Modern Industrial Plants Research Articles

Models of large-scale industrial energy systems—I. Simulation

The energy systems in modern industrial plants are complex and of large scale. Engineers are increasingly turning to computer models for assistance in solving the sophisticated technical problems associated with these systems. The models developed to date have covered single energy sub-systems, such as the steam or electricity system. There is a need for plant-level overview models which can assist in the co-ordination of the energy sub-systems. An overview-level simulation model is presented in this paper. Systems theory and exergy are used extensively in this research. Exergy is used in the creation of a set of variables which can represent all energy forms, allowing combination of the sub-systems into a single unified model. Systems theory is used in the development of component models and formulations. The advantages of the new model include the ability to integrate the energy sub-systems into a single model, access to well-developed techniques for handling large and complex systems, a simultaneous rather than iterative solution, and ease of computerization.

Industrielle Kristallisation – Moderne großtechnische Anlagen und Fallstudien

AbstractIndustrial crystallization – Modern industrial plants and case studies. In the field of mass crystallization a number of advanced plant designs have been implemented in the past decade, and are exemplified in the crystallization of adipic acid and common salt, and in evaporation of aluminate liquor which is susceptible to encrustation. Assessment criteria are, inter alia, product qualities such as the purity achieved and the crystal size distribution, and operation parameters such as the duration of process flow and control behaviour. The significant increase in quality is largely attributable to the crystallizers, which have been optimized above all with regard to the crystal‐size distribution and the duration of product flow.

Fábrica Tomado en Etten-Leur, Holanda

This project involves a complex building to house the various manufacturing departments of the factory and also the offices. It has been designed so that it can be extended, to cope with the increasing activity of the enterprise. Taking the above facts into account, the distribution is highly organic: each section can be developed without affecting the rest of the project. The building has two floor levels: the lower one occupied by the workshops, and the higher one is taken up with the offices and the manager's rooms. The functional demands of this factory make it advantageous that the supplies of power, hot and cold water, compressed air and other conduits by taken along the ceiling of the workshops. The heating radiant panels, fitted in conjunction with the fluorescent lighting, are also attached to the ceiling. The general design of the building provides a considerable flexibility in the internal arrangements, alterations of which can be done very rapidly: this helps substantially in meeting the changing demands on the factory, which is a typical phenomenon in many modern industrial plants. The colour schemes have been worked out cleverly by the architects, who have succeeded in achieving very pleasing effects. In addition, there is an important artistic contribution by Zadkine, at the entrance, which symbolises human industry.

Application of Polyethylene-Insulated High-Voltage Cables in Chemical Plants [includes discussion

The term "chemical plant" no longer defines any specific type of industrial activity or resulting end product, nor does it embrace plants producing the tremendously wide variety of what are generally considered as chemical products. It could very well be extended to cover many of the modern industrial plants whose end products may not be chemical in nature but may involve numerous chemical operations during the manufacture of these products. Electrical installations in such production areas may be subject to the same deteriorating influences as would be encountered in similar installations located in plants whose end products are chemical and known to industry as such. It is obviously impossible for a cable manufacturer to have investigated in his laboratories the effect of every type of chemical influence on a given material such as polyethylene. For present purposes, the author has therefore reviewed a substantial amount of the technical and trade literature of possible interest, data on actual installations in chemical plants, plus some data accumulated in the laboratories of the company with which he is associated, in order to present a fairly comprehensive survey dealing with the possible merits of using polyethylene-insulated high-voltage cables in chemical and allied plants.

Research on Nursing Functions in Three Alabama Hospitals

munity in southern Alabama-Noah, we shall call it. Noah's hospital, situated on the main highway, looks peacefully over the town on one side and cotton fields on the other. The tranquil setting is enhanced by the rural family groups that sit, in the summertime, beneath the pines on the hospital lawn with market baskets of fried chicken and potato salad brought from home. Sick friends and relatives of these families are cared for in a new 30-bed hospital which maintains a staff of 50 employees and modern equipment for their use. In the northern part of Alabama is Cressville, a somewhat larger city that has a rich historical background. Handsome ante-bellum homes and modern industrial plants may be seen on the same street. The county in which it is located is one of the outstanding farm areas in the southeastern states. Amid the bustle of this rapidly growing city is Cressville Hospital. The old building, with its limited capacity of 100 beds, and a small group of 100 workers faithfully serve a population far too large for them. On the southern boundary of Alabama we find a large metropolis, very old, which we shall call Alabama City. The area's population has grown spectacularly in the last five years, and industries continue to locate in the city. Large mansions, surrounded by moss-draped magnolias with Rooms for Rent signs in the spacious yards, evidence the meeting of old and new. On a 70-acre plot near one of the oldest streets, the Alabama City Hospital, a modern 285-bed structure is set apart from the busy city life by spacious grounds planted with azalea and camellia bushes, dogwood and redbud trees. This is a compact, efficient community-populated with its patients, doctors, nurses, students, technicians, and approximately 400 other workers who, in their various jobs, look after the operation and maintenance of the hospital. After your first visits to Noah, Cressville, and Alabama City you would have these bits of information about the communities and their hospitals. If you were to stay a while longer, however, you would discover a great deal more about how these three hospitals with their physicians, nurses, and technicians really function. This is what our research team actually did. A person trained in social science research lived approximately six weeks in each of the three hospitals. During this time information on hospital operation, and on the status, roles, and attitudes of personnel, was gathered by observing actual work situations, through informal conversations and formal interviews with employees, and by means of questionnaires.

240/416-Volt 3-phase 4-wire power and lighting supply for modern industrial plants

Recently, in the technical magazines, articles have appeared advocating the use of a 277/480-volt 3-phase 4-wire grounded neutral distribution system for manufacturing plants. In these articles, it is pointed out that power and lighting service can be supplied from the same feeders by connecting motors, and other large loads requiring 3-phase electric supply, to the 3-phase conductors, and lamps to the phase and neutral conductors.

Value of cardiac function tests in industry.

Since the diagnosis of heart disease and the evaluation of cardiac function cannot always be made by the routine clinical methods, dependable functional tests of the heart are definitely necessary. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the country today. This is, of course, related to the increasing numbers of aged in our population. In modern industrial plants especially, therefore, is the need for accurate diagnostic and functional tests of the heart now most apparent—including tests of laborers, white collar workers, and executives. The continuing partial disability of workingmen with angina pectoris due to coronary disease, chronic congestive heart failure, or even cardiac neurosis is much more important than is the occasional dramatic attack of acute coronary occlusion or insufficiency among apparently healthy airplane pilots while in flight. From the standpoint of the nation's needs, the physician in industry must assume the responsibility for ferreting out previously undetected cardiac disease from among the employees or executives of his concern. Executives, especially, are generally considered to be likely