Modern Housing Research Articles

Modern Architecture of the Second Half of the XX Century in Local Contexts: Comparative Analysis of Housing Estates in Izmir, Turkey and Tychy, Poland

The modernist architecture of the twentieth century, often referred to as the International Style, exhibited diverse forms and urban layouts shaped by local cultural, economic, and political factors. To comprehensively understand the architectural heritage of this era, it is essential to consider both universal and local principles. This paper explores the adaptation of modernism within a local context by analysing the urban layouts of housing estates in Izmir (Turkey) and Tychy (Poland), constructed during the latter half of the twentieth century. The aim is to enhance our understanding of the architectural heritage of this modernist period through a comparative analysis. The selection of these examples is based on their shared formal similarities, despite the vastly different contexts in which they were built. While the circumstances surrounding the two cases were starkly dissimilar, the scale of the buildings and the spatial arrangements exhibit similarities. This study employs a mixed-method approach, incorporating qualitative methods such as observation and case study alongside quantitative methods such as research and surveys. The comparative analysis presented in this paper illuminates the local idiosyncrasies of architecture while unveiling the complexity of the modernist architectural legacy and the intricate developmental processes that culminated in ostensibly similar spatial outcomes. This proposed comparative analysis aims to address existing gaps in the literature on modern housing and contribute to broader discussions within an international context. It intends to promote knowledge, raise awareness, and contribute to the sustainable discourse of modern architecture.

Typological diversity and morphological continuity in the modern residential fabric: The case of Ankara,Turkey

Each city has a unique fabric corresponding to the dominant modes of production, legal control, and guidance systems in which it operates. Any periodic alteration in the settled mode of housing supply, in this sense, potentially results in an intrinsic change in ‘typological diversity’ and ‘spatial continuity’ within the collective fabric. If not coordinated by design and development control, the emergent variation in the housing typology may result in spatial fragmentation through the collective urban fabric. To test that point, the paper aims to reveal the subtle relationship between the two phenomena on a morphological basis. Through rapidly changing socio-economic dynamics in the last century, the cities of Turkey are subject to different housing production forms, therefore, offering a relevant context to examine the issue.Along with a planning system without effective development control tools to ensure spatial coherence responding to the dynamic nature of the housing sector, the residential fabric of Ankara comprises all the dominant housing typologies that emerged within different periods in Turkey. Accordingly, following a historical review of the housing supply forms in Turkey, the paper maps the emerging patterns of modern housing typologies through successive development zones of the city. It examines their internal typomorphological characteristics via a series of transects. Utilizing the GIS-based coherency analysis, the level of morphological continuity on each transect is calculated. Consequently, in light of the findings of the analysis, a critical perspective on housing production and development control creating different forms of spatial fragmentation through typological variation is suggested.

Investigation of Thermal Comfort for ANaturally Ventilated House: Correlation between Climatic Design Strategy and Thermal Data Analysis

One of the main factors contributing to climate change and global warming is architecture, which accountsfor about 50% of the country's greenhouse emissions due to construction and the energy needed to keep buildings operational. Sustainable architecture is believed to reduce emissions, andthisapproach has been practisedwithtraditional buildings. In Malaysia, a traditional Malay house (TMH) is one of thetraditional buildings, and it is initially naturally ventilated with occupant-controlled air ventilation to condition the space. Numerous experimental studies claimed that TMHhas demonstrated a good model for contemporary designers to understand climatic and environmental design, building systems, and design adaptability.One of the approaches is to practiseclimatic design strategies. However, there is a lack of study to determine if TMH is still relevant as a sustainable design that can adapt to current climate conditions. Thus, the study aims to investigate the adaptive indoor thermal comfort of a Negeri Sembilan Malay house in a hot-humid climate determinedby the correlation betweenclimatic design strategy and thermal data analysis. This study employed the Predictive Adaptivemodel by executing two stages of fieldwork: i) local climate background and ii) physical measurement (case study description and environmental data). The data were thenanalysed using the ACS of ASHRAE 55 and MS 2680:2017. The primary results revealed that 62% of the hourly indooroperative temperatureof the case study house waswithin 80 to 90 % of the acceptability limit. The optimal comfort hourly indooroperative temperaturewasbetween25.5 to 29.5 °C with a prevailing mean outdoor air temperaturebetween23 to 30 °C, which represents 90% of the acceptability limitrange. Moreover, the results also complied with the standards of ACS, where the average hourly indooroperative temperature was less than 31 °C,with a prevailing mean outdoor air temperatureless than32 °C, which wasan acceptable indoor state for occupants' comfort. The findingscompliedwith RMK 12 Theme 3, which aims to be a carbon-neutral country by practising sustainable architecture and construction. The design of naturally ventilated houses, such as Negeri Sembilan Malay houses in hot-humid climates, can be a model reference for modern housing design development.

Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi dergilerinde kadın imajı ve modern konut ilişkisi üzerine bir inceleme

The Early Republican Period was a transition from traditional culture and life to modern life. This process of change and transformation, experienced in almost every aspect of life at the beginning of the twentieth century, also manifested itself in social life, urban space, and the field of architecture. In particular, the empowering role of woman as individual and its effects on social relations significantly affected daily life and, thus, the most basic living unit, housing space. During this period, the new concept of housing, associated with the image of modern, educated, and social woman, was also widely featured in the print media, which considered it its duty to teach modern life to society. When the culture, art, and life-themed magazines of the period are analysed, it is seen that there were many contents in which modern housing design, interior arrangement, and furniture choices were associated with the theme of modern woman. This draws attention to the fact that the house was considered a reflection of the new living culture rather than a place of shelter, and the woman was regarded as the representation of this culture. In this context, this study aims to investigate the relationship between the concept of modern housing and the image of woman in the Early Republic through the magazine contents of the period. In the study, Muhit, Ev Kadın, Ev İş, Yıldız, and Yedigün magazines, which were popular publications of the period, were examined. As a result of the study, it was determined that the woman was generally accepted as the primary user and decision-maker of the house in the contents. Furthermore, it has been observed that the details, spatial suggestions, and furniture preferences of the new housing design were expressed through modern women-themed images and discourses.

The method of reconstruction of the interior quarterly space in the formation of a modern housing in the conditions of a historical building

Historic city blocks, which are often characterized by polygonal layouts that form a beautiful inner courtyard, present many challenges for the formation of modern housing in the context of historical buildings, mainly due to space limitations. Incorporating essential amenities as required by state law, such as children's play areas, adult recreation areas, and car and bicycle parking, requires a subtle approach that harmonizes modern needs with heritage preservation. This study formulates a three-stage methodological framework for the reconstruction of intra-neighborhood spaces, especially in Ukrainian urban contexts. In the study, three primary principles of the design of residential areas are defined: closed-type greening, common intra-quarter improvement and extra-quarter improvement. These principles advocate a synergistic use of spaces where modern residential buildings can share amenities with neighboring buildings, contributing to a shared, sustainable living environment. The case of a historical quarter in Kyiv presented in the article serves as a practical manifestation of these principles, illustrating how shared amenities and strategic planning can contribute to the seamless integration of modern housing into the historical context, enhancing both the functionality and aesthetic appeal of the entire quarter. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of transforming inner courtyards into greener recreational areas, while centralizing parking spaces and relegating them to the periphery to create an organized, breathable urban ecosystem. This study argues that the harmonization of contemporary housing with historic architecture goes beyond simple external assimilation; it requires a deep understanding and rethinking of adjacent spaces so that they meet modern requirements. The insights gathered here hold significant potential to guide future research into the evolution of dynamic, inclusive and culturally rich urban environments.

