Modern Army Research Articles

Forms of Representation of Military Culture in Computer Games

The purpose of this article is to identify the forms of representation of military culture in computer games. In the course of the research, six types of interpretations of military culture were presented on the basis of a systematic approach, which made it possible to formulate a more general, broad concept that served as a basis for the subsequent discovery of its aspects and representations in computer games developed since the 2000s. The representation of aspects of military culture in games is reflected in four forms of representation: through game theme, individual game elements and stories, game genre, and game mechanics. The first one takes into account that the military theme is revealed in computer games in several forms of relation to reality: military-historical games; games thematically related to the modern army and modern military conflicts; games modelling military conflicts of the near future; fantasy games representing the army or armed forces of the distant future; fantasy games. The second demonstrates that mechanical elements and plot moves related to military culture can be present in games of almost all genres. The third defines genres related to military culture, the division of which is along the lines of personalized participation in military actions/simulation of a certain command and operation level, and each of them has its own aspects. The distinctive feature of the above forms is a limited representation of military culture, subjective focus on individual aspects. The fourth form of representation assumes a positive forecast of the development of computer games about military culture. It is expected that a simulator of everyday activities of servicemen will appear, which would make it possible to take a new look at military games and reflect the requirements of Russian legislation in the field of defense. This will help, among other things, to shape the directions of the state cultural policy for the development and preservation of the spiritual and moral foundations and traditional values of Russian culture embodied in modern forms and genres of art.

Palyatif Modernleşme: Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Dönemi Mısır’da Modern Ordu ve Eğitim

Yaklaşık dört yüz yıl boyunca Osmanlı idaresi altında yönetilen Mısır on dokuzuncu yüzyıla önemli gelişmelerle birlikte girmiştir. Fransız işgali bunların başında gelmektedir. Kavalalı Mehmed Ali’nin Arnavut birlikleri içinde Mısır’a intikali ve ardından Mısır valisi olarak atanması Mısır’daki yeni sürece yön vermiştir. Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın Mısır’da yeni bir matbaa kurması, modern tarzda okullar açması, başta Fransa olmak üzere Avrupa’nın muhtelif ülkelerine eğitim gayesiyle öğrenciler göndermesi gibi farklı alanlarda gerçekleştirdiği reformlar Mısır modernleşmesini şekillendirmiştir. Bu makale zikredilen hamlelerin eğitim faaliyetleri ile irtibatını analiz etmektedir. Eğitim faaliyetlerini, Mısır’ın modernleşmesi açısından tartışmayı ve eğitim olgusunu kendi bağlamında değerlendirmeyi teklif etmektedir. Kavalalı Mehmed Ali’nin eğitim hamlelerinin modern ulus devleti ortaya çıkaran ya da milli bilinci oluşturan bir unsur olarak görülemeyeceği iddiası çalışmanın temel argümanıdır. Mısırlıların eğitimindeki temel gaye, yeni ordu teşekkülünde ortaya çıkan personel eksiğinin giderilmesinden ve ordu ile irtibatlı diğer kurumsallaşma süreçlerinin desteklenmesinden başka bir şey olmamıştır. Araştırma bu süreçte ortaya çıkan palyatif karakterdeki modernleşmeyi incelemektedir.

Аналіз наявних методів та підходів до пошуку пошкодженої автобронетанкової техніки під час технічної розвідки в сучасних арміях світу

The article proposes the definition of directions and opportunities for the use of technical means of information in the performance of the tasks of rear support of troops in armed conflicts that are taking place today.
 Possible areas of application of unmanned aerial vehicles in the technical intelligence system of the National Guard of Ukraine and the Armed Forces of Ukraine are considered. The analysis of various types of unmanned aerial vehicles revealed the peculiarities of their use. The foreign experience of the use and development of unmanned technologies in the field of search and evacuation of damaged armored vehicles was analyzed. Conclusions were obtained regarding the combination of unmanned aerial vehicles with traditional means of technical intelligence, which showed their significant advantages. Prospective areas of application of aircraft in combination with technical intelligence systems of individual units of the National Guard of Ukraine and military units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine during operations and hostilities have been identified. The possibility of combining aviation technologies and means of technical intelligence in armed conflicts of modern armies of the world is also considered.
 Technical intelligence was analyzed from the point of view of the type of intelligence by tasks, forces, means and methods; and also as an organization of intelligence activities based on the use of technical means. The dependence on the nature of signals detected by technical means is shown, one of the types of technical intelligence is photo and infrared intelligence based on the interception of light waves (species intelligence).
 Species intelligence is considered as the collection of intelligence information based on the analysis of a large number of images obtained with the help of photographic, optical-electronic and radar equipment. According to its specificity, intelligence belongs to technical intelligence and includes air and space intelligence. Species reconnaissance uses photographic images taken in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum, infrared photography and multispectral photography. Radar images for species reconnaissance are created by equipment of various electromagnetic ranges synthesized in radar equipment. Spectral reconnaissance should be distinguished from electronic reconnaissance using optical-electronic or radar equipment that does not form an image.
 Military experts of developed countries believe that in the modern combat environment, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for conducting reconnaissance as a means of technical intelligence can more effectively and quickly solve the tasks of technical intelligence. At the same time, the time required to deliver the received intelligence information to the relevant management bodies is reduced.

