Modern Engineering Technology Research Articles

ETHICAL ASPECTS OF GENE EDITING IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

This article is devoted to the analysis of the ethical aspects of gene editing in biology and medicine. It examines the complex moral issues that arise in the context of the use of modern genetic engineering technologies to change genetic information in humans and other organisms. The main focus is on issues of safety, justice, respect for human dignity, as well as the consequences for the environment and biodiversity. The article emphasizes the need for a reasoned and responsible approach to gene editing, taking into account high standards of ethics and legal norms, in order to ensure the development of this field for the benefit of man and society.

Modern Global Trends in the Development of Choral Performance

"The relevance of the studied issue is the need to identify the main trends in choral performance, and determine the principles of the work of conductors and choral artists in the context of renewal of the components in this field. The aim of the research is to study the problem of current global trends in the development of choral performance as a complex multifaceted and integral phenomenon. Its practical methods (audio search; audio selection; audio analysis) were used in the research. The aspects of modern choral performance (interdisciplinary; socio-cultural; as well as artistic management; professional training; modern engineering technologies; information and communication space; technologies aimed at preserving human and professional resources) were identified. The current components of activity in the field of modern choral art were established. The directions of modern choral practice were identified (activation of the musical group in the life of society; expansion of traditional executive functions; growth of the genre stylistic palette of the choral repertoire). The system of key modernized methods of interpreting choral works of the 20th and 21st centuries was studied (principles of intonation; the principle of expanding the range; the principle of enriching the technical means of interpretation; the principles of forming the performance texture; the principle of interpreting the verbal text in the context of the choral score; the principle of creating different types of sound). The general features of modern choral performance in Ukraine and in the world were studied. The results can be applied in the process of researching future choral performing practice and preparing the relevant studies. The prospects of research in this field of musical culture are to enrich the theoretical and practical sectors of choral art as a complex system which is open for updates. Keywords: choral art, choir, choral work, performance interpretation, choral genre, choral style, timbre dramaturgy, performance analysis."

Research Status and Trend of Axis-torsion Two-Component Force Senso

Axis-torsion two-component force sensor can simultaneously detect axial force and torque component information. With the progress of modern engineering technology and the improvement of the requirements for measurement accuracy and dynamic response ability, the sensor is widely used in many fields such as industry, national defense science and technology, and medical treatment. The axis-torsion twocomponent force sensor based on the measurement principles of resistance strain type, capacitance type and magnetostrictive effect is introduced. Because the resistance strain type axis-torsion two-component force sensor has a high degree of accuracy, good stability, simple structure and strong anti-electromagnetic interference ability, the resistance strain type axis-torsion two-component force sensor is the most widely used and the most technologically mature class of sensor. The structural characteristics of the elastic body of the combined and integral axis-torsion two-component force sensor are summarized. At present, the elastic body structure of the axis-torsion two-component force sensor is mainly studied and improved. The purpose is to improve the sensor’s measurement accuracyand reduce the inter-dimensional coupling error, so as to achieve accurate measurement in practical applications. The application status of the axis-torsion two-component force sensor in the cutting force detection, torque coefficient detection of high-strength bolted joints, and quantitative analysis of traditional Chinese medicine acupuncture techniques were analyzed. Finally, combined with the research and application status of the axis-torsion two-component force sensor, the development trend of the axis-torsion two-component force sensor is prospected.

Application analysis and evaluation of BIM in engineering design and construction stages

With the development of modern engineering technology, more attention is paid to the aid of digitization and information in the process of engineering project design and construction. Building Information Model (BIM) realizes the transformation from traditional building project to modern building project. At the same time, it also greatly promotes the digital development of construction projects. BIM technology as a modern information technology in the application of construction engineering, has a variety of benefits. For example, it can improve the quality of projects. In addition, the application of BIM technology in the whole process of construction projects can reduce costs and improve efficiency. However, there are many risks associated with using BIM in construction projects. This paper analyzes the advantages of BIM technology in visualization and coordination, and the application of BIM in design, construction, management and other aspects. Then, the risks and countermeasures in BIM application are discussed. The research results are of great significance to improve the informatization level of construction projects.