Tribhuvan University in Kirtipur; A History of Resistance and Change

This paper, focused on the history of establishment of university in Kiritpur, is centered around a question - How the establishment of Tribhuvan University in Kirtipur is associated with a pattern of change influencing the everyday life of the local people? Given the background, this paper has intended to shed light on the history of Tribhuvan University in Kirtipur amidst resistance of the people, particularly on how the process of establishment of the university proceeded at the beginning and, in addition, the impacts on the society and the people of Kirtipur following the founding of a great institution in the history of Nepal. For this purpose, qualitative information has been generated from ethnographic interviews supplemented by focus group discussion guided by a check-list, mainly with the local senior citizen informants above 60 years of age who have witnessed the place and processes from decades. The study shows that the people who were reluctant to welcome the university because it forcefully purchased their land and they were compelled to shift from farming to non-farming occupation had lots of grievances and dissatisfaction with the government. However, over time the urbanization, expansion of market and emigration of the population have found to have brought various aspects of development regarding road and transportation, modern housing and settlement, growth in physical infrastructures associated with education, health and market. Now, people have realized the benefit directly and indirectly in their lives.

Technology, Users, and Sustainable Social Housing

Abstract This paper aims to contribute with results in relation to the challenges that users encounter with regard to technologies in sustainable social housing. The results are significant and show that in modern Danish sustainable social housing consideration is not taken for the users in relation to the technologies implemented in the buildings. The consequences are that the intentions of the technologies supporting economic, environmental, and social sustainability do not work for the users when the buildings are taken into use. The paper argues that developers and architectural practice should in future use simpler technologies that give residents the opportunity to individually regulate their homes’ indoor climate. At the same time, architecture and technology should reflect the consideration towards the climate in the local context and the users’ funda-mental living conditions. The paper argues for the development of a more user-oriented architecture, where the interaction between architecture and technology can work for the users and to a greater extent support the intentions with regard to sustainability.

CLASSIFICATION OF CONTEMPORARY HOUSING IN THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT

Preservation of historical buildings while accommodating modern housing is a difficult challenge in urban development. The successful integration of contemporary architectural design within the context of historic districts requires careful consideration of various factors. In this article, we present a comprehensive classification scheme for modern housing in historic buildings based on a careful analysis of practical experience and architectural principles. The classification scheme covers eight key features that serve as the main parameters for evaluating and classifying modern housing in a historical context. These features include project quality classes, floor plan, functionality, volume-spatial structure, construction method, furnishing materials, color scheme and approach to harmonization with the historical context. Classification signs are divided into different categories, sometimes into subcategories and cover the relatively maximum load of world experience in the design of modern housing in a historical context. The project quality classes are divided into mass housing and housing of increased comfort. Flooring is defined by three categories: low-rise, medium-rise and multi-story. Different forms of spatial and volumetric structure, which flow from different sections of the design and structure of quarters in the historical districts of the cities, are defined. Furnishing materials are divided into traditional, modern, and combined options. On the basis of historical architecture, coloristic categories are defined, which either repeat the historical colors of the city, or contrast against their background. Also, residential buildings are defined according to functionality, while multi-functional residential buildings are divided into several categories according to various variants of architectural and planning solutions of complexes. The last feature is the main feature in the case of determining the harmonization of modern housing with the historical context and is divided into 5 categories, starting from pseudo-historical design and ending with the contrasting formation of modern architecture.

A Lived-in Shape Grammar: Parsing the Dwelling Activities in a Modernist Residential Building in Algiers

ABSTRACT: Residents of a building transform it over time and play crucial roles in making its life cycles sustainable. Introducing formal methods to study the impact of residents’ modifications in existing structures, we analyze Climat de France, a modern housing project in Algeria. Observing the distinction of designed and in-use contexts, we consider the building as it was once intended and as it is now lived in. We parse the south-west facade and define a shape grammar that consists of rules that represent and categorize the changes dwellers made on the original facade over time. We discuss residents’ modifications as tools of autonomy and outcomes of territorial struggles. Findings are both expected and unexpected, such as the issues of climate control and the patterns of knowledge exchange, respectively. The study interweaves some of the social and physical dynamics that trigger and shape the residents’ modifications, pointing out that shape grammars may be utilized to analyze the informal adaptations of a space by its users.

