Modern House Research Articles

Characteristic Aspects of Functioning of the Modern Opera Theater in the Cultural and Creative Area of China

The aim of the papers deals with the modern opera theater as a polystructural, cultural and artistic phenomenon. An integral interpretive model of the opera theater is formed as the basis of modern opera creative practice and the realization of the artistic and aesthetic concepts of the opera and theatrical art.Research methodology. The offered paradigm of study of the definition of modern opera theater allows connecting culturological, praxeological and hermeneutic approaches in the context of musicological discourse.Results. The author studies an opera repertoire as the necessary basis of activities of modern opera theater, finds the leading category of confutation in the concept of repertoire. The repertoire constants of modern opera work, traditional and innovative directions of opera repertoire are determined. Repertoire bases of modern foreign opera theater are characterized; approaches to a repertoire factual account of modern Ukrainian opera theater are developed.Novelty. The opera house in China is built into the system of concert-theater and entertainment complex. Thus, the modern opera house is a polystyrene cultural and artistic entertainment and commercial complex and a functional part of the metropolis, in which various state programs of support of artistic events under the conditions of a globalized cultural environment are implemented.The practical significance. The key results of this research can be used in the lessons of performing skills, as well as in the series of lectures «Music Culture of Foreign Countries».Keywords: opera theater, cultural sphere, opera and theater culture of modern China, contemporary Chinese opera.

Flexibility: From Tent to Modern Houses in Turkey Evaluation and Guidelines

Old tribal life style of Turkish societies needed a house, that responds to the requirement of permanent moving and travelling. While, after the early settlements, new houses typologies appeared which also show high level of flexibility due to the minimalism style of living. In the last century, this was not the pandemic case in Turkey, even the users demanded flexibility as a factor in the design of housing projects. Architects and designers have not considered this need in planning phase. Hence, the solution to make modern houses suitable for new life style needs, or the change in family requirements, were either by moving to a new house or perform some modification to suite those new demands. Due to the lack of flexibility in those houses, the end users are forced to move to another house. This paper analyses the concept of flexibility in different Turkish dwelling types, in order to define clearly its meaning in Turkish society. While it has been always studied as one indicator to achieve social sustainability in housing projects, we think it is highly important as a keystone factor in the design of housing projects in Turkey. Thus, we suggest a multi-criteria evaluation system, in comparison with international examples, to present and understand its importance, taking in consideration the peculiarity of Turkish culture and society. Moreover, this evaluation system examined on different examples, showing the main elements to be considered and developed in order to create a responsive architecture to users’ needs in different phases of the life of society. Finally, we suggest some guidelines for the designers to consider, aiming to design flexible houses in their future projects, suitable for the mentality and culture in Turkey.

Commercializing Beef Sub-Sector in Arusha and Dar-es-Salaam Cities, Tanzania: Consumers’ Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Quality Beef

Tanzania has huge livestock resource base of cattle herds amounting to 28,435,825; diverse feeds to satisfy 4.9m TLU annually and several modern slaughter houses. Despite its importance, the sector is used sub-optimally with over 95% of cattle produced traditionally to meet subsistence needs. Several efforts geared to commercialize the sector were supply driven in nature with limited consumers’ needs on board. To date there is limited information on preferences of consumers on quality beef (QB) products among consumers; and how would they react to the variation of its prices. Therefore this paper examined consumers’ preferences, their willingness to pay (WTP) and motives behind WTP for QB produced locally in Dar-es-Salaam and Arusha cities. Cross sectional design was used to collect data from 278 households that were analyzed through Principal component Analysis and multiple regression models. Findings revealed that 70% of beef consumers preferred fresh unrefrigerated beef with low fat content; and 91% were not willing to pay for QB because their definition of QB differs from that of QB suppliers. Additionally, the price of QB influenced consumers’ WTP negatively at 5% significant levels. It is recommended that QB suppliers design and supply a range of beef products tailored to meet needs of traditional beef consumers while championing creation of awareness among traditional beef consumers to demystify the wrong perception QB attributes among them