Preface

Welcome to the proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Advances in Computer Science and Engineering Technology (ACSE 2023), held from July 29 to 30 in Guangzhou, China. These proceedings are a compilation of the valuable research contributions and innovative ideas presented during the conference, showcasing the latest advancements in the fields of computer science and engineering technology.As we navigate the complexities of the modern world, computer science and engineering technology have emerged as indispensable tools in addressing challenges and creating new possibilities. Our collective efforts, expertise, and willingness to embrace change are vital in harnessing the potential of these transformative fields. ACSE 2023 provided a unique platform for researchers, academicians, professionals, and industry experts to come together and exchange their insights, experiences, and discoveries. The conference aimed to foster interdisciplinary discussions, explore emerging trends, and promote collaboration among individuals from various domains within the realm of computer science and engineering technology.This volume features a diverse collection of papers covering a wide range of topics, including but not limited to Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Engineering and Simulation, Optimization, Control, and Algorithms and more. The contributions presented here reflect the dedication and enthusiasm of the research community in addressing the complex challenges and opportunities that our rapidly evolving technological landscape presents.The peer-reviewed papers presented in these proceedings undergo a rigorous evaluation process, ensuring the quality, originality, and significance of the research work. Each paper represents the author’s commitment to advancing their respective fields and contributing to the global body of knowledge.We extend our sincere gratitude to the conference organizers, the program committee, the reviewers, and all the authors who have contributed to these proceedings. Their hard work and dedication have been instrumental in making ACSE 2023 a success and enriching the academic discourse in the fields of computer science and engineering technology. Special thanks to the members of the Journal of Physics: Conference Series for making this Proceedings published, which ensures that the valuable insights shared during the conference will reach a broader audience and have a lasting impact on the advancement of science and technology.Once again, we welcome you to the proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Advances in Computer Science and Engineering Technology and hope that this collection of research papers will both inform and inspire you in your own academic and professional pursuits. ACSE 2023 Organizing Committee List of Committee Members are available in this pdf.

Current progress of immunotherapy based on NK cell in cancer therapy

Cancer generally refers to malignant tumor, including carcinoma, sarcoma and carcinosarcoma. This disease is caused by malignant cell hyperplasia. It is invasive and metastable. It is manifested by the continuous growth of a local mass of the body that destroys the normal tissue structure and can be transferred to other sites. It has been reported that there will be about 20 million new cases of cancer in 2020 and half of all cancer patients will die. Surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as the three standard treatment methods for cancer, plays an vital role in improving the survival rate and prolonging the survival time of cancer patients. In recent years, researchers have focused on the immune mechanism of tumors to explore the treatment of malignant tumors. Driven by the rapid development of modern molecular biology and gene engineering technology, immunotherapy has been paid more and more attention, showing good effect and application prospects, has become the world's recognized malignancy of the fourth treatment mode. Among these, natural killer cells (NK) fight cancer through their cytolytic function and the production of IFN-γ. One of the primary clinical objectives is to use their abilities for tumour immunotherapy. This article looks at advances in NK cell-based tumor therapy.

Preface

The 2nd International Conference on Advances in Modern Physics Sciences and Engineering Technology - PSET 2023 has been held on April 29th-30th, 2023, in Wuhan, China. This conference is organized by the China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), China, and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), in collaboration with Wuhan University, China, University of Huddersfield, UK, University of Messina, Italy, and University of Ferrara, Italy.The primary goal of this conference is to provide a platform for presenting the latest advancements and research findings in engineering technology and applied physics from around the world. We aspire to foster research opportunities and collaborations that will help to advance the fields of modern physics sciences and technologies, particularly for young scientists and engineers.This volume of proceedings comprises comprehensive research papers, experience reports, and empirical studies contributed by scholars from around the world. In total, 75 papers submitted to PSET2023 and 50 papers underwent a meticulous peer-review process, with each paper being evaluated by at least one expert in the relevant field. Following rigorous assessment for quality and originality, finally, 31 papers were chosen for inclusion in this volume for publication. These papers include research and development in various areas such as mechanical and materials science, industrial engineering technology and applications, simulation, modelling and optimization technologies. The conference showcased numerous informative technical papers, including groundbreaking research presented by participants from various institutions. It was a platform for state-of-the-art research, lively discussions, and friendly exchanges.We extend our heartfelt gratitude to all keynote speakers: Prof. Dr. Osman Adiguzel, Firat University, Turkey, Prof. Alexander G. Ramm, Kansas State University, USA and Prof. Shuifa Shen, Institute of Nuclear Energy Safety Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. Thank the international reviewers and program committee members for their valuable contributions and dedication in making this conference a success.We look forward to meeting you next year!Sergei KopeikinUniversity of Missouri, USARoberto ZivieriNational Institute of High Mathematics (INdAM), Rome, ItalyList of Internationals Committee Members are available in the pdf

ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF AN APARTMENT BUILDING

Problem statement. The current direction of the development of the energy policy of Ukraine is the transformation of the residential communal complex into a system that makes it possible to implement organizational and technical methods for creating energy-efficient multi-apartment residential buildings. The advantage of designing energy-efficient buildings is a high level of comfort, creating a favorable microclimate in a residential building, reducing the negative impact on the environment, reducing harmful emissions into the atmosphere, and saving energy resources. One of the main characteristics of the energy efficiency of buildings is the specific energy consumption for heating and cooling the premises per year. In order to achieve a reduction in the specific rate of thermal energy consumption for heating and ventilation of the building, it is necessary to responsibly approach the issues of the efficiency of energy-saving systems. It is possible to achieve an increase in energy efficiency with the help of a combination of various constructive, engineering and architectural planning measures, as well as the simultaneous use of modern engineering energy-saving methods and technologies in combination with a compact form and layout of the building. The purpose of the article. Analyze the calculation of the cost of energy resources of an apartment building, taking into acount energy-efficient solutions. Conclusions. An analysis of the dependence of energy costs of a multi-apartment residential building on the level of implementation of energy-efficient systems was carried out. During the construction of residential complexes in Odesa, the use of the system of energy-efficient solutions and the “Smart House” control system allows you to significantly reduce energy costs. Due to the use of an automated control system for technical devices in the building, a reduction in transmission costs and costs for the functioning of the ventilation system is achieved.

Functional, technological, constructive and compositional solutions of ski complexes

The article analyzes the increased interest in alpine skiing and in the design of sports ski complexes. Classifications of ski resorts, main types and their descriptions are pre-sented. Particular attention is paid to indoor ski resorts, their architectural and landscape solu-tions. The planning classification is studied in detail and presented. The article also discusses many modern engineering technologies, including: air conditioning systems, snow cooling, air dehumidification; use of safe and inexpensive lifts; technologies for making snow on a slope, cooling the snow cover and air, and dehumidifying the air. Studying the topic of ski resorts proves the importance and relevance of the design and construction of indoor multi-functional ski complexes. This presupposes a variety of space-planning solutions that ensure year-round use, and as a result, the development of territories

Animal tissue-derived biomaterials for promoting wound healing.

The skin serves as the primary barrier between the human body and external environment, and is therefore susceptible to damage from various factors. In response to this challenge, animal tissue-derived biomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for wound healing due to their abundant sources, low side-effect profiles, exceptional bioactivity, biocompatibility, and unique extracellular matrix (ECM) mimicry. The evolution of modern engineering technology and therapies has allowed these animal tissue-derived biomaterials to be transformed into various forms and modified to possess the necessary properties for wound repair. This review provides an overview of the wound healing process and the factors that influence it. We then describe the extraction methods, important properties, and recent practical applications of various animal tissue-derived biomaterials. Our focus then shifts to the critical properties of these biomaterials in skin wound healing and their latest research developments. Finally, we critically examine the limitations and future prospects of biomaterials generated from animal tissues in this field.

Multi-Channel Configuration for improving received signal strength in non-line-of-sight environments of indoor visible light communication localization

In modern engineering technologies, energy conservation is a factor of primary concern. A feature of Light-emitting diode (LED) light sources is the ability to transmit information in addition to illumination at no additional cost. VLC (Visible Light Communication) is gaining an upper hand over the traditional RF data communication model, as it utilizes a technology by which light can be used to transmit data. It is commonly seen that dealing with non-line of sight (NLOS) is a major challenge for VLC systems as the light intensity is reflected in a variety of directions. To overcome this drawback, a new technique based on multichannel configuration is utilized to enhance the overall system performance. An indoor VLC model is designed and simulated on the basis of the eye-diagram, bit error rate, and received power of the proposed model. We also investigated the model under the influence of ambient light noise. The corresponding results are compared with the conventional NLOS system and an inference made shows the significant improvement for the next-generation optical communication system.