MODERN ARCHITECTURAL FORMATION AND 3D PRINTING OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

The article is devoted to the analysis and research of modern practical experience of designing residential objects in the urban environment. The conceptual foundations of the architectural design of modern residential buildings and complexes are considered. Features of modern architectural form-making and 3-D printing of residential objects are determined. It was determined that the architectural concepts of modern residential objects should be built based on the connection of several directions (ecology, urban planning, architecture of buildings and structures with the introduction of landscape design tools) and methods of modern shaping. It has been established that the shaping of modern residential objects is a process of implementing the design model of the building, which includes the choice of assembling form elements and subsystems of the building into a single system. It has been established that the architectural design of modern residential objects is based on the requirements and methods of creation that include: the algorithm of the process of forming the shape of a modern residential building, the interaction of subsystems of a residential building, the selection of the dominant subsystem with its reflection on the external form of the building, the type of basic form, the characteristic methods of forming the shape of a modern residential building, the compositional interaction between the elements of the architectural form of a modern residential building. The article pays attention to the modern theory of architectural space. The authors outline the ways of system improvement of modern residential buildings in the future. The impact of the latest technologies on the main parameters of modern residential objects has been revealed. Four directions of development of modern residential buildings and complexes in the urban environment in the future have been identified. These directions are related to the application of innovative technologies, new building materials, functional intensification of the infrastructure of the residential environment, creation of multifunctional residential objects, development of large-scale characteristics of buildings, use of natural components in the architectural design of modern residential objects. Prospective techniques for improving the formation of local residential units are defined. Keywords: architecture, modern housing, formation, infrastructure, new technologies, 3-D printing, urban environment.

Ideal Model of Socialist Modernism

The paper addresses the Gheorgheni housing estate in Cluj (1964-1969) as a remarkably well-preserved example, representative of a particular phase in the evolution of socialist housing in Romania. It argues, in the context of the present debates on the notion of postwar modernism, that Gheorgheni is a proper modernist example and that this specific period in the history of Romanian socialist housing can be defined as the modernist period. This was a time when the state set up a housing production system adapted to mass scale at the national level, and when the first large housing estates emerged. A young generation of architects working in the newly created regional design institutes eagerly embraced modern architecture, in both its aesthetic and social dimension. Through an analysis based on interviews with architects, photographic archival material, publications of the time, and references to contemporary debates on postwar modernism, the paper identifies the sources that informed the Gheorgheni project and shows how it embodied the model of modernist housing in its "ideal" form – i.e., close to the classical functionalist model of modern architecture and urbanism. It demonstrates the consistency of its modernist project and claims that the coherent urban and architectural design, together with the social mixing of its residents, account for its success over time. Unlike other estates from the same period, it has suffered only minimal later interventions and it is still a desirable residential area today. Eventually, the objective is to make the case for the listing of the estate as a modern architectural and urban heritage monument that deserves preservation, despite the negative undifferentiating perception of postwar housing that persists in Romania today.

Post-WWII Modernism with a glaze

Post World War II European modern housing often exhibited a Corbusian influence, but Le Corbusier was not embraced to the same extent everywhere, as noticed during exchanges between the University of Lisbon and the University of Antwerp in the ambit of the COST-Action 18137 on MCMH. While Belgium has several 1950s social housing projects, strongly indebted in its Unité d’habitation in Marseilles, Portugal does not. There, social housing architecture remained rather conservative, even though Corbusian features manifested themselves in some middle-class mass housing projects, such as the complex on Avenida Estados Unidos da América in Lisbon (1954-1966) designed by Lucínio Cruz, Alberto Ayres de Sousa and Mário Oliveira. While the housing blocks are on pilotis, they also have notable Art-Deco elements. In Belgium, free-standing modernist housing on pilotis with Art-Deco features also appears, such as the housing project at the Jan De Voslei in Antwerp designed by Jos Smolderen (1952-1967). These Modernist/Art-Deco hybrids have never been explored in depth because they are considered not radical enough. However, these cases shed light on how (older) architects mediated between traditional architecture and Modernism, between their own preferences and those of the state or housing company. They illuminate the political, social, and urban context in which these buildings were created. This paper explains why the principles Belgian architects applied to social housing were closer to Lisbon’s middle-class housing than their similar buildings for low-income housing. Based on cross-referencing archival material, legislation, on-site observations, and a study of the political, urban and social context, this paper posits a re-reading of Le Corbusier’s legacy in middle-class housing in Lisbon versus Antwerp.

