Modern Slavery Research Articles

Marx’s Critical Theory of Slavery

Abstract Marx’s critical theory of slavery is the operational subtext throughout his critique of political economy. For Marx, the movement from modern slavery to capital represents a historical transition of significance, not only (or foremost) as an empirical transition but also as a transformation of social substance. Marx reveals why, in retrospect, production based on slavery, as logical configuration, must give way to the generalising logic of wage labour. Marx’s critical theory of slavery historicises wage labour (qua category) as the dissolution and inversion of enslaved labour (qua category). Plantation slavery production in the colonised territories initiates a qualitative development that constitutes the historical condition for the emergence of a mode of sociality that we can call ‘value’. Marx’s theoretical account of modern slavery is a lever in his broader critique of capital and is fundamentally distinct from empirical, historical accounts.

Undocumented immigrants at work: invisibility, hypervisibility, and the making of the modern slave

The undocumented immigrant represents a socio-legal category, referring to a subject who does not have legal standing to be in the country in which they are located. Extending from their lack of legal standing, undocumented immigrant workers in the United States occupy spaces marked by extreme conditions of vulnerability, which were exacerbated by the election of Donald Trump as president in 2016. The aim of this ethnographic study is to make sense of the experiences of undocumented immigrants under a particularly vicious political rhetoric. Studying the lives of Latinx undocumented immigrant workers in the U.S., our findings capture how the dynamic interplay between the types of labor that they undertake and the socio-legal identity they are attributed function together to systematically disenfranchise them. Specifically, we explicate how doing invisible labor while, at the same time, occupying a hypervisible identity culminates in extreme conditions of vulnerability. In addition to developing the concept of hypervisible identity, we also inform theory on the idea of modern slavery. We contend that without the existence of invisible labor and hypervisible identity performing as interlocking, constitutive precursors, some forms of modern slavery would be negated.

Memory, Trauma and ‘Affective Autonomy’: Displaying Emotion and Trauma at the International Slavery Museum

ABSTRACT This article attempts to answer the question of how museums might communicate the affective experience of enslavement, and the history of emotions and slavery, to their audiences. By using the International Slavery Museum, Liverpool as its case study, it answers this question through examining how the museum uses contemporary art in dialogue with archives of historical and modern slavery to make an affective investment in the lives of enslaved peoples. I name this approach ‘Affective Autonomy’, as it uses affect to underscore the agency of enslaved peoples to have complex emotional engagements with their experience of captivity. The International Slavery Museums uses contemporary art not to fill in the silences of the archive but to articulate them. It does so by using these artworks as entry points into discussions about the experience of modern slavery, which frame the emotional experience of slavery during the Transatlantic Slave Trade. The experience of modern slavery is understood through references to transatlantic slavery. Consequently, this article helps provide insight into how the history of emotions and slavery can be communicated creatively to general audiences in museum settings.

How Have Changes to the United Kingdom Modern Slavery Act Affected the Conceptualization of 'Race' and Racism in Society?

Modern slavery, as an increasingly incessant problem around the world and in the United Kingdom especially, is driven by and influenced by many different factors. As such, this paper focuses on the changes towards the 2015 United Kingdom Modern Slavery Act (UKMSA) and how those changes can be applied to analyze and explain how the conceptualization of ‘race’ and racism are affected by issues such as Brexit and COVID-19. Little previous research has been completed on the correlation between those above factors, and so this paper will provide guidance for future research and for policy-makers to consider the different elements that affect modern slavery and human trafficking. This paper also includes a literature review whereby different pieces of literature are analyzed to gain a better-rounded understanding on the different topics, concepts, and themes that are present in United Kingdom modern slavery research. It was useful to compare the annual changes to the 2015 UK Modern Slavery Act from 2015 to 2022. Then, statistics from the United Kingdom Office for National Statistics were gathered to address the total number of potential modern slavery cases there were in the United Kingdom, starting from 2015, as that was when the first revision of the UK Modern Slavery Act was officially published. In the future, research can focus on how to disperse precise information on ways to prevent and spot modern slavery as a bystander and on ‘race’ and racism as social constructs, to reduce and eventually eliminate the issue of modern slavery.