Corrigendum: Optimizing cryopreservation of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) sperm using a programmable freezer and computer-assisted sperm analysis

Incorrect Funding In the published article, there was an error in the Funding statement. [The funding project “the Agricultural Seed Project of Shandong Province (2020LZGC015)” should not be listed as the first funded project, but “National Key Research and Development Project (2018YFD0901602)”. ]. The correct Funding statement appears below.FUNDING[This work was supported by National Key Research and Development Project (2018YFD0901602), the Agricultural Seed Project of Shandong Province (2020LZGC015), Marine S&T Fund of Shandong Province for Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) (2018SDKJ0502), Chinese Academy of Sciences “Modern Marine Ranching Construction Principles and Engineering Technology Innovation Cross Team” Project (Y82327101L), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA24030304) and International Partners Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (133137KYSB20180069). The funders had no role in experiment design, data processing and analysis, and decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.]The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.

Standardized and axially vascularized calcium phosphate-based implants for segmental mandibular defects: A promising proof of concept

The reconstruction of massive segmental mandibular bone defects (SMDs) remains challenging even today; the current gold standard in human clinics being vascularized bone transplantation (VBT). As alternative to this onerous approach, bone tissue engineering strategies have been widely investigated. However, they displayed limited clinical success, particularly in failing to address the essential problem of quick vascularization of the implant. Although routinely used in clinics, the insertion of intrinsic vascularization in bioengineered constructs for the rapid formation of a feeding angiosome remains uncommon.In a clinically relevant model (sheep), a custom calcium phosphate-based bioceramic soaked with autologous bone marrow and perfused by an arteriovenous loop was tested to regenerate a massive SMD and was compared to VBT (clinical standard). Animals did not support well the VBT treatment, and the study was aborted 2 weeks after surgery due to ethical and animal welfare considerations. SMD regeneration was successful with the custom vascularized bone construct. Implants were well osseointegrated and vascularized after only 3 months of implantation and totally entrapped in lamellar bone after 12 months; a healthy yellow bone marrow filled the remaining space. Statement of significanceRegenerative medicine struggles with the generation of large functional bone volume. Among them segmental mandibular defects are particularly challenging to restore. The standard of care, based on bone free flaps, still displays ethical and technical drawbacks (e.g., donor site morbidity).Modern engineering technologies (e.g., 3D printing, digital chain) were combined to relevant surgical techniques to provide a pre-clinical proof of concept, investigating for the benefits of such a strategy in bone-related regenerative field.Results proved that a synthetic-biologics-free approach is able to regenerate a critical size segmental mandibular defect of 15 cm3 in a relevant preclinical model, mimicking real life scenarii of segmental mandibular defect, with a full physiological regeneration of the defect after 12 months.

Modeling the Meshing Procedure of the External Gear Fuel Pump Using a CFD Tool

In modern aircraft engine technology, there is a tendency to replace the mechanical drive of external gear fuel pumps with an electric one. This significantly reduces the integral energy consumption for pumping fuel (kerosene). On the other hand, in order to reduce the dimensions of the structure, it is reasonable to increase the rotation speed of the pumping unit gears. The above considerations make it advisable to study the problems that may arise in the design of pumping units. Analysis of the existing designs of external gear fuel pumps shows that the flow processes in the meshing zone have a significant impact on the pump performance and lifetime. Incorrect truss plate geometry and the compensation system lead to an increase in the velocities when opening and closing the cavity in the meshing zone, which causes intense cavitation. To understand the causes and factors which influence this phenomenon, it is necessary to study the fluid flow behavior in the meshing zone gaps. High-speed cameras are used to experimentally study the flow behavior. However, this approach gives only a qualitative result but does not allow for determining the absolute values of pressure and load in terms of the angle of rotation. Nevertheless, high-speed surveying can be used as a basis for fluid flow model verification. In this paper, the model of the fluid flow in a high-pressure external gear pump was proposed. The verification of the simulation results for HDZ 46 HLP 68 oil operation was carried out according to the results of experimental data visualization. The influence of rotation speed on the position of cavitation zones was revealed and confirmed by operational data. The analysis of the flow process in meshing for kerosene as a working fluid was carried out.

Optimization of complex system reliability

The issue of optimizing the reliability of complex networks is one of the contemporary issues, which has evolved with the development of methodologies for solutions with the development of modern engineering technology. Algorithms that mimic nature are among the most powerful algorithms used in optimization. In this study, the bat algorithm was presented to obtain the best reliability for a complex network that was selected at the lowest possible cost using three different cost functions, the logarithmic, the exponential and the tangent functions. Where we got different results according to the cost function used and the comparison was made between those results and we were found that the result of the logarithmic function is the best.

