world, to conduct an econometric analysis that will identify the most significant factors and trends in the field of global value chains. Methods. The study rests on methods of econometric, logical, and statistical analyses. Results. The study identified the most significant factors in the formation of global value chains today. They are value added and digital development index. A number of other analyzed factors have a less significant impact. Conclusions. The article analyzes factors influencing the specifics of countries' participation in global value chains in modern conditions, in particular for Russia. With the help of econometric modeling, two econometric models were constructed. They enabled to establish relationships between the volume of country's economy and the intensity of participation in global value chains, as well as to conduct an empirical analysis for Russia.

The principle of international cooperation in modern international relations

The article examines the mechanism of action and implementation of the principle of international cooperation in modern international relations against the background of the European integration of Ukraine and the strengthening of the sphere of security and defense. The content and legal and organizational foundations of the principle of international cooperation are analyzed. Trends in the implementation of the principle of international cooperation against the background of the European integration of Ukraine and the strengthening of the sphere of security and defense have been studied. The opinion is argued that international organizations, due to their nature and external factors, do not always act as effective moderators of international cooperation. Aggression against Ukraine exposed a number of fundamental problems related, in particular, to the responsible attitude to the observance of the principles of international law and the consequences for their violators. The essence of the principle of international cooperation has changed, when preference is given not to universal elements of the system of collective security, but to direct contacts with the member states of the UN, EU, NATO, and other alliances, which allows to effectively solve urgent issues in the field of security and defense. It is proven that one of the trends in the implementation of the principle of international cooperation is the strengthening of the institution of responsibility and the binding factor against the background of efforts to establish the right of the strong in international practice by some member states of the UN. Aggressive actions of Russia, the discrediting of the norms of international law, the commission of international crimes on the territory of Ukraine and other factors encourage us to once again turn to the problem of the introduction of binding (sanction) components in interstate relations. On the agenda of the international community are issues of reorganization of the system of collective security, strengthening of the institution of responsibility, creation of effective mechanisms for limiting countries that violate the principles of international law. Without the application of the principle of international cooperation, including at the regional and local level, it will be extremely problematic to solve these extremely complex issues.

Battle of Kursk — a Look 80 Years Later

The article analyzes the most important details and factors of the victory of the Soviet troops in the Battle of Kursk, which became a key battle during the Great Patriotic War. As a source base, the authors actively use various data not only from Russian, but also from German historiography, including memoiristics. Some observations and conclusions are very relevant in connection with modern international relations.

Militarisation of post-Soviet Ukraine as a Factor of the Modern International Crisis

The article studies the militarisation of the foreign and domestic policy of post-Soviet Ukraine as the driving force of the crisis of modern international relations. The article substantiates the formation of the national-state model of Ukrainian militarism in the period 1991–2022. The ideological and political prerequisites of the genesis of Ukrainian militarism and its relationship with extremist ideological doctrines and teachings are analyzed in the article. The stages of militarisation of the Ukrainian state are considered, on the basis of which the conclusion is made about the formation of new challenges to political stability in Eastern Europe in the XXI century. The necessity of conceptual consolidation of ideas about the militarization of Ukraine’s policy in the doctrinal documents of ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation is argued.