Lessons from Joglo’s Tectonic Adaptability for Sustainable Future

In order to accommodate the dynamic human activities, built environments should always be in a constant change. Demolishing, building a new or renovating building are not suitable anymore due to high cost and effort, thus discussions on creating adaptable architecture has increased significantly. This paper suggests that architects can learn from vernacular buildings which already have the capacity to adapt from hundreds years ago. A Javanese vernacular architecture type, known as Joglo, is chosen as case study due to its unique adaptability. Joglo, as a house and pendopo, has existed since the year 1700s, and it is still reuse until now as gallery, office, café/restaurant, (modern) house, hotel and shops in various locations, even outside Java Island. The analysis is divided into two phases; identifying Joglo’s adaptability by dissecting the building components according to Brand’s layers to evaluate which part of buildings changes and how much, identifying the relations between buildings’ layers and the joints’ construction with the aid of a 1:65 scale model to seek a better understanding of six adaptability strategy. In the end, the paper reveal that Joglo’s adaptability is deeply influenced by the durability of materials and the knock-down tectonic character. Hopefully, this traditional wisdom of vernacular building can be developed for the creation of sustainable architecture of the future.

Architectural spatial design strategies for summer microclimate control in buildings

The objective of this paper is to clarify the spatial design strategies used to control the microclimate of a Chinese vernacular house in summer by comparing the building with modern Chinese rural houses and presenting ideas for contemporary architectural design practice. For this goal the spatial configuration, the spatial boundary conditions, the vegetation in the space and the human activity in the space were analysed for the vernacular house and for modern rural houses. Also, field measurements were conducted to evaluate the summer thermal environment in the vernacular and a modern house. The results show that the vernacular house has a diverse spatial design and a better building microclimate, making it easier to obtain thermal comfort than the modern houses. Therefore, spatial design strategies of Chinese vernacular houses are still of great value to modern house design, especially when the free-running thermal comfort theory is applied.

Output of part I:

In part 1, a literature review was done to summarise and introduce the theoretical background knowledge of thermal comfort and passive cooling technology. The adaptive thermal comfort was explained because it is applicable to a free-running building which is the studied object of this research. The basic theory and design standards of adaptive thermal comfort were reviewed. A brief overview of passive cooling techniques was given. The techniques were then reviewed based on their relationships with urban morphology, building shape, layout, opening and “elements”. The study started with a Chinese vernacular building (chapter 4) because these always use the passive way to achieve a comfortable living environment under the limitations of technology at that time. Firstly, the spatial design strategies for passive cooling of a Chinese vernacular house were investigated in a field survey. The design of modern rural houses under free-running conditions compared with the Chinese vernacular house. It was found that the modern rural house did not achieve a satisfactory thermal summer environment under free-running conditions, while the vernacular house did. Furthermore, the vernacular house was deeply analysed by field measurements and dynamic thermal simulations. It was found that the particular spatial design of the vernacular house has its own building microclimate, which is important for the occupants’ thermal summer comfort. The concept of building microclimate was identified. In this study, the scale of “building microclimate” refers to a type of microclimate, involving the indoor space and the spaces around the indoor spaces of a particular building. It is the extension of the indoor climate. The spatial scale is smaller than the urban fabric. It rarely covers an area more than several hundred meters wide, but is bigger than an indoor space alone. It is limited to one particular building, whether a small house or a big stadium. The building microclimate is mainly defined by the spatial and the thermo-physical properties. Similar to the influence of urban morphology on urban microclimate, the spatial configuration influences the building microclimate significantly. To have a particular microclimate at the building scale, some key factors of spatial configuration such as spatial diversity, spatial arrangement and boundary conditions between spaces should be identified. The spatial design of modern house is different from the vernacular house due to the evolution of people’s lifestyle over a long period. Can a modern house have a good building microclimate? To answer this question, the spatial design and thermal environment of a modern house were analysed through field survey and simulation. It was found that a modern house can also have its own microclimate and that the microclimate of this particular building can provide considerable thermal comfort for the occupants in summer under local climate conditions. Adaptive actions, for example movement, can explain why occupants can achieve thermal comfort in a building microclimate with diverse spaces. To find the relationship between the occupants’ spatial perception and thermal perception, a questionnaire was put forward. It was found that the spatial openness of a particular space significantly affects the occupants’ visual perception, wind speed perception and thermal perception. It was revealed that the occupants’ spatial perception and thermal perception are associated. The strongest correlation is between spatial openness and visual perception and wind speed perception. That means spatial boundary conditions can strongly influence occupants’ comfort perception, and subsequently influence the occupants’ spatial choice and movement in a particular thermal environment, given the opportunity, as Humphreys (1997) pointed out: when people are free to choose their location, it helps if there is plenty of thermal variety, giving them the opportunity to choose the places they like. The fundamental assumption of the adaptive approach is expressed by the adaptive principle: “if a change occurs such as to produce discomfort, people react in ways which tend to restore their comfort”. Nicol et al. (2012) proposed that there are at least five basic types of adaptive actions. One important adaptive action is selecting a different thermal environment. Occupant movement in a particular building microclimate is significant for thermal comfort. Occupants can change their location for different activities. Movement is possible between buildings, between rooms, around rooms, out of the sun and into the breeze, and so on (Nicol et al., 2012).

