Modern Communication Networks Research Articles

Optimizing high availability multi-controller placement in SDN/NFV 5G networks: a survey

<p>In meeting the diverse and occasionally conflicting quality of service (QoS) requirements associated with modern communication networks, 5G technology has emerged as a pivotal player. In its architecture, 5G has adopted network function virtualization (NFV) and cloud-based approaches, aiming to simplify network and service deployment, operational processes, and management. The convergence of software defined networking (SDN) and NFV offers an effective solution, enabling scalable and high-performance 5G networks. However, this integration poses critical challenges, with the placement of SDN controllers being a central concern due to its significant impact on network performance, covering aspects such as latency, costs, and energy efficiency. This challenge is known as the controller placement problem (CPP). The central theme of this paper revolves around the intricate relationship between 5G core networks, virtualization technology, and the pressing concern of SDN controller placement, underscoring its significance in the modern networking landscape. We provide a survey of recent methodologies aimed at solving the CPP within the realm of SDN, with a particular focus on resiliency and high availability.</p>

Microwave Antenna Optimization for Low Latency and High Throughput Communication Systems

This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of microwave antenna optimization strategies aimed at achieving low latency and high throughput in modern communication systems. With the escalating demand for real-time applications and data-intensive services, the optimization of microwave antennas has become imperative to meet the stringent requirements of responsiveness and efficiency. The abstract delves into various facets of antenna optimization, including design parameters, signal processing techniques, and deployment considerations, all geared towards minimizing latency and maximizing throughput. Through a thorough review of existing literature and practical insights from real-world deployments, this research aims to provide valuable guidance for engineers and researchers in designing and implementing optimized microwave antennas for next-generation communication networks. By examining the intricate interplay between antenna design, signal processing algorithms, and deployment strategies, this paper elucidates the challenges and opportunities in achieving low latency and high throughput in microwave communication systems. Furthermore, it highlights the significance of factors such as gain, beamwidth, polarization, frequency band selection, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, beamforming, adaptive coding and modulation (ACM), antenna placement, tower height, and line-of-sight considerations in optimizing antenna performance. The findings presented in this paper contribute to advancing the understanding of microwave antenna optimization and offer practical insights into enhancing the responsiveness, efficiency, and reliability of modern communication networks.

ORBITAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM-BASED SLOT ARRAY ANTENNA FOR MODERN APPLICATIONS

Millimeter waves are the most promising waves for different modern wireless communication networks. This is due to their ability to carry big data with enhanced channel capacity. However, mm-waves suffer from low propagation due to the effects of high attenuation factors with high frequencies. Therefore, in this work, a three-dimensional structural antenna design with a slot array is proposed to achieve high gain through a two-port feeding operation for orbital angular momentum applications of modern communication systems. Also, the improved bandwidth of the proposed antenna makes it an excellent candidate for fifth-generation (5G) communications systems. The antenna depends on two concentric structures with conductive circular cross-sectional area. The first structure is shaped as a three-dimensional cone with a cylindrical waveguide. The second structure is shaped as a circular disc with a circular aperture. The two parts of the proposed antenna are concentered to be fed with two discrete ports from the side with a 900phase difference. It is determined that the proposed antenna offers an exceptional gain to vary from 10dBi to 20dBi within the frequency band from 3GHz to 30GHz. It is realized that such enhancement after introducing a conductive circular reflector underneath the conductive cone. The antenna shows a matching impedance below -10dB over the entire frequency band of interest. The antenna radiation proprietors at 25GHz and 26GHz at the E-plane and H-plane are characterized. Finally, the antenna performance is validated using two software packages based on CST studio and HFSS algorithms.

