Modern Biotechnology Research Articles

Synthetic Biology Tools for Engineering Aspergillus oryzae.

For more than a thousand years, Aspergillus oryzae has been used in traditional culinary industries, including for food fermentation, brewing, and flavoring. In recent years, A. oryzae has been extensively used in deciphering the pathways of natural product synthesis and value-added compound bioproduction. Moreover, it is increasingly being used in modern biotechnology industries, such as for the production of enzymes and recombinant proteins. The investigation of A. oryzae has been significantly accelerated through the successive application of a diverse array of synthetic biology techniques and methodologies. In this review, the advancements in biological tools for the synthesis of A. oryzae, including DNA assembly technologies, gene expression regulatory elements, and genome editing systems, are discussed. Additionally, the challenges associated with the heterologous expression of A. oryzae are addressed.

A Manual for Genome and Transcriptome Engineering.

Genome and transcriptome engineering have emerged as powerful tools in modern biotechnology, driving advancements in precision medicine and novel therapeutics. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current methodologies, applications, and future directions in genome and transcriptome engineering. Through this, we aim to provide a guide for tool selection, critically analyzing the strengths, weaknesses, and best use cases of these tools to provide context on their suitability for various applications. We explore standard and recent developments in genome engineering, such as base editors and prime editing, and provide insight into tool selection for change of function (knockout, deletion, insertion, substitution) and change of expression (repression, activation) contexts. Advancements in transcriptome engineering are also explored, focusing on established technologies like antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and RNA interference (RNAi), as well as recent developments such as CRISPR-Cas13 and adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADAR). This review offers a comparison of different approaches to achieve similar biological goals, and consideration of high-throughput applications that enable the probing of a variety of targets. This review elucidates the transformative impact of genome and transcriptome engineering on biological research and clinical applications that will pave the way for future innovations in the field.

Oxygen-resistant [FeFe]hydrogenases: new biocatalysis tools for clean energy and cascade reactions.

The use of enzymes to generate hydrogen, instead of using rare metal catalysts, is an exciting area of study in modern biochemistry and biotechnology, as well as biocatalysis driven by sustainable hydrogen. Thus far, the oxygen sensitivity of the fastest hydrogen-producing/exploiting enzymes, [FeFe]hydrogenases, has hindered their practical application, thereby restricting innovations mainly to their [NiFe]-based, albeit slower, counterparts. Recent exploration of the biodiversity of clostridial hydrogen-producing enzymes has yielded the isolation of representatives from a relatively understudied group. These enzymes possess an inherent defense mechanism against oxygen-induced damage. This discovery unveils fresh opportunities for applications such as electrode interfacing, biofuel cells, immobilization, and entrapment for enhanced stability in practical uses. Furthermore, it suggests potential combinations with cascade reactions for CO2 conversion or cofactor regeneration, like NADPH, facilitating product separation in biotechnological processes. This work provides an overview of this new class of biocatalysts, incorporating unpublished protein engineering strategies to further investigate the dynamic mechanism of oxygen protection and to address crucial details remaining elusive such as still unidentified switching hot-spots and their effects. Variants with improved kcat as well as chimeric versions with promising features to attain gain-of-function variants and applications in various biotechnological processes are also presented.

Gene Stacking and Stoichiometric Expression of ER-Targeted Constructs Using "2A" Self-Cleaving Peptides.

Simultaneous stoichiometric expression of multiple genes plays a major part in modern research and biotechnology. Traditional methods for incorporating multiple transgenes (or "gene stacking") have drawbacks such as long time frames, uneven gene expression, gene silencing, and segregation derived from the use of multiple promoters. 2A self-cleaving peptides have emerged over the last two decades as a functional gene stacking method and have been used in plants for the co-expression of multiple genes under a single promoter. Here we describe design features of multicistronic polyproteins using 2A peptides for co-expression in plant cells and targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We designed up to quad-cistronic vectors that could target proteins in tandem to the ER. We also exemplify the incorporation of self-excising intein domains within 2A polypeptides, to remove residue additions. These features could aid in the design of stoichiometric protein co-expression strategies in plants in combination with targeting to different subcellular compartments.