Modern opera house as a subject of musicologist studies: musical, historical and interpretation aspects

The aim of the article is to identify the fundamental principles, artistic parameters and value-semantic guidelines of the modern opera house, considered in a wide musicological discursive field. To study the socio-aesthetic role of artistic value, theoretical parameters for considering the relationship and mutual influence of the phenomena of theater and opera are formed. The methodology of the work is determined by a system of historical and theoretical approaches, each of which is represented by a complex of methods based on the combination of such methodological approaches as musical and historical, interpretive, opera study, theater studies, textological and semiological. The scientific novelty is in the substantiation and systematization of approaches to the study of the phenomenon of modern opera house, within the framework of which the repertoire factography of modern European and Chinese opera houses is created. New interpretative possibilities and directorial decisions are revealed, due to the expansion of artistic and creative boundaries of the opera house as one of the leading sociocommunicative mechanisms of the modern musical and cultural space. Conclusions. Based on this, we can conclude that the modern opera house, as a phenomenon derived from musical theater, basically contains reliance on the relatedness of the musical and theatrical components of the action, since in this type of theater they are an indissoluble unity; direct connection with the historical past, with the cultural and historical traditions that nourished it, together with possible cultural influences from outside; the concentration of theatrical action around the protagonist with an in-depth description of his inner world, psycho-emotional states around which the main event outline of the composition unfolds. The opera house occupies an important place in the musical and historical process and acquires the significance of one of the most powerful socio-cultural institutional mechanisms of culture, exerting a significant impact on the formation of the value-semantic dominants of culture and the personal consciousness of a person.

The Glue Factories of Casolla: Archaeology of the Structures of a Proto-Industrial Bioclimatic System

In the borough of Casolla, near Caserta, a large number of proto-industrial buildings still exist that were used for the production of animal glue between the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The driers, an integral part of these structures, characterise the urban landscape, emerging with their long, high volumes from the mass of traditional buildings. The position and orientation of the driers of the glue factories (known as collere ), as they can still be seen today, were chosen solely for the purpose of achieving a very specific natural regime for the internal microclimate, aimed at maximising air flow and speed in order to accelerate the glue drying process. These formal aspects have been preserved until today, despite the changes made by the owners in order to transform the old driers into modern houses. The glue factories of Casolla, with their driers, constitute a unicum from an architectural point of view. A partial and updated re-proposal of the ancient production processes would be unimaginable for conservative purposes, because of their harmfulness to human health and their negative impact on the surrounding environment. That is why their conservation may only take place through refunctionalisation, respecting the typological characteristics and material consistency of the old factories. This type of strategy would be particularly effective due to the specific characteristics of the driers, as it would allow these special characteristics of the cultural landscape of the Caserta area to be preserved.