Characteristics of modern network communication in the aspect of the formation of media and information literacy of students (using the example of the analysis of media texts of social networks)

Problem and objective. Problematic issues of communication in the Internet space, on social networks in particular, are among the most pressing today, attracting the attention of teachers, scientists of various specialties, and Internet users. For this reason, studying the features of the content, language, and ethical standards of media texts on social networks, as the most popular among young people, is an urgent problem of modern science and education. The purpose of the presented research is to point out the media texts contents problematic issues, linguistic design and speech ethics, to substantiate the need to develop students' media literacy and suggest some practical work in this direction. Material and methods. The research material was media texts from social networks that are of educational nature. To study them, the following methods were used: the method of collecting media text data, the method of processing the obtained data (generalization, comparison, classification, systematization); method for interpreting research results. Research results. Within the framework of this study, it was possible to identify the main negative trends in network communication: simplification of the content of media texts, deviation from the norms of literary language and even their complete ignoring, colloquialization, use of rude colloquial, slang, obscene vocabulary; low quality language game, language cynicism. The analysis of educational and cultural-educational media texts makes it possible to outline some areas of practical activity aimed at fighting current negative tendencies of the Internet communication. Conclusion. The conclusion is made about the need to improve students’ media literacy as a means of representatives of the younger generation adequate interaction with the global information environment. A simulator will serve these purposes, which should include media texts of various genres and tasks for them. A distinctive feature of this simulator is that it takes into account modern trends in Russian education aimed at preserving and enhancing traditional spiritual and moral values. Media literacy is a step towards media culture, the formation of which is possible only in the case of a personal attitude to the native language.

E-band telecom-compatible 40 dB gain high-power bismuth-doped fiber amplifier with record power conversion efficiency

Multi-band transmission is one of the key practical solutions to cope with the continuously growing demand on the capacity of optical communication networks without changing the huge existing fiber base. However, ultra-broadband communication requires the development of novel power efficient optical amplifiers operating beyond C- and L-bands, and this is a major research and technical challenge comparable to the introduction of the seminal erbium-doped fiber amplifiers that dramatically changed the optical communication sector. There are several types of optical fibers operating beyond C- and L-bands that can be used for the development of such amplifiers, specifically the fibers doped with neodymium, praseodymium, thulium, and bismuth. However, among these, Bi-doped fibers are of special interest as the most promising amplification medium because, unlike the others, different Bi-associated active centers allow amplification in an enormous band of overall width of 700 nm (1100–1800 nm). Such spectral coverage can be obtained by using different host materials, such as aluminosilicate, phosphosilicate, silica, and germanosilicate glasses. Here, we report a novel Bi-doped fiber amplifier with record characteristics for E-band amplification, including the highest power conversion efficiency among telecom-compatible E-band amplifiers reported to date. This bismuth-doped fiber amplifier (BDFA) features a maximum gain of 39.8 dB and a minimal noise figure of 4.6 dB enabled by 173 m Bi-doped fiber length. The maximum achieved power conversion efficiency of 38% is higher than that of L-band Er-doped fiber amplifiers. This performance demonstrates the high potential of BDFA for becoming the amplifier of choice in modern multi-band optical communication networks.

Performance, privacy, and security issues of TCP/IP at the application layer: A comprehensive survey

TCP/IP is the backbone of modern network communication, connecting devices across the world. TCP/IP at its core is a suite of protocols that enables the transmission of data between computers, facilitating the foundation of the interconnected global network. At the Application Layer of TCP/IP is where the interaction between software applications and the network occurs. The user-centric protocols such as HTTP, SMTP, FTP, POP3, IMAP and DNS facilitate various tasks at this layer such as web browsing, email communication, and file transfer. This comprehensive survey conducted an exploration of the performance, security and privacy issues at the application layer of the TCP/IP. It initiated by providing a background of TCP/IP model, it’s architecture and the core characteristics, with major focus on the application layer. This paper aimed to discuss the state-of-the-art of performance, privacy and security concerns in TCP/IP application layer. It also proposed future research areas to equip researchers, practitioners, policy makers and the decision makers with tangible knowledge, offering guidance in navigating the performance, privacy and security concerns in TCP/IP Application Layer. It aimed to discuss the current performance, privacy and security research gaps at the Application Layer of the TCP/IP Model. The findings of this research sheds light on the performance, privacy and security issues while suggesting the countermeasures to strengthen and optimize the overall performance, security and privacy of TCP/IP model at the application layer. The paper finally suggests future directions and research areas at the TCP/IP application layer.

