History Of Modern Science Research Articles

Семь десятилетий ойратоведения в КНР (1949‒2019 гг.)

Introduction. Historically, the Oirats of China mainly live in the territory of Xinjiang, in the provinces of Qinghai, Gansu, and in the Western part of Inner Mongolia. Some of the Olets (descendants of Dzungars) live in the steppe part of the Emin Gol of the Hulun Buir Aimag of Inner Mongolia, in Fuyu County of Heilongjiang Province, and in Chengdu, Hebei Province. In the modern historical science of China, until the mid-20th century the Oirats were not distinguished from the bulk of China’s Mongols, and, consequently, their history, culture and language were not subjects of individual studies. Only after its formation in 1949, Chinese Oirat studies started gaining visible features as an important part of Mongolian studies and the historical science of China as a whole. At the same time, Oirat studies as a historical direction were created by several generations of scientists of different nationalities (Han Chinese, Mongols, and Oirats themselves). Goals. The article aims to provide a general overview and scientific analysis of the formation and development of Oirat studies in China over the past seven decades (1949–2019), and to identify the historical paradigm of conducted researches and prospects of further development. Methods. The main research method is historical and chronological analysis. Despite Oirat studies have been existing as an integral part of Mongolian science for seven decades, no analysis of its historical development was ever carried out. Results. This work fills the gap and highlights the most important achievements in the study of China-based Oirats’ history and culture. A prominent attention in this study is given to the materials of ten scientific conferences that have the status of ‘all-China’ ones and were devoted to the study of the history and culture of the Oirats, as well as the scientific journal ‘Barayun mongyol sudul’ (‘Journal of Western Mongolian Studies’), which plays an important role in the development and determination of promising areas of Oirat studies. Conclusion. The analysis of Oiratological research over the past seven decades has revealed the historical paradigm of Oirat studies and prospects for their further development.

Ontological justification of the idea of progress

One of the directions of ontological substantiation of the idea of progress is presented, which concerns the relationship between man and nature and the ability of man to transform it into a second nature in order to ensure a comfortable and safe life on the planet. The article presents a critique of modern approaches to the interpretation of the idea of progress, as well as justifies its objective necessity, both in knowledge and for implementation in practice. The author criticizes the old argument that imputes to the idea of progress the idea of the unchangeable direction of progressive changes, arguing that the traditional modern ideas about it have never been straightforward, since they included in the understanding of progress both forward movement and backward movement that is regression. In addition, it is shown that this idea of progress still determines the strategy of historical science today: the very fact that modern historical science rejects the idea of the so-called «dark ages», interpreted in terms of regression, indicates the ambiguous and concrete historical nature of the corresponding assessments. The article offers an understanding of progress in its ontology as a way and form of spiritual and practical relations between man and nature. Existing speculations on this issue are criticized, in particular, proclaiming the connection of the idea of progress with its ideologically coloured fault in nature pollution, global warming or cooling, ozone holes, stopping the Gulf stream. The author substantiates the idea that humanity is no longer able to exist outside of progressive development and under the influence of the idea of progress, and has a unique ideological embodiment in each historical epoch. Answering the question that concerns humanity, whether progress leads to the deterioration of the environment, the death of ecology and the destruction of the noosphere, or improves it, changes it in accordance with human needs, and who is man – the conqueror of nature or the Creator of a new, socio-natural reality, the author analyzes and justifies the objectively determined and vitally rooted ability of humanity to long projects, seeing them as a trigger for social progress. It is argued that human development occurs simultaneously with the creation of a second nature and social relations as an environment that provides local comfort zones in order to survive in a hostile natural environment. The current interpretation of the environment – nature, from the material of which a person builds a second nature – the humanized world, is criticized as exceptionally friendly, so much so that the line between the first nature and the second, humanized nature is significantly blurred. As a result, it was the second one that was often perceived as the first. According to this «ecological» vision, the idea was formed that it is man who aggressively breaks into nature, it is he who is hostile to it, destroying the environment of his habitat. The author warns that we must not forget that nature is also not kind to man: she is indifferent to him and ruthless, and therefore can be both cruel and hostile. The author warns that one must not forget that nature is also not kind to man: she is indifferent to him and ruthless, and therefore can be cruel and hostile. And it is this lesson that the latest pandemic, COVID-19, taught humanity. Using the example of the historical past and the present, it is shown that the desire of humanity, albeit unconscious, for long projects is the essence of human community, the basis of sociality and the creation of conditions for the preservation of man as a species. Various social spheres are analyzed as the results of the implementation of long-term projects on the path of progressive development.