Spatial configuration, building microclimate and thermal comfort

In this paper, the authors attempt to clarify the relationship between spatial configuration, building microclimate and thermal comfort through the investigation of a modern house in hot and humid climate with spatial diversity. First, the spatial configuration of the house was analysed in detail. The spatial geometric features, spatial boundary conditions, and human activities in the building were categorised. Secondly, field measurements were conducted to investigate the microclimate of the house. The air temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity were monitored on typical summer days. Thirdly, a dynamic thermal simulation was performed to predict the thermal comfort performance of the building over the period of an entire summer. The simulated results were compared with the measurements, and the adaptive thermal comfort approach was used to evaluate the thermal comfort. The modern house studied was found to have a varied spatial configuration, similar to local vernacular buildings, which produces diverse thermal environments in the building. The microclimate of this specific building could provide considerable thermal comfort for the occupants in summer under the local climate conditions, although thermal comfort cannot be achieved through free-running model in the hottest days, mechanical cooling or mixed model are needed.

Editor's Note

Editor's Note Mark Reinberger Southern Modernism. I have lived in places where the phrase would have prompted snarky comments about an oxymoron, with emphasis on the last syllable. But the Old South did accept modernism, perhaps a little more slowly and grudgingly than other parts of the United States, but not much. To give only a few early examples: Frank Lloyd Wright designed Florida Southern College beginning in 1941. The Sarasota School also emerged in 1941 when its founder, Ralph Twitchell, began designing houses under the influence of Wright and Le Corbusier. After World War II Paul Rudolph, raised in the South and fresh from Walter Gropius's Harvard, joined Twitchell. The North Carolina State College of Design has been known since its founding in 1947 as a bastion of modernism, beginning with its first head, Henry L. Kamphoefner, who had studied at the University of Illinois, one of the earliest American schools teaching modern architecture. Faculty at NC State designed many buildings in the southeast and strongly influenced the region's architecture, with noted modernists Matthew Nowicki and Eduardo Catalano heading the architecture program early on. Farther south Richard Aeck (whose firm still exists) designed modern structures in Atlanta from 1948 onward. Finally, Edward Larabee Barnes designed modern houses in Texas starting in 1950; also by 1950 many public schools in the South were modern in style. So yes, the South did embrace modernism, and this issue of Arris explores several aspects of it. The issue begins with an essay by Michael Fazio, autobiographical but enlightened by scholarly research and long experience. Fazio, professor emeritus at Mississippi State University, one of SESAH's longest standing members, and lauded for his scholarship and professional service, examines the vicissitudes of his own modernist architectural education at Auburn University in the early 1960s, placing it within the context of early modernist education at the Bauhaus and elsewhere. There then follow three articles: • Carter Hudgins, Amalia Leifeste, and Brittany Lavelle Tulla, all connected with the Graduate Program in Historic Preservation at Clemson University and the College of Charleston, look at the work of the South Carolina architect, Joseph H. Croxton, at Kings Mountain National Park for the National Park Service in the 1930s. Although not about modernism per se, the article focuses attention on the predominance in Croxton's work of two fundamental concerns of modernism, function and materials, especially materials used honestly and directly. • In the second article, Martha Teall, a consulting preservationist and architectural historian in Atlanta, takes an in-depth look at Waluhaje, a modern apartment hotel built in Atlanta in 1951 by developer Walter Aiken. Aiken, who deserves to be better known, was one of the city's African American leaders and an advocate of civil rights. Teall shows how Waluhaje constitutes an essential part and symbol of the civil rights movement and the emergence of black entrepreneurship in the post-World War II era. • Finally, Mason Toms, with the Arkansas Historic Preservation Program, brings home the issue with an article on the work of James William Oglesby III, a little-known modernist of Arkansas. Oglesby's fine buildings, mostly residences designed between 1949 and 1970, place him squarely in the mainstream of American modernism and deserve more attention than they have received up until now. All the articles address forgotten modernists, or rather forgotten architectural designers and builders in general, creators outside of the traditional canon. Exploring lesser-known work is an essential task of all historical scholarship and provides the building blocks for a more comprehensive and accurate picture of whatever time and place is being studied. If all politics is local, and one of the goals of ecology is to act locally, the same is true for architecture and its preservation. One of the great achievements of architectural design and history of the past forty years has been to stop seeing buildings as isolated objects and regard them as elements situated within many contexts. These contexts always involve many [End Page 4] players not considered before in the historical record, be they developers, designers, builders, owners, or whoever affects the built environment. Neither the editors of Arris nor the SESAH leadership planned an issue on...