Hidden Champions

Large-scale housing estates were the most significant and largest single investments implemented in many municipalities in the post-WWII period. They were emblematic of modern urban development until criticism of modern housing became widespread and reached Western Germany in the wake of the fundamental socio-critical movements shaking Europe around 1968. This criticism primarily reflected the voice of middle-class academics, who fed it into the media as well as into the architecture and planning discourse, which continues to dominate to these days. We will argue that this criticism stands in the way of recognizing large-scale housing estates as important testimonies of post-WWII history worthy of preservation. In times of tight housing markets, this criticism also enables significant alterations to the estates’ urban fabric as well as densification to generate additional homes without incurring land costs. As a result, we currently risk even the outstanding examples being altered beyond their ability to function as cultural monuments. This paper combines literature, archive material and extensive surveys of large-scale post-WWII housing estates in the Frankfurt Rhine-Main region to trace the changing perception of this housing type over time and its implications for the formal listing process. Whilst the current German legislation allows for the best specimens of large-scale post-WWII housing estates to be listed but factors outside the professional field prevents the authorities in charge from doing so. At the same time the benefits of listing would extend beyond the realm of building preservation to include better acceptance within the general public and improved identification for the residents. Two examples from the Rhine-Main Region will exemplify the challenges related to the preservation of large-scale housing estates.

The aesthetics of Gannan Hakka architecture in modern housing: A design psychology perspective

The rapid acceleration of societal change has subjected contemporary individuals to prolonged periods of diverse pressures, leading to substantial psychological strain, resulting in anxiety, depression, and compromised mental well-being. Within this context, the home has evolved into a vital refuge for modern individuals, offering both physical and psychological respite. Through experimental intervention, this study examines two distinct residential groups: those adhering to traditional housing and those residing in characteristic folk houses, specifically Gannan Hakka architecture. Analysing the psychological state of contemporary individuals and integrating Gannan Hakka architectural elements into folk house design through a psychologically informed approach, this research aims to enhance residents’ aesthetic experiences and alleviate psychological distress. The study involved 120 volunteers with varying psychological stress levels, categorised into characteristic and traditional folk house groups. Psychological assessments evaluated stress, self-efficacy, and quality of life. Findings reveal significantly improved psychological well-being, self-efficacy, and quality of life among the characteristic residential group, affirming the benefits of Gannan Hakka architecture integration. This research underscores the importance of addressing modern individuals’ environmental needs and proposes the integration of Gannan Hakka cultural elements into residential design to enhance well-being.Contribution: This study demonstrates the application of Hakka culture in contemporary housing profoundly influences residents’ lives, enabling both relaxation and a deeper cultural connection. This integration facilitates a comprehensive understanding of Hakka culture, promoting its preservation. Notably recognised for hospitality and diligence, Hakka culture enhances individuals’ appreciation of tradition, fostering physical and mental rejuvenation. These findings offer valuable insights for practical theology scholars and practitioners exploring the impact of religious aspects on modern residential design from a psychological perspective.