The Doctrine of the Legal Subject in Russian Jurisprudence: From the Ideas of A. V. Mickiewicz to Modern Innovations

The article reveals the conceptual foundations of the formation of the modern theory of the legal subject on the basis of the achievements that were made in this area during the Soviet period. The main attention is paid to the analysis of A. V. Mickiewicz's teaching about the legal subject. It is emphasized that the scientist inextricably linked the understanding of the subject of law with the concept of legal personality and its structure. He considered social relations to be the leading determinant of the legal subject, bringing to the fore in the theory of the legal subject not the personal, but the social aspect. The ideas of A. V. Mickiewicz are compared with the corresponding ideas of S. N. Bratus, as well as other researchers. It is emphasized that in modern conditions, the development of the doctrine of legal subject is influenced by the principles of post-non-classical scientific rationality with its inherent anthropocentrism. It is also noted that the theory of the legal subject is actualized by modern technological development, primarily digital and bio-technologies. It is concluded that the teaching of A. V. Mickiewicz about the legal subject retains its relevance at the present stage of the development of legal science.

Understanding public perspectives on genetically engineered Brinjal and the adoption of modern biotechnology in Bangladesh.

The agricultural sector in Bangladesh is currently facing numerous challenges. The country is currently endeavoring to adopt modern biotechnological tools, such as genetic engineering, to modify crops with the aim of ensuring food security. Notably, Bt Brinjal represents a significant milestone as the first genetically engineered (GE) food crop commercially cultivated in South Asia. Public perception and awareness are crucial steps forward for accepting and commercializing GE crops within society. The study discussed here aims to assess public perception and awareness regarding modern biotechnology and GE crops, focusing mainly on Bt Brinjal in Bangladesh. A random survey considered demographic factors such as age, gender, hometown, educational qualification, and occupation to explore the public attitudes towards Bt Brinjal and modern biotechnology. Approximately one-third of those surveyed considered Bt Brinjal safe for consumption, and a third expressed a willingness to buy Bt Brinjal, while nearly two-thirds believed it would gain popularity in the market alongside other crops. Most respondents recognized the necessity of utilizing modern biotechnology for crop improvement beyond Bt Brinjal, and respondents with science backgrounds displayed higher awareness and a more positive attitude than those with limited education or non-science backgrounds. This study explores the public perceptions of Bt Brinjal and the adoption of modern biotechnology in Bangladesh by examining factors such as knowledge dissemination, acceptance levels, and concerns related to GE crops, and offers a meaningful perspective that can shape decision-making processes to promote agricultural sustainability and achieve relevant sustainable development goals in Bangladesh.

BIOTECHNOLOGY – ACHIEVEMENTS AND CHALLENGES

The article describes the changes that have taken place in the field of biology, gives an idea of modern biotechnology, its purpose in solving the shortage of material resources. The products of biotechnological industries in the medical, food and metallurgical industries are presented. It is alleged that fermenters, spray dryers, etc. can distribute hazardous substances. The concepts of culture of biological protection and biological ethics are given.

An Overview of Modern Biotechnological Tools in Aquatic Food Production – A Review

Abstract Aquatic food production system raises aquatic organisms including fish, shellfish and seaweeds for human consumption and associated value chains. Moreover, as the global human population continues to expand at a high rate and is expected to reach over 9 billion by 2030, developing a cost-efficient production method is a significant challenge in the future development of the aquatic food production industry to provide food and nutritional security with high-quality animal protein. Recent advancements in biotechnological tools and approaches provided a new toolset that can be used to design and optimize the existing processes such as food preservation, fermentation, packaging, quality control and setting proper guidelines to manufacture and process genetically modified fish. At the same time, with the refinement of technology, these are becoming easier applicable and transferable to several other aquatic species production systems. These trends have resulted in exploiting new and unconventional microbial systems with sophisticated properties, which render promising results in the production industry. Here, we highlight the recent advances in the newly emerging biotechnological technology in the production of fish and fish products and discuss the potential of these tools as a sustainable platform for centuries to come with a significant impact on the aquatic food production industry.