Modern Slavery in Liner Shipping: An Empirical Analysis of Corporate Statements

Forced labour is a widespread risk for workers in the shipping industry. Traditional approaches to tackling the problem rely on the rules of flag state and port state jurisdiction, leaving a significant margin of political discretion in dealing with violations of labour rights. This article examines whether private enforcement mechanisms in the form of tort actions can play a role in securing the labour rights of workers and providing them with access to remedies. Following recent case law, it examines the possibility of enforcing the duty of care as stated in the company materials, in particular the growing number of corporate annual reports. The article relies on empirical material, consisting of the statements published by shipping companies under the UK Modern Slavery Act [MSA]. In addition to the descriptive observations on compliance, the study carries out a content analysis of the statements, seeking to identify the patterns of reporting and industry best practices. The final part of the article examines whether corporate undertakings as laid down in modern slavery statements can serve as grounds for tort liability. Based on the empirical data, the study concludes that the statements provide insufficient grounds for holding companies liable for labour rights violations. Modern Slavery, Forced Labour, Liner Shipping, Annual Reports, Published Materials, Private Enforcement, Supply Chain Liability

Conceiving and Addressing Modern Slavery in the Events Sector: a narrative analysis of corporate reporting

Emerging literature explores Modern Slavery (MS) implications for businesses, yet corporate actors’ understanding of MS risks and their role in risk mitigation remains under-studied. This paper explores how event sector stakeholders perceive and address MS risks, including human trafficking, labour and sexual exploitation, by analysing the conception of problems and solutions in relation to MS. Using narrative analysis, the paper explores event companies’ reporting under the UK Modern Slavery Act (2015) to gain a better understanding of how reporting can drive change in business practice, especially given the regulatory framework’s limitations of defining precise reporting requirements. Findings show that risk management and mitigation generally translate into staff training, whistleblowing, (internal) auditing, and often a zero-tolerance approach. The paper enables a deeper understanding of businesses’ process of reporting standards and performance measurement. It theorises corporate transparency and responsibility and outlines the practical implications of the limits of transparency and responsibility attribution.

Unveiling the Dark Side of Innovation: Sustainability, Cobalt Mining, and Modern-Day Slavery

Unveiling the Dark Side of Innovation: Sustainability, Cobalt Mining, and Modern-Day Slavery

State responsibility and strategy in preventing and protecting Indonesian fisheries crews working on foreign fishing vessels from modern slavery

State responsibility and strategy in preventing and protecting Indonesian fisheries crews working on foreign fishing vessels from modern slavery

What do we know about how children and adolescents conceptualise violence? A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies from sub-Saharan Africa.

Half of the world's children experience violence every year, but the meaning of violence is not universally agreed. We may therefore risk failing to measure, and address, the acts that matter most to children and adolescents. In this paper, we describe and synthesise evidence on how children and adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa conceptualise different behavioural acts which are deemed violence in childhood under WHO and UN CRC definitions. We conducted a systematic review of qualitative studies. We searched PsychINFO, CINAHL, Embase, Global Health, Medline and ERIC for all publications released prior to March 2023. 30 papers met inclusion criteria. We synthesised primary data from children and adolescents and drew upon theoretical and contextual interpretations of authors of included studies. Only 12 of more than 45 sub-Saharan African countries were represented with relevant research. Of the 30 included papers, 25 came from three countries: South Africa, Uganda and Ghana. Only 10 of 30 papers reported data from young children (pre-adolescence), and 18 of 30 papers primarily focused on sexual violence. 14 studies used child friendly and/or participatory methods. From this limited evidence, we identified six overarching themes in how children and adolescents conceptualised their experiences of acts internationally recognised as violence: 1) adults abusing or neglecting responsibility; 2) sexual violence from peers, family and community members; 3) violence in established intimate relationships; 4) emotional violence surrounding sex from peers and community members; 5) fighting and beating between peers; 6) street and community dangers. No studies meeting our inclusion criteria specifically examined children or adolescents' conceptualisations of homophobic or transphobic violence; violence against children with disabilities; boys' experiences of sexual violence from male perpetrators; trafficking, modern slavery or conflict; child labour; or female genital mutilation. We found that three dimensions were important in how children and adolescents constructed conceptualisations of violence: their age, relationship to the perpetrator, and the physical location of acts they had experienced. These dimensions were interrelated and gendered. The current limited evidence base suggests children and adolescents' conceptualisations of violence overlapped with, but were also distinct from, the WHO and UNCRC definitions of violence. Currently international survey tools focus on measuring types and frequencies of particular acts and neglect to focus on children's understandings of those acts. Relationship to perpetrator, age of child, physical location are all important in how children conceptualise their experiences of acts internationally recognised as violence, and therefore might be important for their health and social outcomes. Those developing measures should account for these dimensions when developing items for testing.