All Roof, No Wall: Peter Boston, A-Frames and the Primitive Hut in Twentieth-Century British Architecture,c.1890–1970

AbstractA very particular type of modern house in Britain — A-frames of the 1950s and 1960s — emerged from a much longer history of British and Scandinavian-German primitivism centred on the cruck-frame. This article focuses on a small number of architect-designed examples and introduces one of the main proponents of the type, Peter Boston (1918–99). The tension between the A-frame's familiarity as a universal dwelling type and its adoption as a signifier of modernity is a central theme. In the British twentieth-century context, the ‘modern’ included a strong vernacular element, and the new A-frames, which formed part of the ‘timber revival’ of the 1950s and 1960s, were informed by a long-standing interest in the history of cruck-framed construction from the Arts and Crafts onwards, which in turn was part of a wider pan-north European building culture.

Production of Lightweight Concrete Using Corncob Ash as Replacement of Cement in Concrete

One of the biggest issues, all over the world is getting affordable house to the community. In developing countries, where it is difficult for most people to satisfy basic needs, construction of modern house is a big challenge. Different ways were tried by researchers and scholars to find alternative construction materials. One of this is replacing the costly construction material of cement with locally available material, especially with those considered as waste. Corncob is an agricultural waste, which is considered as one of binding materials. Very few researchers tried to use corncob ash as a means of producing lightweight concrete. So, this research was aimed to check whether corncob ash is used to produce lightweight concrete by replacing cement as a binding material or not. In order to reach on conclusion, corncob was collected from agricultural farmers and burned in furnace at a temperature of 850°C. The burned ash powder was sieved in order to remove coarser material and replacement of cement was done by 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% with corncob ash. For each replacement, including control, 3 samples were prepared based on ASTM standards. After curing for 7 and 28 days in curing tank, the weight and compressive strength of samples were checked. Based on the experimental result, as the percentage of corncob ash increase, the weight of cubes decreased and 15% and above corn cob ash replacement makes concrete cubes lightweight. The compressive strength was also decreasing as the amount of replacement increase. However, up to 15% replacement, compressive strength is found within the range of concrete grade requirement.

TRADITION AND INNOVATION IN SERBIAN 21ST CENTURY ARCHITECTURE – TRADITIONAL MATERIALS, MODERN FORMS AND SUGGESTED DESIGNS

Abstract It would seem that the need to preserve traditional building heritage is slowly gaining importance in modern day Serbia. As well as the need to develop modern house types that resembles traditional ones. The old master builders, whilst building homes in local towns and villages not only left their mark on every building they created, but a mark of the times and conditions in which they lived and worked. Their ambitions were furthered by the wish of the inhabitants of the future house, who wanted their dwelling to have aesthetic value beside its functional value, which resulted in many shapes and forms of simple residencies. Traditional forms were always used as a base for developing modern dwellings, least in the sense of proportion and size of buildings. These parameters – the size of the building, rooms and objects – were determined over centuries, and were suited to the proportions of man, his age, height and movement through the building. As a result of these proportions came all the logic in the layout of the home as a whole, even the small details.