An evolving research agenda of merit function calculations for new gasoline compositions

Gasoline engines have an even greater potential for optimization. New fuels composition should be corresponded with modern engine technologies requirements. One of these requirements is introducing merit function to assess the advantages of innovative motor gasoline formulations, regarding their anticipated influence on performance for future engines. This paper addresses producing new recipes of environmentally friendly high octane gasoline fuel grades RONs 92 and 95. In addition, preliminary mathematical digital model for evaluating a comprehensive merit function of automotive gasoline for newly proposed fuel motor compositions was developed to maximize gasoline performance and decrease emissions when operating gasoline engines at various conditions. Physical and chemical characteristics of these innovative gasoline recipes were investigated in accordance with standard test methods regulations. The vast expertise of this laboratory work has obviously reported that fuel compositions samples contained the following concentrations by weight percentage, i.e., light condensate naphtha – 46–56, isopentane fraction – up to 4, aromatic components – up to 20, MTBE –14–15, isoolefins hydrocarbons – 15–16, and isooctane – up to 20. The key hypothesis of the merit function was improved gasoline efficiency and reduce exhaust emissions when operating gasoline engines at various conditions. The results reported that calculated values obtained for developed compositions turned out to be slightly higher than for baseline gasolines. These mean that the proposed gasoline composition was more efficient when operating gasoline engine at this condition.

Preface

With the successful organizing a series of world-class conferences, and a close cooperation among the University of Messina, Italy; University of Ferrara, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); Wuhan University, China, we have been making great efforts to hold the the 2022 First International Conference on Advances in Modern Physics Sciences and Engineering Technology-PSET 2022, which will be happened on March 5-6th 2022, in Beijing, China, organized by Wuhan University, China and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN).3 sessions are included in PSET22: Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Automation, Engineering Technologies and Applications. This volume comprises 47 selected papers from 72 submissions, which introduces latest advancements in the subjects of applied physics, material sciences, modelling, simulation and design, optimization techniques, and their applications in real world for solving real problems. These contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, present a wealth of exciting ideas that will open novel research directions among specialists.Our vision is to be internationally recognized as one of the Internationally-leading Platform in the world’s physics community, pursuing excellence in research, education and knowledge transfer.We are all working to achieve highly goals. We foster research opportunities that will improve tomorrow’s physics sciences and modern engineering technologies, in cooperation with people from universities and industries all over the world, especially for the young scientists and engineers.PSET appreciates the invited spkeaers from different unviersities: Prof. Dr. Osman Adiguzel, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey; Prof. Alexander G. Ramm, Mathematics Department, Kansas State University, USA; Prof. Dr. Shuifa Shen, Institute of Nuclear Energy Safety Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Prof. Dr. Bayram Gündüz, Department of Opticians, Malatya Turgut Ozal University,Turkey, who made great academic presentation for PSET participants. Meawhile, many thanks for authors who contributed their latest researches to PSET, the publishing editors and reviewers who made great effort on PSET22 conference proceedings, as well as the support from IOP Publishing and their publishing team.This volume of proceedings are beneficial for readers from both academia and industry to understand and tackle the challenges in an efficient manner and to adopt appropriate solutions in the mentioned fields above. Building on the success of previous conferences were held, we hope PSET will be one of the mostspectacular events in those areas.The Committee of PSET22Prof. Roberto ZivieriNational Institute of High Mathematics (INdAM), Rome, ItalyList of titles Committees Members, General Chairs, Honorary Chairs, Co-Chairs, Editors, International Committee Members are available in this Pdf.

On the Analytical Solution of the Kuwabara-Type Particle-in-Cell Model for the Non-Axisymmetric Spheroidal Stokes Flow via the Papkovich–Neuber Representation