ПРОЄКТУВАННЯ БАГАТОПРОДУКТОВИХ ТРАНСПОРТНИХ МЕРЕЖ З ДИСКРЕТНИМИ ПОТОКАМИ МАГІСТРАЛЬНИХ ДАННИХ

The article considers the importance of transport and communication as key sectors for the development of the economy of Ukraine, as well as the need to create applied mathematical software for the optimization of transport processes and the development of information and analytical systems. Special attention is paid to the development and study of multi-product communication networks with discrete flows of small consignments, which have a significant impact on market transformations in Ukraine, especially in the field of transportation of small consignments. The study focuses on modern and future communication networks, which, as a rule, have a multi-level structure determined by the administrative division of the territory, management hierarchy and technologies for the processing and distribution of goods and information. The authors of the article emphasize the need to design multi-level communication networks, which would take into account the complexity of the system, as well as the impossibility of complete centralization of information processing and management in one link. The article also focuses on the analysis of existing research and publications in this field, paying attention to the contribution of foreign and domestic scientists to the development of models and methods of network resource management. Most research focuses on deterministic models and models based on the mathematical foundations of mass service theories and random Markov processes. The authors indicate the inadequacy of the existing mathematical tools for modeling and analyzing the functioning of multi-product networks with discrete flows, which requires the development of new mathematical models and methods.The purpose of the research is the development and analysis of effective approaches to the design of multi-tracks pipeline transport networks with a special focus on discrete trunk data flows. The authors note that this includes the development of new approaches and methods for effective management and optimization of resource allocation, as well as modeling the specifics of discrete flows in the context of trunk transport systems. An important part of the research is the creation of a hierarchical system structure for automated resource management and flow distribution in large-scale networks. The authors emphasize the need to develop a methodology that integrates already existing achievements in this field and allows to effectively solve practical problems related to long-term development, ongoing planning and operational management in large-scale networks. Such a methodology should include models of different levels of aggregation and be suitable for all levels of the network’s hierarchical structure. The study also includes consideration of mathematical models and algorithms for modeling and analyzing the functioning of multi-product networks with discrete flows.

Load based dynamic channel allocation model to enhance the performance of device-to-device communication in WPAN

The modern communication network has advanced to such an extent that it is now possible for devices within a wireless personal area network (WPAN) to communicate among themselves directly. However, the limited shared radio resources of a WPAN lead to numerous issues, such as cross-layer interference and data collisions, which wind up affecting the quality of communication. A load based dynamic channel allocation (LB-DCA) model has been proposed to enhance the performance of device-to-device communication in WPAN. This model uses several control schemes in collaboration with interference estimation and channel load balancing mechanisms to allocate and manage the radio resources efficiently. The objective of this model is to achieve high throughput, low interference and low energy consumption. The control schemes implemented are based on distributed coordination and a cell-splitting approach. These schemes are utilized to estimate the channel usage and number of active nodes in a network. The interference estimation is done by using a new efficiency formula. Further, channel load balancing takes into account the hops and load factor values. The proposed model obtained 98.58% CSI, 95.86% MCC, 96.35% delta-P, 97.96% FMI, 99.83% BMI, 21.52% enhanced spectrum efficiency, 16.38% enhanced scalability, 18.79% enhanced signal quality, 18.64% enhanced power control and 18.89% enhanced energy efficiency.

Review of the OSI Model and TCP/IP Protocol Suite on Modern Network Communication

Layered approaches to networking are possible. Network architects categorize protocols in order to simplify their designs. Each layer has its own protocol for talking to the outside world. Every component of the network implements some of the nth layer. Messages are sent back and forth between these parts. Layer n protocol data units [n-PDU] are the official name for these transmissions. All the steps necessary for efficient conversation are covered and these steps are organized into layers for easy comprehension. Layered architecture describes this kind of planning for a communications system. The OSI model is a framework for developing and implementing network-based software applications. It also serves as a basis for the development of new networking protocol hardware, and architectures. This document compares and contrasts the OSI Reference Model seven layers with those of the TCP/IP Model four. There are distinct roles at each successive level. All Internet communication duties may be traced back to the TCP/IP reference model.