Economic Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of Continuous Viral Bioreactors

Viral particle systems are integral parts of modern biotechnology, finding use in vaccines, drug delivery platforms, and recombinant protein production. Continuous manufacturing of these systems can offer improved manufacturability and quality control. However, viral systems often have complex kinetics which can introduce undesirable process dynamics and lower product titers in continuous operation. This article explores the use of economic nonlinear dynamic optimization and model predictive control to achieve multiple process objectives such as maximizing productivity and/or purity. Economic nonlinear model predictive control is also demonstrated to robustly control the bioreactor under plant-model mismatch in different scenarios.

Pembekalan Teknik Propagasi Kultur Jaringan Tumbuhan bagi Guru SMA/Sederajat di Samarinda untuk Mendukung Kurikulum Merdeka

Background: The transition of the 2013 curriculum to the Merdeka curriculum requires teachers to be more creative, applicable, and able to stimulate students' critical powers in understanding selected subjects. However, students' elective subjects in Modern Biotechnology, such as Plant Tissue Culture, are poorly understood in practice. This activity aims to improve practical skills in plant propagation techniques by providing plant tissue culture techniques for high school/equivalent teachers in the field of Biology in Samarinda and surrounding areas. Method: This service was carried out by Biology lecturers at FMIPA Mulawarman University and was attended by 22 Biology and agriculture teachers in Samarinda and surrounding areas. Service activities consist of 4 stages, namely the initial stage, theoretical provision stage, practicum stage, and evaluation stage. Results: There was an increase in participants' understanding of plant tissue culture from 'poor' to 'good' level. Evaluation of material presentation and suitability of theory and practice reached the very good category with percentages of 80% and 92%, respectively. Reflections on debriefing showed that 80% of participants thought this activity added insight and was fun. Conclusion: Activities were carried out according to the target and can contribute to the student learning process at school, especially in plant tissue culture.

THE LEGAL PERSPECTIVE ON CONSUMER PROTECTION OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED FOOD PRODUCTS IN INDONESIA

The development of science and technology has triggered the use of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is the transplantation of genes into other genes, both between genes and across genes, to produce valuable products for living creatures. Genetically engineered food products, due to the development of modern biotechnology in the field of genetic engineering technology, have given rise to new legal problems because of the possibility of posing a risk to human health. This research uses a normative juridical approach with an emphasis on secondary data. This research uses doctrinal research methods. The research specifications used are analytical descriptive. The research results show that there is no special legal protection for consumers of genetically engineered food products, because it still refers to consumer protection contained in the UUPK. It should be noted that genetic effects resulting from human genetic engineering need legal protection. Protection and intellectual property rights, where everyone, individually or collectively, must be a consumer of goods and services, so the parties need equal legal protection. Therefore, the responsibility of producers of genetically engineered food products for consumer losses must be able to fulfill the principle of justice because the economic position of producers is higher than that of consumers. By implementing the principle of absolute responsibility, the producer responsibility law will foster an attitude of caution for producers of genetically engineered food products to maintain the quality of their products.

Retracted: The Impact of the Development of Modern Biotechnology and Nanotechnology on the Swimming Sports Industry

Retracted: The Impact of the Development of Modern Biotechnology and Nanotechnology on the Swimming Sports Industry

The Search of a Molecular “Swiss Knife” for Chloroplast Genomic Editing

In recent years, genome editing methods have become an integral part of the genetic engineering toolset that allows for making targeted changes to plant genomes, both in the case of single-gene mutations and multiplex modifications. These technologies were mostly proven effective for editing nuclear genomes. However, plastids, the best-known example of which is chloroplasts, have their own genome (plastome), which is also available for various genetic manipulations, including editing. Despite the fact that the modification of plastomes represents a very promising task for modern biotechnology, the structure of plastids and the peculiarities of their genome organization require the specific adaptation of genome editing methods. This applies to both the design of genetic constructs and methods of their delivery to plastids. The article provides an overview of the current state of research in the field of plastid genome editing with chloroplasts taken as an example. We consider the possibilities of using programmable genome-editing technologies, analyze their effectiveness, limitations, and problems caused by the structural features of these organelles, and their genome organization. We discuss the results of the first successful experiments in this field and try to assess the prospects for the development of tools and methods for increasing the efficiency and the specificity of this biotechnological platform.

Toxic effects of lead on plants: integrating multi-omics with bioinformatics to develop Pb-tolerant crops.