Modern engineering technology often involves the physical application of heat and mass transfer. These processes are associated with the creeping motion of a relatively homogeneous swarm of small particles, where the spheroidal geometry represents the shape of the embedded particles within such aggregates. Here, the steady Stokes flow of an incompressible, viscous fluid through an assemblage of particles, at low Reynolds numbers, is studied by employing a particle-in-cell model. The mathematical formulation adopts the Kuwabara-type assumption, according to which each spheroidal particle is stationary and it is surrounded by a confocal spheroid that creates a fluid envelope, in which the Newtonian fluid moves with a constant velocity of arbitrary orientation. The boundary value problem in the fluid envelope is solved by imposing non-slip conditions on the surface of the spheroid, which is also considered as non-penetrable, while zero vorticity is assumed on the fictitious spheroidal boundary along with a uniform approaching velocity. The three-dimensional flow fields are calculated analytically for the first time, in the spheroidal geometry, by virtue of the Papkovich–Neuber representation. Through this, the velocity and the total pressure fields are provided in terms of a vector and the scalar spheroidal harmonic potentials, which enables the thorough study of the relevant physical characteristics of the flow fields. The newly obtained analytical expressions generalize to any direction with the existing results holding for the asymmetrical case, which were obtained with the aid of a stream function. These can be employed for the calculation of quantities of physical or engineering interest. Numerical implementation reveals the flow behavior within the fluid envelope for different geometrical cell characteristics and for the arbitrarily-assumed velocity field, thus reflecting the different flow/porous media situations. Sample calculations show the excellent agreement of the obtained results with those available for special geometrical cases. All of these findings demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method and the powerfulness of the obtained analytical expansions.

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE PERIOD'S SLOWING ECONOMIC GROWTH RATES IN THE LIGHT OF THE PANDEMIC BURDEN )2019-2021(

Recently, a severe disease is known as COVID-19 has originated in a developed country with the world’s second-highest national income, and has spread globally at the end of the year (2019– 2021). The share of countries with very high and very high incomes from the spread of this pandemic was large, and possibly from the most important countries are Italy, Spain, the United States of America, Germany, and so on. Despite significant scientific breakthroughs in medicine and pharmacology, modern engineering technology in the medical field, and advanced medical laboratories, these countries were initially helpless in the face of the spread of this disease, which resulted in a slowdown in economic growth rates for all countries worldwide at the time its prevalence decreased. The global gross domestic product ranges between (87-84) trillion dollars. As a result, the research aims to bring about several objectives, including developing a theoretical and applied method of health economic analysis of pandemics for the World Health Organization to contribute to a group of countries’ health protection and maintaining the actual supply of work due to pandemic deaths. That, in turn, contributes to lower productivity and capital accumulation. It is more challenging to keep healthy population groups quickly because healthy labor forces tend to be more productive, incredibly healthy, and educated populations and healthy labor forces tend to control their fertility. Additionally, the research assumes that spending on fundamental requirements (health, education, and social capital development) is an international obligation in addition to a local one, as it results in a direct correlation between human health and economic growth rates. The research has come out with several conclusions. The most important of which is that the connections between pandemics and the economy are similar to the links between health and wealth in general. Prosperous civilizations have greater health and have a higher level of well-being and resistance to pandemics. At the same time, pandemics, like other health concerns, may hinder economic progress and create vicious cycles in which falling health diminishes wealth and protection against other health dangers, as seen by injury fatality rates. The research puts forward several recommendations, the most important of which is that the world’s countries particularly, those with high and extremely high incomes bear responsibility as most of them believe in economic globalization or a more contemporary concept known as “universal”. This is added to the fact that their economies have slowed down due to this dangerous health event.

Carbon Footprint of 3D-Printed Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds: An Life Cycle Assessment Study

The bone tissue engineering scaffolds is one of the methods for repairing bone defects caused by various factors. According to modern tissue engineering technology, three-dimensional (3D) printing technology for bone tissue engineering provides a temporary basis for the creation of biological replacements. Through the generated 3D bone tissue engineering scaffolds from previous studies, the assessment to evaluate the environmental impact has shown less attention in research. Therefore, this paper is aimed to propose the Model of life cycle assessment (LCA) for 3D bone tissue engineering scaffolds of 3D gel-printing technology and presented the analysis technique of LCA from cradle-to-gate for assessing the environmental impacts of carbon footprint. Acrylamide (C3H5NO), citric acid (C6H8O7), N,N-Dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide (C8H16N2O), deionized water (H2O), and 2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate (C5H8O3) was selected as the material resources. Meanwhile, the 3D gel-printing technology was used as the manufacturing processes in the system boundary. The analysis is based on the LCA Model through the application of GaBi software. The environmental impact was assessed in the 3D gel-printing technology and it was obtained that the system shows the environmental impact of global warming potential (GWP). All of the emissions contributed to GWP have been identified such as emissions to air, freshwater, seawater, and industrial soil. The aggregation of GWP result in the stage of manufacturing process for input and output data contributed 47.6% and 32.5% respectively. Hence, the data analysis of the results is expected to use for improving the performance at the material and manufacturing process of the product life cycle.