PRESENTATIONS OF THE HISTORY OF RIGHT-BANK AND LEFT-BANK UKRAINE IN MODERN REGIONAL AND HISTORICAL TEXTS: POSING THE PROBLEM

Despite the development in modern historical science of such areas as historical local history and historical regional studies, the specifics of the historiographic presentation of Ukrainian regions in the modern period remains insufficiently studied. In this study, an attempt was made to determine the complex structure of historiographic interpretations of Left-Bank and Right-Bank Ukraine in modern times, which coexisted and were manifestations of transformations of social identity, to outline this issue as a separate scientific problem in the field of historical regional studies. It was found that historiographical presentations of the history of Right-bank and Left-Bank Ukraine in the XIX - early XX century had a complicated structure. The history of the Right Bank (or its subregions) was included in the context of “Western-Russian” history, the history of the western part of the Russian Empire, the Polish concept of "oriental kreses", as well as the paradigm of national Ukrainian history. The latter also experienced transformation, in particular, from the history of Kievian land and South-Western Russia, Little Russia to the history of Ukraine itself. In this regard, in the late ХІХ century, there were works specifically devoted to the history of "RightBank Ukraine".A similar evolution is experienced by the presentation of the history of the Left-Bank Ukraine (its subregions). At the same time, there was also its own specificity, determined by the fact that it was the territory of the former Left-Bank Hetmanate. As a result, there was such a presentation of the history of the region as the history of the Cossack regiments (as administrative territories).At the same time, there is a tendency at the edge of the XIX and XX centuries to consider the history of the region as the history of "Left-Bank Ukraine". The question of how the history of LeftBank Ukraine was reflected in the context of the "West-Russian" concept remains open, although its reflection is present in the related regional (“oblast” or “land”) one

таємних організацій в експансії Передньої Азії західними державами в епоху Пізнього Середньовіччя

The article deals with the origin and activity of secret societies in modern historical science. This is important and topical today. Particular attention should be paid to the study of the secret alliances role in the expansion to the Southwestern Asia. Their activities were directed against peoples who professed Islam. This was the first sign of the clash civilizations of Eastern and Western. It was found that the wars during the Crusades significantly changed the fate of many peoples. Their expansionist aspirations were not only religious but also political. Members of the secret organizations are known to have been direct participants in the Crusades and hostilities in Southwestern Asia. However, the problem of the role of secret societies in expansion to the Southwestern Asia is a poorly researched page. This also necessitates its further comprehensive research and analysis.

Indigenous population of the New World in reports of the discoverers, pirates, and privateers of Elizabethan era

The American continent found by the Europeans at the dawn of the Age of Discovery, immediately drawn the eye of adventurers who dreamt of fame and wealth. Special attention is turned to the representatives of England, who quite missed division of the world between the two great Catholic powers of that time – Portugal and Spain. English explorers were interested not only in natural resources of the New World, but particularly in its inhabitants. Testimonies on the First Nations were reported to Europe mainly by the Spaniards, often in an overly tendentious manner. The discoverers, pirates and privateers of Elizabethan era were interested in all details that can be useful to Europeans, such as appearance, language, culture and lifestyle of indigenous population of the New World, peculiarities of their social structure, religious attitude. The evolution of ideas and formation of image of the holds special place in the modern historical science. Review of the testimonies of English discovers, pirates and privateers who first arrived to the American continent during Elizabethan era, allows reconstructing impression on region at the early stages of its colonization, as well as tracing the peculiarities of perception of the New World in Protestant England right before the country turned into one of the world's leading colonial powers. Examination of the First Nations that inhabited the American continent not only satiated the thirst for knowledge of the English explorers, but also served as the practical purpose for seeking allies in the fight against Spaniards and Portuguese in the region. The common features of forming image of strong and kind indigenous people suffering from Spanish tyranny were aimed at consolidation of Spanish “Black Legend”, which lays the foundation for English trade and colonial expansion in the region in future years.