Robust Routing Made Easy: Reinforcing Networks Against Non-Benign Faults

With the increasing scale of communication networks, the likelihood of failures grows as well. Since these networks form a critical backbone of our digital society, it is important that they rely on robust routing algorithms which ensure connectivity despite such failures. While most modern communication networks feature robust routing mechanisms, these mechanisms are often fairly complex to design and verify, as they need to account for the effects of failures and rerouting on communication. This paper conceptualizes the design of robust routing mechanisms, with the aim to avoid such complexity. In particular, we showcase simple and generic blackbox transformations that increase resilience of routing against independently distributed failures, which allows to simulate the routing scheme on the original network, even in the presence of non-benign node failures (henceforth called faults). This is attractive as the system specification and routing policy can simply be preserved. We present a scheme for constructing such a reinforced network, given an existing (synchronous) network and a routing scheme. We prove that this algorithm comes with small constant overheads, and only requires a minimal amount of additional node and edge resources; in fact, if the failure probability is smaller than <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1/n$</tex-math> </inline-formula> , the algorithm can come without any overhead at all. At the same time, it allows to tolerate a large number of independent random (node) faults, asymptotically almost surely. We complement our analytical results with simulations on different real-world topologies.

Memory-enhanced appearance-motion consistency framework for video anomaly detection

Modern network communication systems extensively utilize video data for various applications, creating a pressing need for efficient Video Anomaly Detection (VAD) mechanisms. The essence of VAD lies in the detection of discrepancies in the appearance-motion dynamics of normal and abnormal events. However, existing methods primarily focus on the isolated analysis of appearance or motion anomalies, thereby overlooking the crucial aspect of appearance-motion consistency semantics. To this end, we introduce a Memory-enhanced Appearance-Motion Consistency (MAMC) framework, which is focused on understanding complex appearance-motion consistency patterns in video data for the discernment of anomalies. The first stage of our model involves the design of an Appearance-Motion Fusion (AMF) module, engineered to generate a robust representation of scene dynamics that captures appearance-motion consistency. This consistency data is then processed through the memory module, augmenting the distinction between normal and anomalous events. Experimental results on three benchmark datasets validate the effectiveness of our approach, which achieves AUCs of 96.7%, 87.6%, and 71.5% on three benchmark datasets (UCSD Ped2, CUHK Avenue, and ShanghaiTech datasets). Additional experiments and visualization analysis confirm the effectiveness of the proposed MAMC framework in anomaly detection scenarios.

Proving Mutual Authentication Property of Industrial Internet of Things Multi-Factor Authentication Protocol Based on Logic of Events

Security protocols are the basis of modern network communication, proving that the security problem of protocols is one of the hot research topics today. The data in industrial IoT are usually transmitted through insecure channels, which brings certain security risks. The Logic of Events is a formal method for proving the security properties of protocols based on event systems. The new theoretical extension is based on the Logic of Events theory, which proposes new event classes Compurte, TimeGap, Construct, and Reconstruct and an axiom AxiomRe and related inference rules for malicious attacks and security privacy issues in emerging protocols, as well as extending the matching descriptions of protocol behaviours in complex cryptographic algorithms and information sharing techniques for applications for the formal analysis of authentication protocols for the Industrial Internet of Things. Finally, formal analysis is carried out using the example of a secure multi-factor authentication protocol for the industrial IoT, which proves the security of the protocol.

Predicting angular-momentum waves based on Yang–Mills equations

As one of the most elegant theories in physics, Yang–Mills (YM) theory not only incorporates Maxwell’s equations unifying electromagnetism, but also underpins the standard model explaining the electroweak and strong interactions in a succinct way. Whereas the highly nonlinear terms in YM equations involving the interactions between potentials and fields retard the resolution for them. In the U(1) case, the solutions of Maxwell’s equations are the electromagnetic waves, which have been applied extensively in the modern communication networks all over the world. Likewise the operator solutions of the YM equations under the assumptions of weak-coupling and zero-coupling predict the SU(2) angular-momentum waves, which is the staple of this work. Such angular-momentum waves are hopefully realized in the experiments through the oscillation of spin angular momentum, such as the “spin Zitterbewegung” of Dirac’s electron.