Legal Problems of Eviction of Citizens from Residential Premises under a Social Employment Contract

The author considers the problems of legal regulation of public relations in the field of eviction of citizens under a social contract of employment and the discrepancy between law enforcement and judicial practices justifies the need for improving legislation in general. The purpose of the study is to identify legal problems in the modern legal system that regulates the eviction of citizens from residential premises under a social contract of employment. This goal predetermined the following tasks: it is necessary to consider the legal nature of the eviction of citizens from residential premises under a social contract of employment in modern housing law; to analyze the current legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of eviction of citizens from residential premises under a social contract of employment, including the grounds and procedure for such eviction; study the jurisprudence on the topic under consideration. Methods. The methodological basis of the research is the methods of cognition of legal phenomena and processes. Depending on the tasks to be solved, in this study, such methods of cognition of the subject as formal legal, comparative legal, and system analysis have been used. Conclusions. As a result of the study, the author identified problems in terms of providing another comfortable living quarters within the boundaries of the settlement where the living quarters were previously located, this problem is evidenced by the existing and ambiguous practice of the courts; problematic is the issue of the equivalence of residential premises provided under a social tenancy agreement: questions remain open about the number of rooms in the new residential premises, the equivalence of the total area of the previously occupied residential premises, the increase in the area of the new comfortable residential premises compared to the previous one. The author sees it logical to introduce a number of changes to the existing norm contained in Article 89 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the HC RF), which would lead to a correct interpretation of the norms of housing legislation by the courts.

Transformation of Kalmyk Dwellings during Their Transfer to Settled Life in Imperial and Soviet Periods

The article examines the process of transformation of Kalmyk dwellings in the context of the transition of nomadic herders to settled life during the Imperial and Soviet periods. It is noted that felt dwelling (“kibitka”) were built for permanent family residence and had a range of useful functions: accessibility, low cost of materials (felt; with only some details made of wood), and ecological sustainability. The authors report that in the early years of Soviet power, herders began to transition en masse to settled life and independently built new Soviet settlements with houses made of mud and reeds called “mazankas”. The article shows changes in the structural features of dwellings in chronological order, typologizes them, and conducts a comparative analysis. Initially, the nomadic lifestyle of the Kalmyk steppe dwellers necessitated the development of a mobile and reliable shelter in the form of a kibitka. Transitioning to settled life, the Kalmyks adapted to the harsh conditions of the steppe without nomadism and created modern stationary housing made of reed-sand material (compressed reed stems or clay mixed with straw). Currently, many wealthy rural Kalmyks reproduce the Kalmyk felt house — a kibitka — for entertaining guests due to their mental attitudes.

FEATURES OF THE HARMONIZATION OF VOLUME-SPATIAL ARCHITECTURE OF MODERN HOUSING IN THE HISTORICAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE POLISH CITY OF GDANSK

The Polish city of Gdansk is a rather interesting and special European city in terms of architectural features of the city's historical development. And after the Second World War, Polish architects did a great job of restoring the city, preserving the historical architectural heritage and harmonizing modern architecture in the historical context. This scientific study analyzes the peculiarities of the reconstruction of the historical districts of the city, the implementation of international charters, the peculiarities of the historical architecture of the Polish city, and defines the main architectural styles that are widespread in the historical districts of the city. Three architectural objects from historical periods are analyzed: Renaissance (the Kamienica Czirenbergów-Frederów building, Baroque (the building at Długi Targ Street 20), Classicism (the building at Mariacka Street 14). The features that combine the architecture are analyzed all three styles, in this way we determine the features of the historical architecture of the city. The peculiarities of the harmonization of the facade architecture of modern housing in the historical buildings of the city of Gdańsk are determined. According to our own methodology, we determine the principles that are most suitable for harmonizing the modern with the historical during design. An analysis of the built object on Szeroka Street (architect A. Taraszkiewicz) of modern housing in the historical context is carried out, according to the criteria developed according to the scheme, such as shape, color scheme, size, balance, facade fabric, proportions of window and door openings and materials used in construction. As a result of the analysis according to the criteria, the principles of harmonization, according to which the architecture was formed, are determined. It discusses the challenges faced in designing and building in the historic district and how the city government, the public, the client and the architects consolidated their efforts to solve the complex issues.