Ustnaya istoriya i molodye istoriki

The article examines the problems of developing research skills among young historians in connection with the problems of modern historical science and the legacy of Soviet historiography. The author assigns an important role in this to qualitatively new methods in historical science, primarily oral history.

Evrazijskaya koncepciya: transformaciya i novye napravleniya

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of Eurasianism as one of the key trends in Russian history, in which the ideas that are still relevant are considered. The article analyzes new directions of the Eurasian concept, which are covered by the term “neo-Eurasianism” in modern historical science.

SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATIONS AS AN ELEMENT OF CIVIL SOCIETY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF PROFESSIONAL COMMUNITIES OF HISTORIANS OF KAZAKHSTAN)

The article describes purposeful political initiatives for the formation of civil society institutions and the necessity of putting more scientific attention to the problems of their development in modern realities is justified. Their significance as an important element in the system of interaction with authorities on the examples of existing public associations of historians and on realization of actual objectives in the sphere of education and science is grounded. It was concluded that the establishment and operation of public associations of professional historians correspond to the trends of socio-political and ideological democratization of independent Kazakhstan and the principles of the state «historical policy». It was highlighted that communities perform not only scientific, but also important social functions – advisory, attitudinal and educational. The directions and subjects for further study of problems and tasks of modern historical science, features of functioning of formal and informal corporations of professional historians of Kazakhstan are proposed.

Machiavelli and Guicciardini: Intellectual History as Theory of Historical Knowledge

This article demonstrates the review of the international conference Machiavelli and Guicciardini: at the origin of Early Modern historical science, which was organized with the participation of the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, The Italian Institute of Culture in Moscow, Poletayev institute for theoretical and historical studies in the humanities (IGITI), The School of General and Applied Philology (SGAP), and The School of Philosophy. The conference took place in Moscow, September 23-25, 2019. The review considers the way intellectual history interconnects with contemporary theory and methodology of history while both of them refer to Machiavelli and Guicciardini. The review shows the role of Machiavelli and Guicciardini's political context, as well as the role of ideas of the historical science`s method in the 16th-18th centuries, for this interconnection.

Башкирская тема в работах оренбургского краеведа начала ХХ века П.Л. Юдина

The article presents data on the studies by P.L. Yudin, a Russian historian-archivist of the beginning of the 20th century, local historian, a member of several scholarly archival commissions, who being a native of the Orenburg Region, dedicated his scientific activity to the study of multinational South Ural. For the first time, the Bashkir theme – research about the culture, history and people of Bashkiria – stands out in the scientist's legacy. Methods of research: analysis of the works of the scientist about Bashkir history, its culture and people, published in the magazines, newspapers. Based on the analysis of scientist’s works the following aspects of the study of Bashkiria by P.L. Yudin are distinguished: the historical past of the region – the settlement of Bashkir lands, a description of the Bashkir cities, the lives and mode of life of their inhabitants, archival data on the participation of the Bashkirs in the Pugachev uprising, the personality of V.A. Perovsky, Orenburg military governor general of the early 19th century, his military campaigns and citations about him in Bashkir history, historical visits to the Ufa Governorate by historical figures, including Emperor Alexander I, preparation for such visits, religious beliefs of the Bashkir population. Conclusion. The importance of studies by P.L. Yudin and the relevance of his archival finds for ethnography, ethnology and modern historical science is denoted as well.

Native of Pidliaschia and Gatherer of Ukraine (on the 125th anniversary of Tymosh Olesiuk’s birth)