Global Value Chain Legislation, Modern Slavery, Climate Change and Finance: Lessons from the European Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive ('CSDDD')

Global Value Chain Legislation, Modern Slavery, Climate Change and Finance: Lessons from the European Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive ('CSDDD')

State Responsibility and Strategy in Preventing and Protecting Indonesian Fisheries Crews Working on Foreign Fishing Vessels From Modern Slavery

State Responsibility and Strategy in Preventing and Protecting Indonesian Fisheries Crews Working on Foreign Fishing Vessels From Modern Slavery

Reproducing Racial Capitalism: Sexual Slavery and Islam at the Edges of Queer of Color Critique

This article tracks contemporary debates surrounding human trafficking, sex slavery, and the slave trade, in which the specter of the Ottoman empire and its system of slavery—as well as other “Oriental” slave systems—emerge as templates for imagining the place of sex in slavery. At the same time, the authors highlight how Ottoman and “Oriental” slavery is largely considered irrelevant to the genealogy of present-day racial capitalism. By contrast, the authors argue that considering historically parallel and entangled slave systems is important not just to accounts of modern-day slavery but also for how we conceptualize the “racial” in racial capitalism and the “queer” and “of color” in queer of color critique. Building on Black feminist historiography on the transatlantic slave trade, the commitments of queer of color critique, and contemporary research concerning sexual violation and racial capitalism, the authors explore how interconnected struggles across the globe are partitioned by imagined frameworks of racial and sexual difference that isolate entangled systems of gendered and sexual enslavement.

Does Readability of Textual Disclosures in Modern Slavery Reports Pay Off? Evidence from a Regulatory Setting

Does Readability of Textual Disclosures in Modern Slavery Reports Pay Off? Evidence from a Regulatory Setting

MODERN SLAVERY AND THE EUROPEAN LABOUR MARKET DYNAMICS

Many people think of slavery as a matter of the past with little relevance to today's world. But nonetheless, this institution continues to constitute a thriving research field for sociologists, historians, and economists. The present paper examines the issue of modern slavery as related to forced labour and labour exploitation, analyses the labour legislation of the European Union, and gathers several cases of forced labour/ labour exploitation involving Romanian workers. The purpose of the present paper is achieved using content analysis, a qualitative research method. The results suggested that, despite the European Union's extensive labour regulations, it still encounters situations of forced labour/ labour exploitation where basic worker rights and protection are not upheld; the findings highlight the need for greater consideration, further research, and solutions for this issue, together with special concern towards the clear distinctions between forced labour and labour exploitation.

Modern Slavery Act 2018 (Cth) Review Submission to Professor John Mcmillan Ao

Modern Slavery Act 2018 (Cth) Review Submission to Professor John Mcmillan Ao

The prison system and the constitution of modern slavery by the State

The prison system and the constitution of modern slavery by the State

QUO VADIS HUKUM POSITIF INDONESIA TERHADAP PRAKTIK PERBUDAKAN MODERN: CATATAN KESELARASAN DENGAN INSTRUMEN INTERNASIONAL

Modern slavery is a global challenge that threatens human rights and humanity. This article investigates the existence and countermeasures of modern slavery in the context of Indonesian positive law and its alignment with relevant international instruments. The article identifies legal regulations at the national level that specifically address modern slavery, such as Law No. 21/2007 on the Eradication of the Crime of Trafficking in Persons. In addition, steps taken by the Indonesian government to implement its international commitments to combat modern slavery, such as ratifying the Palermo Protocol, are analysed. In addition to evaluating regulations at the national level, this article also explores the extent to which Indonesia has complied with standards and principles contained in international instruments, such as the Palermo Protocol. This conformity will be analysed to assess the extent to which Indonesia has complied with its international obligations in the context of the protection of victims of modern slavery. The research method used is juridical-normative with a statutory, case, analytical, and comparative approach. The results found that in law enforcement there are shortcomings in cracking down on any practices of modern slavery in the criminal realm. In addition, children who are victims do not have the capacity to give consent in the mode carried out and the guarantee of restitution implementation has not been fully accommodated at the implementation level. Keywords: Indonesian Positive Law; International Instruments; Indonesian Positive Law.