Quantitative measurement of link failure reaction time for devices with P4-programmable data planes

Quick handling of link failures remains a challenging issue in current communication networks, although it is crucial to many routing algorithms. Link failures are the leading cause of packet losses and delays, therefore, failure recovery is tied to stringent requirements for certain services, such as the sub-50 millisecond completion time for carrier-grade networks, which is sometimes difficult to achieve in traditional routing schemes. For this reason, fast recovery strategies are key pillars of modern communication networks. In this paper, we demonstrate the benefits of the devices with Programmable Data Planes (PDP) for fast reacting to link failures. We first review the link failure detection, reaction and recovery procedures and then we discuss the main fast failure recovery mechanisms employed by different types of devices in current communication networks. In addition, we present a novel method to measure the link failure reaction time of an Intel Tofino switch with PDP, as well as the results obtained when measuring such time using real hardware equipment. Our results show that such hardware devices provide a failure reaction time in the order of microseconds, with an average of 472.88μ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\upmu $$\\end{document}s, which poses PDP as a key technology to achieve zero packet loss and zero delay failure recovery.

Application of BIM+IoT technology in the design and operation and maintenance stages of smart buildings

With the continuous emergence of new technologies and the efficient and convenient development of people’s daily life and work, the topic of intelligent building is becoming more and more hot. There are two kinds of data in intelligent building, namely static data and dynamic data. The digital expression of intelligent building is realized through the fusion and interaction of these two kinds of data. The building information model (BIM) stores a large amount of static data, including size, material, color and other data, while the Internet of Things (IoT) collects real-time dynamic data, including temperature, humidity, light and other data, through sensors in every space within the building. The related problems of building data management in the design and operation and maintenance stages mainly include data collection relying on manual work, low data processing efficiency, scattered and disorderly data storage, difficult data interaction, slow speed, and low data visualization. In order to solve these problems, this paper combines the characteristics and advantages of BIM and IoT technology, analyzes the interaction and application value of BIM and IoT technology in the design and operation and maintenance stage of intelligent buildings, and constructs a data management system based on the Internet of things, a 3D visualization technology based on BIM, and an operation and maintenance management platform based on BIM and IoT. The application of BIM and IoT technology in the design and operation and maintenance stage of intelligent buildings has promoted the development of the construction industry. The Internet of Things can provide many functional services, such as real-time monitoring, remote tracking, automatic update, plan management and a series of personalized services and management, to achieve the management, control and detection of various things, and ensure the high-speed and effective operation of the system. The emergence of the building system of modern communication network technology has brought many conveniences to people, and there is still a broad space for development. The combination of new Internet of Things technology and intelligent buildings will certainly be an important development direction.

FORMATION OF ENSEMBLES OF SIGNALS WITH TIME DIVISION USING A NEURAL NETWORK

In telecommunications, time-division signals play an extremely important role in the process of information transmission and processing. These signals, which are presented as electromagnetic waves, serve as the main means of transport for the transmission of data from one communication device to another, effectively constituting the circulatory system of modern communication networks. The defining feature that distinguishes these signals is their temporal nature, or more precisely, the changes they undergo over time as they travel over the network. These signals contain a rich spectrum of parameters, covering not only the attributes of amplitude, frequency and phase, but also many other parameters. This article provides a scientific rationale for the feasibility and relevance of researching the process of forming signal ensembles with temporal separation using neural networks. It has been established that one of the key tasks in creating ensembles of complex signals with temporal separation through the application of neural networks is the selection of an optimal neural network architecture. This entails determining the type of neural network that best aligns with a specific research objective. An algorithm for forming signal ensembles with temporal separation using a recurrent neural network (RNN) has been developed. Special attention is devoted to methods for assessing the overall error of signal ensembles with temporal separation using PNN. These analytical methods encompass the utilization of pertinent metrics, the evaluation of which depends on the specific nature of the task, whether it involves regression or classification. The findings of this research will contribute to the further advancement of methods for forming signal ensembles with temporal separation through the utilization of neural networks and enhance their application in contemporary telecommunications systems.