The coverage of active members’ performance of the Ukrainian National Revolution is a crucial task for the modern historical science. Tymisch Olesiuk, native of Pidliaschia who continued his work in emigration, was one of the most consistent participants of a struggle for independent Ukrainian state and had proved himself at that time. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the main pages of Tymosh Olesiuk’s life and work, the name of whose is predominantly unknown in independent Ukraine, based on the modern methods and studies, introducing the new documents in scientific usage.Having elected to be a member of the Central Council of Ukraine at the age of 22, Tymisch Olesiuk prepared the documents for the UPR to the peace negotiations in Brest as well as protected with arms the young Ukrainian state on the streets of Kyiv in January 1918, and later participated into educational institutions’ organization on the north-western Ukrainian lands, was a secretary of a diplomatic mission of the UPR in Poland in preparing the Warsaw Treaty in April 1920. Tymisch Olesiuk organized the Ukrainian students in Poland on behalf of Symon Petliura the Head of Directory of the UPR after the defeat in national liberation struggle; simultaneously he studied different aspects of Ukrainian settlement in the world. From the beginning of the Second World War he actively participated in the Ukrainian national self-government in German-occupied Poland, maintained close contacts with the President of the UPR in exile Andriy Levytskyi. Tymisch Olesiuk as the member of the UPR’s Government made a lot of efforts for Ukrainian life organization in post-war Europe at the end of the Second World War. He moved to the USA in 1947 where he had physical work to earn a living, later he had medical practice and actively participated in civil and political life of the Ukrainian emigration in parallel. Particularly, he was an adviser of the publisher of “The Encyclopedia of Ukrainian Studies” Volodymyr Kubijovych at the time of significant articles’ preparation regarding that project as well as he eagerly responded to the authors’ requests to review their articles on the subject of Ukrainian studies.He was the author of such scientific studies as “Social and Political Unification of the Ukrainian Nation”, “Race Nature of the Ukrainian Nation”, “Unification of Ukrainian Blood”, “Map of United Ukraine and Neighboring Friendly Countries”, “Ukrainian Colonial Lands”, “Polissia”, “Pidliaschia”, “About the Origins of the Slavs”, “The west-European and Asian Cossacks”, etc., as well as memoirs “Kamianets – the Golden Wreath” regarding 1918-1919-s.

Activities of the All-Union Research Institute of Grain Farming in the Framework of Combating Soil Erosion in Virgin Regions of Kazakhstan (1960–1970)

Introduction. The history of the contribution of Soviet scientists to the development of virgin and fallow lands in Kazakhstan is one of the relevant and new topics in the study of the history of the USSR in modern society. Methods and materials. Studying the history of a large agricultural project of the Soviet Union is necessary to develop new concepts in modern historical science. In Soviet and modern historiography, historians have studied virgin soil as a political and economic reform of the state. In this vein, the contribution of Soviet scientists who solved the issues of environmental and economic efficiency of this agrarian reform was not sufficiently represented. The works do not present the fight against land erosion, organized by the All-Union Research Institute of Grain Farming located in Northern Kazakhstan. Analysis. For scientific work and research of virgin lands, the opening of the AllUnion Scientific Research Institute of Grain Farming in Northern Kazakhstan was necessary. Famous agricultural scientists worked at the institute; they conducted their research in the fields of Tselinny Krai. Academician A.I. Baraev, breeder, academician V. Kuzmin were among them. They were engaged not only in scientific work, but also in a short time saved the virgin lands of Kazakhstan. Their direct scientific work was related to the fight against land erosion and the protection of soils from wind erosion. At the Institute, scientists created new soil tilling tools and seeders, improved a new farming system, and created new highly productive varieties of crops. The Institute defended dissertations on topics related to the fight against land erosion, and conducted many scientific projects. Results. The work with new sources of local archives of Kazakhstan makes it possible to talk about the enormous contribution of Soviet scientists in the development of virgin and long-fallow lands of the arid North Kazakhstan and the development of agriculture in this region. Their experience and scientific results were invaluable in the agricultural sector of the republic.

Introduction to the Thematic Issue of the Journal of Siberian Federal University “Historical Science: Regional and World Tendencies

This introduction to the thematic issue devoted to Russian historical science reveals the principle of research development as it presents the findings of this research. The articles present the problems of modern historical science and reveal the essence of the materials under study and their importance for modern science. The key tendencies in the development of historical science, culture studies and history of art are determined in the context of the world outline of modern humanities. All studies were based on specific conceptual and methodological approaches with some articles written within the framework of the Siberian Historical Forum held in October 2019. Some articles pay special attention to Siberian regional aspects, as well as there are articles connected with the history of the humanities, education in the field of the humanities in higher educational institutions of the Siberian Federal District. Within the framework of ethnic and migration issues, cases connected with the research in these fields are considered. The geography of the authors is quite varied: from Moscow to Ulan-Ude. Quite a big section is devoted to the history of various ethno-cultural groups of the indigenous peoples of Siberia. The historical science has a special meaning in terms of problem solving of historical and cultural memory. This thematic issue of the Journal of Siberian Federal University, the Humanities series, is aimed at forming this historical memory on the objective scientific basis