Lead disrupts plant metabolic homeostasis and key structural elements. Utilizing modern biotechnology tools, it's feasible to develop Pb-tolerant varieties by discovering biological players regulating plant metabolic pathways under stress. Lead (Pb) has been used for a variety of purposes since antiquity despite its toxic nature. After arsenic, lead is the most hazardous heavy metal without any known beneficial role in the biological system. It is a crucial inorganic pollutant that affects plant biochemical and morpho-physiological attributes. Lead toxicity harms plants throughout their life cycle and the extent of damage depends on the concentration and duration of exposure. Higher levels of lead exposure disrupt numerous key metabolic activities of plants including oxygen-evolving complex, organelles integrity, photosystem II connectivity, and electron transport chain. This review summarizes the detrimental effects of lead toxicity on seed germination, crop growth, and yield, oxidative and ultra-structural alterations, as well as nutrient absorption, transport, and assimilation. Further, it discusses the Pb-induced toxic modulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, respiration, metabolic-enzymatic activity, osmolytes accumulation, and antioxidant activity. It is a comprehensive review that reports on omics-based studies along with morpho-physiological and biochemical modifications caused by lead stress. With advances in DNA sequencing technologies, genomics and transcriptomics are gradually becoming popular for studying Pb stress effects in plants. Proteomics and metabolomics are still underrated and there is a scarcity of published data, and this review highlights both their technical and research gaps. Besides, there is also a discussion on how the integration of omics with bioinformatics and the use of the latest biotechnological tools can aid in developing Pb-tolerant crops. The review concludes with core challenges and research directions that need to be addressed soon.

Magnetized bioconvective thermal efficacy of ferromagnetic nanoparticles involving appliance of radiation and viscous dissipation

The research on nanotechnology is on peak because of its noteworthy applications including cure of cancer, industrialization of latest aircraft, enhanced heat transmission equipment, working as coolants for nuclear reactors and as coolants in radiators of vehicles. Here concept of microorganism is utilized to make suspension more stable, where nano sized particles are used with effect of bioconvection to solve the simultaneous equations having magnetic effects. Research proved that there are numerous applications of bioconvection in modern biotechnology and advanced bioengineering; so work on production of useful microorganism is on peak for microorganisms. Basic aim of recent research work is to explore a 2-D Sutterby ferrofluid flow having impacts of magnetic dipole. Moreover, important features of Brownian motion along with thermophoresis parameter are computed for Sutterby model having effects of magnetism termed as ferrofluid with consideration of important characteristics like convective conditions on boundary motile microorganisms, as well as thermal gradients all are under consideration. We transformed the set of non-linear partial differential equations in to set of ordinary differential equations after that we tackled it by use of well-known numerical method called bvp4c method. By using graphs, we expressed the impacts for physical parameters in detail. Results showed that temperature of ferrofluid increases with increase in parameter of thermophoresis as well as thermal effects whereas results in reduction of Prandtl number. The process of microorganism reduces for higher values of Peclet number.

Microalgae as production systems of bioactive compounds. Bioengineering approaches

Microalgae contain a wide range of useful substances: antioxidants, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and secondary metabolites which could be used in nutraceuticals and dietary supplements. Green microalgaeChlorellacontaining highest amount of chlorophylls of any known plant, 60% protein, 18 amino acids, 20 vitamins and minerals [1]. Microalgae are exceptionally rich source of pharmacologically active metabolites with antineoplastic, antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties and, also capable of wastewater treatment, and biomass production.
 The genetic information can improve the scenario of metabolic engineering in microalgae. Green algaeC. reinhardtii, a reference organism for understanding the basic algal genetics and metabolism is usually used to work out various genetic strategies, including omics resources and mutant libraries, for the enhancement of beneficial properties of microalgae. The synergy of microalgal multi-omics datasets (genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic) offer a rapid and predictable strategic path for the strain improvement [2]. The algal nuclear or chloroplast engineering (transformation and CRISPR/CAS editing) has been carried out using synthetic biology approach for the production of recombinant proteins having therapeutic properties. More than 100 recombinant proteins have been expressed in microalgae, mainly inC. reinhardtii, including: the vaccines, antibodies, immunotoxins and therapeutic proteins (human erythropoietin, fibronectin, interferon B1, proinsulin, endothelial growth factor and others [3]. Thus, the wide taxonomic and biochemical diversity among the microalgae when using modern biotechnologies, makes them suitable resource of abundant biomolecules with industrial and biomedical importance.