TIMELY SURVEY OF MODERN HOUSING IN THE PRESENT

Modern housing is a complex of living and technical buildings, engineering systems and surrounding infrastructure which designed to meets the needs of residents. For their operation, it is necessary to predict lots of details: how exactly structural elements will work, their project aging and destruction, as well as organizational measures that ensure timely repairs, adjustment works and technical service. The level of the quality provided housing and communal services affects comfort of people's lives, level of health, satisfaction of their daily needs, quality of their work and their attitude to the government management in the country. The article presents damage to the main structural elements of the building such as: base and foundation, facade and walls, balconies, loggias, bay windows and cornices, roof, floors, floors and coverings, stairs, windows, doors, external and internal cladding, etc. 

Research on the construction history and architectural characteristics of the Bugok Railway Official Residences in Sam-dong, South Korea

Purpose This study traced the architectural, urban and social characteristics of the Bugok Railway Official Residences (BRORs) in South Korea. It also explored the modern elements of Western (or Japanized Western) or traditional Korean characteristics embodied in the BRORs in the modernization process of Korea in the early 20th century.Design/methodology/approach Through literature reviews, field trips and archive investigation, this study uncovered new critical facts concerning the origin of the BRORs’ construction plan and architectural characteristics.Findings The BRORs’ value can be described as follows. First, the BRORs are the first modern housing complex in the Uiwang region. Second, they are meaningful as a housing area built during the Japanese colonial period, and many houses were concentrated in the center of a large city. Third, each official residence shows that various phenomena (mass production, standardization, efficiency and so on) are concentrated in buildings from premodern to modern period. Finally, the image of a group residential complex about to be demolished due to redevelopment is recorded in detail.Social implications In the 1940s, the Railway Bureau of the Japanese Government-General of Korea planned a new small-scale town where mainly railway workers would live. The BRORs in Sam-dong, Uiwang were the first-phase plan. Specifically, 200 households in 100 buildings (two households per building) were built in 1943 during the end of the Japanese colonial period. After the liberation in 1945, these residences were made available to the general public and only 27 households remained through modification and renovation. The remaining residences will be demolished in 2023.Originality/value This research examined the meaning of the BRORs, which had not previously been researched in-depth, from diverse perspectives; accordingly, the basic research required for sustainable archiving can be performed after demolition using the study data.

Association between domesticated animal ownership and Plasmodium falciparum parasite prevalence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a national cross-sectional study

Domesticated animal ownership is an understudied aspect of the human environment that influences mosquito biting behaviour and malaria transmission, and is a key part of national economies and livelihoods in malaria-endemic regions. In this study, we aimed to understand differences in Plasmodium falciparum prevalence by ownership status of common domesticated animals in DR Congo, where 12% of the world's malaria cases occur and anthropophilic Anopheles gambiae vectors predominate. In this cross-sectional study, we used survey data from individuals aged 15-59 years in the most recent (2013-14) DR Congo Demographic and Health Survey and previously performed Plasmodium quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to estimate P falciparum prevalence differences by household ownership of cattle; chickens; donkeys, horses, or mules; ducks; goats; sheep; and pigs. We used directed acyclic graphs to consider confounding by age, gender, wealth, modern housing, treated bednet use, agricultural land ownership, province, and rural location. Of 17 701 participants who had qPCR results and covariate data, 8917 (50·4%) of whom owned a domesticated animal, we observed large differences in malaria prevalence across types of animals owned in both crude and adjusted models. Household chicken ownership was associated with 3·9 (95% CI 0·6 to 7·1) more P falciparum infections per 100 people, whereas cattle ownership was associated with 9·6 (-15·8 to -3·5) fewer P falciparum infections per 100 people, even after accounting for bednet use, wealth, and housing structure. Our finding of a protective association conferred by cattle ownership suggests that zooprophylaxis interventions might have a role in DR Congo, possibly by drawing An gambiae feeding away from humans. Studies of animal husbandry practices and associated mosquito behaviours could reveal opportunities for new malaria interventions. The National Institutes of Health and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. For the French and Lingala translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.