On the issue of the results and prospects of studying the Russian economy during the Civil War in the domestic and foreign historiography

The article analyzes the results and prospects of studying the Russian economy during the Civil War in domestic and foreign historiography. Possible directions of further research work of this important aspect of the problem are indicated. The relevance of the topic is due to the task set by the country's leadership to the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences to create a new version of the academic history of Russia, in which the events of the Great Russian Revolution and the Civil War of 19171922 occupy a special place and remain one of the most controversial issues in modern historical science. This study is based on the principles of historicism and the multifactorial nature of the historical process, which are implemented by the author using historical-comparative, historical-biographical and dialectical methods of studying this problem. Based on the analysis of a significant complex of monographic works devoted to the country's economy during the Civil War or affecting certain aspects of this topic, the author of the article concluded that it was insufficiently studied, especially at the regional level, and pointed out on the need to intensify research in this direction on new sources.

Wissensgenealogien der frühen Neuzeit im Vergleich

For Paracelsian texts, as well as for hermetic writing in general, genealogies that trace knowledge all the way back to Hermes Trismegistos or even to Adam are characteristic. However, in the 16th century, Paracelsians were by far not the only ones drafting such genealogies. Many sciences didn’t restrict themselves to the medieval practice of quoting ancient authorities (e.g. Plinius dixit …), but rather employed genealogies of knowledge to achieve legitimacy for their texts. Such genealogies of knowledge preceeded a modern history of science. Also, they aim towards a turning point in the very presence of their authors, a point from which truth is finally revealed again. This presentation will compare different genealogies of knowledge (in botanical, demonological, and alchemical writings) and investigate their social and institutional implications.

Conflicts of peasants in March-October 1917 (based on materials from the Vladimir province)

This paper presents an analysis of the social behavior of peasants in the Vladimir province in March-October 1917 for their conflicts and highlights the main directions of confrontation. The characteristic of the elaboration of the problem by both Soviet and modern historical science is given. The limited use of statistics on the selected region is explained and the methodological basis of the study is determined. The author considers the conflicts of peasants not only from the side of statistics, but also from the standpoint of individual plots that better reveal everyday behavioral practices. The work describes in detail and group the clash of interests of peasants with the surrounding social reality. The conclusion is drawn about the baselessness of the thesis of the Soviet historiography that the main enemies for peasants were landlords, kulaks and the bourgeois Provisional Government. The analysis of sources revealed that the peasant commune in March-October 1917, solving its pressing issues of food and land-use, was against all. Its conflicts took place on several directions at once: city - village, commune - private owners, commune - commune and intra-commune disputes. There were also conflicts with the state, but they were not political.

The Soviet satirical couplet of the 1950s-1980s: THEMATICS AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT

The article reveals the features of the phenomenon of a satirical couplet on the Soviet stage of the 1950-1980s. The lack of research on this subject in modern historical science is explained by a biased attitude towards Soviet culture in general as a fully determined by official ideology and censorship. It is shown that in the Soviet satire the role of the personalities of the entertainment artists and their creative manner was great. The entertainment duets of P. Rudakov and V. Nechaev, A. Shurov and N. Rykunin, as well as such artists as B. Bentsianov, A. Belov, I. Nabatov were all-Union known. As a rule, in the genre of satirical couplet, they worked for decades (almost their entire creative life), having constant success. It was extremely important to use familiar for audience, popular songs, as the basis for the couplet and perform with high-quality musical accompaniment. The ways of getting the couplet to the audience are reflected in the article. It is noted that the viewer could get acquainted with the works in the genre of satirical couplet at concerts, both solo and divertisment, and until the end of the 1960s. - on television, since variety satirical acts were a mandatory component of the holiday TV broadcast «Goluboy Ogonyok». Interest in the genre of couplet and satire content led to the appearance of official records on gramophone records and amateur tape recordings. The subject of satire in couplet is disclosed. It is shown that satire did not bypass the hot topics and urgent problems of Soviet society, among which - poor quality of services, shortage of goods, bureaucracy, bribery, miscalculations of the state power in the development of agriculture and industry, and even censorship. At the same time, the satirical works themselves, of course, passed a sieve of censorship, which reduced their severity and topicality.