Assessment of the safety of genetically modified foods

In recent years, with the rapid development of modern science and technology, as people utilize various scientific and technological means to alter the characteristics of organisms, potential hazards to the ecological environment and human health may arise. Due to the extensive application of modern biotechnology, genetically modified (GM) technology has been employed in agricultural production, resulting in genetically modified foods. People are highly concerned about the safety of GM foods. This article uses a literature review to assess the safety of GM foods from the perspectives of the current status of GM animals and plants and potential risks. The results suggest potential toxicity to humans, food allergies, certain environmental hazards, and the possible reduction of biodiversity and gene flow.

Molecular and genetic basis of tomato resistance to major fungal diseases

This review presents an analysis of the literature, which indicates the popularity of breeding methods in the fight against oomycete and fungal diseases of tomato: late blight (pathogen − Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary), fusarium wilt (pathogen − Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) Snyder and Hansen), early blight or alternariosis (pathogens − representatives of the genus Alternaria), cladosporiosis (pathogen−Cladosporium fulvum Cook.). Theoretical and practical achievements, the latest developments in genetics, molecular biology, plant physiology, microbiology are considered. Special attention is paid to modern information about the diversity of tomato pathogens, their morphological, genetic, physiological features, including racial composition; the presence of pathogen resistance genes in the gene pool of the culture under study, their mapping and the possibility of introduction into the genome from other sources; about the developed markers of target genes and loci of quantitative traits; the degree of associations between a molecular marker and a target gene; about the features of inheritance of the studied trait, as well as the possibility of pyramiding R-genes and QTL in one genotype. To accelerate and improve the efficiency of tomato breeding for resistance to pathogens, these issues are of great importance. Their study will strengthen the integration of modern biotechnology with the traditional breeding process, which is carried out by classical methods.

ONLINE MEDIA REPORTAGE OF MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY – STUDY OF ENVIRONEWS AND PREMIUM TIMES

This paper studied online media coverage of modern biotechnology in Nigeria with special focus on reports published by Premium Times and Environews. The objective is to examine the quality of online media reporting on this contested science and new technology. The study employed both a qualitative and quantitative approach to data collection: content analyzed the two media platforms as well as conducted in-depth interviews with their editors. The study sought to find out the sources of modern biotechnology stories reported by online media, the frequency of such reports and the tones of the headlines and stories reported and found that the online media is not according huge attention to the reportage of biotechnology. Environews and Premium Times are not devoting adequate media spaces to the stories which are sourced mainly from press releases and event coverage

Effect of X-rays on Seedling Pigment, Biochemical Profile, and Molecular Variability in Astrophytum spp.

Cacti are important in agricultural economies and one of the most popular horticultural plant groups. The genus Astrophytum is one of the most valuable and desirable cacti for growers and collectors around the world. By selecting the appropriate breeding methods to induce variations in combination with modern biotechnology tools for rapid change detection, it is possible to meet the challenges of the modern world in creating new variability in plants. However, there exists a lack of research concerning the impact of ionizing radiation on cacti. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of X-rays at different doses (0 Gy—control, 15, 20, 25, and 50 Gy) on the dynamics of seed germination in vitro, changes in the color of seedlings, biochemical changes in the content of metabolites and changes at the molecular level in Astrophytum spp. ‘Purple’. A significant effect of X-rays on the induction of genetic variation was observed. Remarkably high polymorphism rates were observed, ranging from 59.09% for primer S12 to a full 100.0% for S3 and S8, as determined by the SCoT (Start-Codon-Targeted) marker. In addition, a large variation in the content of plant pigments (anthocyanins, carotenoids, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b) was noted. Additionally, discernible alterations in the color of the tested cactus seedlings, assessed by the RHSCC catalog, were attributed to the impact of ionizing radiation. These findings hold promise for the application of radiomutation breeding in acquiring new cactus cultivars.