Expanding (on) the Core. The QT8 Project in Milan

The Quartiere Sperimentale della Ottava Triennale [Experimental Neighborhood of the Eighth Milan Triennale], located in the northwestern periphery of Milan, survives as a significant chapter in the history of modern house and town planning. It formed part of the fast-moving expansion of the city towards the outskirts during the postwar era and represented a rupture with the past. Encompassing the investigations of those days into the threefold standardization-prefabrication-industrialization, it addressed the cogent issue of housing, while expressing a deep interest in the creation of a new urban sense of spatiality and communality. Advocating the autonomy of the suburbs, as well as their integration into the city, QT8 offered a flexible interpretation of the symbiotic relationship between center and periphery. This paper aims to provide a deeper understanding of how QT8 comprehended the term “core” as able to suggest more than a mere location. In so doing, it discusses its intersections with the broader discussions on the development of the modern city formed in those days, its vision to establish an urban social space at its center, and its ability to inform contemporary debates on the core/periphery dichotomy.

How modernization encounter tradition: Iranian housing development in the Second Pahlavi period in Tehran (1940-1970)

Abstract Iranian domestic tradition such as privacy and hospitality plays a significant role in shaping the Iranian traditional housing. However, studies on modern architecture have rarely focused on the house architecture, which has been adapted based on domestic tradition. The aim of this study is to understand how some features of local traditions, like privacy and hospitality, influenced housing development during the modernization period in Tehran. To this end, through a qualitative approach and data collection methods, this study identifies traditional values in modern housing. By categorizing the new house typology into detached houses, row houses, and high-rise apartments, the study discovers how architecture enables the consideration of privacy and hospitality in the physical form of modern houses. As a result, the new organization partly belonged to the traditional architecture and partly became unique as an Iranian modern house.

History of a Shiver: The Sublime Impudence of Modernism by Jed Rasula

<i>History of a Shiver: The Sublime Impudence of Modernism</i> by Jed Rasula

Hidden Rhythm in Residential Units with the Everyday Human Activity Residential Units in Aadhamiyah as A Case Study

Meaning of home has been changed through time in relating human connection to his environment. We can notice the gap from the traditional models of housing to the modern models regarding the concept of house. The research aims and trying to explore the nature of this relationship and the transformations took place in changing the meaning of home. As a result, the main research problem has been identified as "lack of knowledge regarding the relationship between daily life rhythm and residential spaces today and the effect of physical space on human rhythm and its relation with the environment ". The research goals aim to identify residential spaces raises according to daily life experience and daily rhythm to get environments that sustain space feeling and continuity of residential units with the humanity of today, the research hypotheses addressed as:Hidden rhythm of daily life reinforces human being with his environment through sustaining interactive spaces. The research suspected two types of rhythms: the first is Isorythmic Eurhmia rhythms that sustain interactive spaces; the second is Arrhythmia rhythms that lead to repellant unlivable spaces. The research finds traditional modes of sheltering corresponded with nature’s rhythms at the same time, evoked rich patterns of social rhythms with healthy interactive spaces reaching to Isorythmic Eurhmia rhythms by harmonious synchronization of different rhythms interact with the environment, dilvers locality, identity and social interaction. While modern houses fail to accommodate changing needs producing arrhythmia rhythms with isolation and disinterest behaviors contradicting with nature's rhythm, have spatial control that achieves universality and restrict relationship between time space and human activities inside the space.