СПРИЙНЯТТЯ МЕТРОПОЛІЇ КАНАДСЬКОЮ ПОЛІТИЧНОЮ ЕЛІТОЮ У 1914–1915 РР. (ЗА МАТЕРІАЛАМИ ПРОТОКОЛІВ ДЕБАТІВ КАНАДСЬКОГО ПАРЛАМЕНТУ)

In modern historical science, an integral component of scientific research is the component of the source base, which also applies to studies in world history. This article is devoted to the analysis of the protocols of the Canadian Parliament’s debates at the initial stage of World War I (1914–1915). The pages of the protocols of the Canadian Parliament’s describe the personal attitude of politicians to Metropolia, the public speeches of Canadian politicians in 1914–1915, the vision of representatives of political elites regarding the entry of the Canadian Confederation into the First World War. Notwithstanding the ideological diversity of Canadian politicians in the early twentieth century, who included both proponents of unity with Metropolia and opponents of the process, it is interesting that the entire political elite at the beginning of the Great War was consolidated in the matter of supporting the British Crown. Even former political opponents – R. Borden and W. Laurier – became ideological partners, who emphasized that Canada should support the British Empire at a difficult time. Importantly, French Canadian politicians, who were in part critical of British imperialism, also took a positive view of Britain. The main ideologue of the French Canadians at this time was considered A. Burassa, who supported Canada’s entry into the First World War. The main issues discussed at this time by parliamentarians were Canada’s military and material support for the armed conflict. Senators J. Bolduk, E. Smith, A. Lougheed, and P. Murphy actively called for the side of the Metropolia. In the article the author draws attention to the fact that politicians were negative about the military conflict itself. Canadian politicians consider German Empire to be the main culprit in the war, which violated Belgium’s sovereignty and started the war. As a result, the UK was forced to go to war, defending the neutrality of the Belgian state. According to most Canadian politicians, Canada’s main task was to support the British Empire.

Intersection and Mutual influence of Regional and National History: Studies in Methodology

In this article the methodological discussions that took place in the historiography of the 20th century in connection with the creation of regional and national historical narratives are analyzed. In particular, the article shows how the concepts on regions were shaped, how their scientific conceptualization was substantiated. The main focus is on how ideas about Central Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia have evolved. The author of the article analyzes how the “regionalist challenges” are reflected in modern historical science, how the political elaboration of the past correlates with modern historiographic trends. The article concludes that one can hardly agree with the assumption that the regional framework of historical narrative by default creates problems for the national framework. According to the author, regional history is one of the most important and promising tools for historical projects that try to overcome the limitations of nationally oriented narrative. Nevertheless, methodological nationalism still prevails, and the crucial question of more complex and flexible categories in the historical conceptualization of space beyond nation-states is still in very early and preliminary stages of analysis.

The Economy of the GDR and the Problem of Forming of the East German Identity

The study of the GDR in modern historical science is predominantly based on the assertion of the artificial nature of the “SED dictatorship” imposed by the Soviet government on the population of East Germany solely for political reasons, as well as the subordination of the policy of the East European countries as a whole to the political line of the USSR. The national policy of the SED, in particular the concept of a “socialist state of the German nation,” put forward in the second half of the 1960s by the SED leadership and affirmed in the first article of the Constitution of the GDR on April 8, 1968, was also subjected to unconditional criticism as an ideological instrument of political demarcation from the FRG. However, the study of previously unpublished materials from the Russian archives casts doubt on such statement and makes it possible to hypothesize that the demarcation of the German nation in the post-war period, despite the obvious political conditionality, was based on the objective public demand of the GDR citizens, exhausted with the war and the Nazi dictatorship, for social justice, the strengthening and expansion of humanistic principles in culture, social democratic traditions in government. Despite the predominance of communist ideology in its essence, the national policy pursued by the GDR government led to the formation of a special East German identity, which was also largely facilitated by fundamental differences in the socio-economic structure of the two German states and the foreign policy factor. The contradiction between these concepts raises a number of problematic research questions, the solution of which is of exceptional scientific importance for understanding the mechanisms of formation of national identity. Thus, the key scientific problem (addressed on the material of the GDR history), is whether changes in national self-consciousness can be artificial in nature or the stability of the ideologemes introduced into public consciousness is fundamentally impossible without socio-economic changes corresponding to the public demand.