A systematic literature review of modern slavery in supply chain management: State of the art, framework development and research opportunities

Given increased awareness about modern slavery in supply chain management (SCM), this paper undertakes a systematic literature review (SLR) covering 106 published articles. We first carry out a descriptive analysis, with results showing that modern slavery research is on an upward trajectory but suffers from a lack of primary data and theory application. We then extract themes from the published articles and use them to provide theory elaboration of Gold et al. (2015) model of modern slavery in SCM. Specifically, we introduce business culture and high impact risk factors like pandemics as new institutional factors; highlight external stakeholders like recruitment agents and audit firms as integral to understanding the business context of modern slavery; and add prevention and remediation to detection and response as discrete categories in managing modern slavery risks. We also discuss the gaps in modern slavery research in supply chains. Finally, we propose that reshoring, industry 4.0 and supply chain collaboration represent SCM specialisms that can inform modern slavery research going forward.

From Slavery to Modern Slavery, Trafficking in Human Beings (Challenges and Solutions) At the Regional and International Level

Human trafficking crimes threaten societies' security and stability. They also hinder social growth and harm economic, social, and security institutions. These crimes also confront global security agencies, pushing the international community to fight them. By establishing accords and conventions to address slavery and enslavement, one of the most disgraceful global afflictions and a grave infringement on human rights, including the trafficking, sale, and exploitation of individuals, sometimes called transnational organized crime, Unfortunately, every country is vulnerable to humanitarian violations. through Crossing borders takes many forms. There is also a lack of accurate statistical data and thorough information on human trafficking, especially for women and children.
 in the light of the lack of agreement on basic assessments, data, and indications of the volume and geographic distribution of different kinds of trafficking makes tackling this problem difficult. A crime cannot be called a "phenomenon" without specifying its scope. also, the victims' ambition for quick and large financial gain drives them into trouble. Organized crime syndicates exploit this tendency, coupled with poverty, unemployment, military conflicts, and natural disasters. Family disintegration, population growth, slums, globalization, the Internet, and an environment of culture that exploits people, especially vulnerable groups, contribute to perceiving them as a commodity that can generate income. Human trafficking victims face security, economic, social, political, psychological, and health risks. Some of these effects may be lethal. The victim's broke immigration and employment rules, as well as fraud, forgery, bribery, smuggling, and rape. Thus, this crime may exceed traditional criminality by including a variety of interrelated violations that result in inhumane deeds.
 Technology serves as a catalyst for the amplification of trafficking operations, facilitating the widespread commercialization and exploitation of victims. Victims are subject to recurrent exploitation when perpetrators reproduce identical advertisements and engage in live-streaming activities across various platforms, with the intention of maximizing their reach and financial gains.
 Technology has also contributed to reducing the barriers for individuals involved in human trafficking. In the past, criminal organizations would have had to establish physical control and dominance over specific urban areas, typically relying on a large network of members. However, newcomers to the human trafficking industry can now effectively operate an online business without the necessity of a physical criminal infrastructure and with a smaller workforce. Consequently, the acquisition of technological expertise may enhance the potency of a criminal organization while also rendering it more elusive to law enforcement entities.
 So the paper will clarify the challenges of these serious crimes in all their forms (traditional and modern) and the weakness of international, rigorous cooperation in confrontation and its negative impacts on international society as a whole.

Peran Imigrasi Dalam Pencegahan Dan Pengawasan Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang Menurut Perspektif Imigrasi Kota Batam

The crime of human trafficking is a form of modern human slavery. Apart from that, the criminal act of human trafficking is one of the worst forms of treatment that violates human dignity. Apart from investigating and arresting perpetrators, Immigration can also block the movement of perpetrators, prevent perpetrators from entering and exiting the country, and carry out deportation if necessary. Mahfud MD said that the human trafficking network syndicate in Batam was not an ordinary network because it was well coordinated. Mahfud assessed that the indications of alleged drownings must be investigated further. Moreover, the number of cases is not small in various parts of the world. There are various modes. Prevention is carried out by Immigration to prevent the crime of trafficking in persons by increasing monitoring at the border, tightening the provision of passports, especially to people who are still of productive age, to prevent them from becoming victims of the crime of trafficking in persons abroad, which means that the immigration authorities are regarding this crime of trafficking in persons. must increase supervision so that it can prevent the occurrence of criminal acts of human trafficking, so that the crime rate of criminal acts of human trafficking is reduced.