Evaluation of a Modernist Approach through Buildings in Kayseri, Turkey

Kayseri was an important commercial city throughout history, and with the declaration of the Republic, it continued its importance in different areas. The city has many original buildings from the Early Republican Period and was a model of modernisation set on a western ideology. Modernisation of the Republic was started with industrialisation. Consequently, Kayseri became an industrial city in the early 20th century. Investments (both economic and spatial) made by government were later continued by the private sector. Industrialisation was seen as the most important dynamic of development and key to modernisation. This situation resulted in the establishment of a new Kayseri around the industrial area and was viewed as an example for a modern Turkey. These industrial areas were constructed close to the boundary of the city centre. At the same time, the city centre was reconstructed according to modern city planning and the new style (modern style). The ceremonial ground (city square), an urban grid system, wide main transport routes, new public and municipal buildings, which were symbols of international style, were constructed by destroying the historic city centre in the Early Republic Period.The Republic was not only constructing new public buildings in a modern style; it was tried to build a new life with the modern residential areas. Instead of the traditional dwellings, modern houses were constructed to illustrate the new lifestyle together with new functional buildings such as modern education complexes, a community centre, stadium and train station were all constructed to show how to live the modern life.The city gained a new face with the changes starting from 1930. Today, many buildings, belonging to the Early Republican Period, are not being considered in the conservation of cultural heritage and are in danger. Industrial complexes, residential areas, public places are seen as a building stock destined to disappear and be replaced by new buildings. These earlier buildings hold important historical, social, economic and political values. Similarly, construction techniques and materials were also unique for that period.The aim of this study is to draw attention to the 20th century buildings in Kayseri constructed in the Early Republic Period, and classify these buildings under different headings (industry, housing, public space, educational space, open spaces) with the photographs, plans and history, thus defining their values and why they must be conserved.&#x0D; Republic was not only constructed new public buildings in modern style, it was tried to build a new life with the modern residential areas. Instead of the traditional dwellings, modern houses were constructed for point out of new life style and also new functioned buildings like as modern education complexes, community center, stadium, train station were constructed to show how to live in the modern life.&#x0D; The city has gained a new face with the changes starting from 1930. Today many buildings, belonging to the Early Republican Period, are not being considered in the conservation of cultural heritage and they are in danger. Industrial complexes, residential areas, public places are seen as a stock of a building and faced to disappear for constructed for the new buildings. They have very important values like as historical, social, economic and politic. Also construction techniques and materials were also unique for that period. &#x0D; The aim of this study is, to attract attention on 20th century buildings in Kayseri which are constructed in Early Republic Period, to classify these buildings in different headings (industry, housing, public space, educational space, open space …etc) with the photographs, plans and history. In general, meaning the main aim of this study is to define their values and explain why they must be conserved.

Cyprus as an ancient hub for house mice and humans

AbstractAimThe distribution of the western house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) around the world has been strongly influenced by the movement of humans. The close association between the house mouse and human phylogeography has been primarily studied in the peripheral distribution of the species. Here, we inferred the complex colonization history of Cyprus, situated close to the centre of the house mouse distribution and one of the first European islands to be colonized by the species. We investigated the resulting complexity of house mouse population genetics as well as considering the value of the house mouse as a bioproxy for studying modern human movement.LocationThe study was carried out on Cyprus.MethodsThe analysis was performed using 221 new mitochondrial D‐loop sequences and assessed the fine‐scale population genetic structure using 18 autosomal microsatellite loci from 191 modern house mice specimens.ResultsWe found a high genetic variability in the island that is illustrated by the presence of individuals from 9 of the 11 previously identified house mouse haplogroups for the D‐loop, reflecting the hub‐like nature of the island to mice. Two main waves of mouse introductions were tentatively identified based on coalescent and mismatch analysis. The first is apparently related to the Bronze Age expansion and the second one to more recent human movements. Cyprus represents an island with high complexity due to different introductions related to human transport and activity.Main conclusionsThe dispersal of mice along with humans has left a complex footprint on the island with two main waves of introductions suggested. The phylogeography of the house mouse on Cyprus is in concordance with the complex human colonization history of the island and validates the use of the house mouse as a proxy to study human migration.

Parallel analyses of “Qingdao Liyuan Courtyard” and “Harbin Daowai District Courtyard”

All Formed in the late 19th century, “Qingdao Liyuan Courtyard” and “Harbin Daowai District Courtyard” were built on a large scale in the following decades and became a paramount residential form in the two cities at the time. Even in nowadays highly urbanized Qingdao and Harbin, they still outline the texture of the cities in the most pristine way, maintaining their original characters and providing shelter for the most traditional and rustic cultures in the two places. It was found in the investigation that there are many similarities in historical background, urban texture, and architectural image of the modern buildings in the two sites. Parallel analyses of the two modern dwellings were carried out based on this clue to list similar features, reveal subtle differences, and explore the causes of them, in order to combine the two studies to provide a theoretical support for resurrection and regeneration of the two kinds of modern houses.