Novel Optical Solitary Wave Structure Solution of Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel Model

The Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel (LPD) model, an extended version of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, plays a crucial role in comprehending optical solitons—self-reinforcing waves that maintain their form while traveling through a medium. This study employed the G′G2-expansion method to explore the model and present new exact solitary wave solutions with various nonlinearities, including the Kerr, anti-cubic, and parabolic laws. The findings provide solutions for different types of optical solitons, such as bright solitons, dark solitons, rational functions, and periodic solitons. The obtained results offer fresh insights into the complex LPD model, deepening our core understanding of optical soliton dynamics. Importantly, these findings have significant implications for soliton-based applications, specifically in modern communication networks and nonlinear optics, directly impacting optical fiber transmission. Furthermore, the research introduces singular solitons, a unique and highly localized wave phenomenon, through an influential and systematic approach to exact optical solutions for various models. As communication technology and nonlinear optics continue to advance, these findings hold substantial promise for practical applications in the development of cutting-edge optical devices and systems.

Bayesian and Multi-Armed Contextual Meta-Optimization for Efficient Wireless Radio Resource Management

Optimal resource allocation in modern communication networks calls for the optimization of objective functions that are only accessible via costly separate evaluations for each candidate solution. The conventional approach carries out the optimization of resource-allocation parameters for each system configuration, characterized, e.g., by topology and traffic statistics, using global search methods such as Bayesian optimization (BO). These methods tend to require a large number of iterations, and hence a large number of key performance indicator (KPI) evaluations. In this paper, we propose the use of meta-learning to transfer knowledge from data collected from related, but distinct, configurations in order to speed up optimization on new network configurations. Specifically, we combine meta-learning with BO, as well as with multi-armed bandit (MAB) optimization, with the latter having the potential advantage of operating directly on a discrete search space. Furthermore, we introduce novel contextual meta-BO and meta-MAB algorithms, in which transfer of knowledge across configurations occurs at the level of a mapping from graph-based contextual information to resource-allocation parameters. Experiments for the problem of open loop power control (OLPC) parameter optimization for the uplink of multi-cell multi-antenna systems provide insights into the potential benefits of meta-learning and contextual optimization.

Optimization of Delay Using Killer Whale Algorithm (KWA) on NB-IoT

Abstract: NB-IoT is designed to connect IoT devices with low-power, wide-area coverage and efficient costs. Ensuring optimal data transmission delay is a challenge in NB-IoT implementation. Inadequate coverage can hinder IoT adoption. Optimization balances energy saving and delay trade-off. The Killer Whale Algorithm (KWA) optimizes delay by adjusting repetition variables. KWA addresses dimensions, variable limits. Applying KWA in NB-IoT optimizes transmission, enhancing QoS. Optimizing delay involves reducing latency in uplink data transmission using repetition variables. This study applies KWA to optimize NB-IoT delay. Analysis in Table 4 shows non-linear repetition-distance correlation. Interestingly, delay outcomes exhibit a contrasting relationship. Still, delay remains advantageous, remaining under 1 second even at 10 km, specifically 9.2674 ms (0.0092674 seconds). This thesis aims to optimize delay in NB-IoT network transmission using the Killer Whale Algorithm (KWA), crucial for modern communication networks and IoT applications. Leveraging KWA, the research identifies solutions to reduce transmission delay, enhancing efficiency and meeting IoT communication demands for speed and timeliness

Semi-embedded slot waveguide electro-optic modulator.

Electro-optic modulators are essential devices on silicon photonic chips in modern optical communication networks. This paper presents a compact, low-loss electro-optic modulator. The modulation efficiency is greatly improved by embedding the lower half of the slot waveguide into the buried oxide layer and inserting graphene at the junction. The interaction of graphene with an optical field in a waveguide is studied using the finite element method. The functions of phase modulation and absorption modulation are realized by changing the gate voltage to change the chemical potential of graphene. The semi-embedded slot waveguide optical modulator has a length of 50µm. After simulation verification, it can be used as an electro-absorption modulator and can achieve a modulation depth of 26.38dB and an insertion loss of 0.60dB. When used as an electro-refractive modulator, it can be realized with a linear change of phase from zero to π; the total insertion loss is only 0.59dB. The modulator has a modulation bandwidth of 79.6GHz, and the energy consumption as electro-absorption and electro-refraction modulation are 0.51 and 1.92pj/bit, respectively. Compared with common electro-optic modulators, the electro-optic modulator designed in this paper has a higher modulation effect and also takes into account the advantages of low insertion loss and low energy consumption. This research is helpful for the design of higher-performance optical communication network devices.