ФОРТЕЦІ ЛІВОБЕРЕЖНОЇ УКРАЇНИ ЯК СИРОВИННА БАЗА ДЛЯ СЕЛІТРОВАРІННЯ У 18 СТОЛІТТІ

The article is devoted to the study of the history of saltpeter mining on the territory of the Left Bank of Ukraine and the fate of the earth defense structures of the Cossack fortresses in this process. Nitrate production in the territory of the Left Bank of Ukraine was a fairly widespread industry. The development of artillery and firearms in early modern armies was one of the reasons for the increase in saltpeter production. In the 17th century, mounds of barrows and ramparts of ancient fortifications were used for its extraction, where saltpeter was naturally concentrated. But this method depended on the coincidence of many factors. From the second half of the 17th century on the territory of the Hetman Oblast and the Slobozhan Oblast, the on-board method of saltpeter mining is increasingly spreading. The appearance of saltpeter plants, which worked with artificial edges, greatly simplified the process of saltpeter production, but also required finding places for their location. At this time, saltpeter workers paid attention to the abandoned fortresses built in the 17th century, which had a convenient location and soil reserves for the construction of artificial banks. During the 18th century, the role of fortresses in the defense of Left Bank Ukraine is gradually changing. At the beginning of the century, they were an important component of defense, but over time their influence gradually decreases. Some of them are falling into disrepair, and the rest are turning into rural settlements. The territory of the abandoned fortresses was a convenient location for saltpeter workshops, and the defensive structures served as a raw material base for saltpeter mining. If in the first half of the 18th century the hetman's administration followed the preservation of fortresses, then in the second half of the century this process became widespread even without the restoration of the ramparts. The final destruction of defensive structures by saltpeter’s took place at the end of the century and was connected with the re-planning of cities.

Триста лет Российской академии наук и иже с ней

The emergence and functioning of the Academy of Sciences in Russia over the past three hundred years can be divided into a number of periods. The Peter the Great period should be considered preparatory and the signing by Peter I of the nominal Decree and its announcement through the Senate on February 8 (new style) 1724 laid the foundations for the development of the Academy. The period of Catherine I fell directly on the organization of the work of the Academy of Sciences and the first years of its existence in connection with which there are many official dates that can, one way or another, be considered memorable, festive, jubilee in the history of the Academy. The following incomplete couple of centuries, which included the Lomonosov period of the Academy of Sciences, can be called generally the "royal period", during which various monarchs showed interest in the Academy to one degree or another. The year 1917 in the life of the Academy deserves to be separately considered, despite the fact that it was a very short period, after which the Soviet period began, when at first there was a struggle for the survival of the Academy, but later there were difficult times for scientists mentioned in this article, including the great crisis and the long-term persecution of genetics, as well as the failed In 1949, the defeat of quantum physics. With the collapse of the USSR, the modern period of functioning and development of the Russian Academy of Sciences began, and its "re-organization" in 1991 is described separately. The article also mentions the various names of the Academy of Sciences and Arts created by Peter I, which have changed over the centuries, although its name sounds different in the Draft Regulation prepared at that time, also called the general project or the general regulations. Attention is also paid to all other legal documents of the Academy of Sciences (Regulations, Charters), of which many have been adopted over three centuries, mainly in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. Other Academies of Sciences in our country are mentioned, which functioned in parallel for some time, but then merged into the "big" Academy. During the three hundred years, 23 people have been Presidents at the Academy of Sciences and also 11 people, including amongst them one woman, in different statuses, have led it. The existence of two "presidential dynasties" is shown, one of which accounts for about a third of the time of the entire administration of the Academy of Sciences. Special attention is paid to I.D. Schumacher, the first librarian and the first museum worker in Russia, who also turned out to be the first secretary of the Academy, who served in this post for many years and made a great contribution to its formation during this time, including even before 1724, when he carried out important assignments of Peter the Great, both while in Russia, so it is on foreign trips. At the same time, Schumacher is most directly related to the two "older sisters" of the Academy born in 1724 itself – the library (born in 1714) – now the Library of the Academy of Sciences and the Kunstkammer (born in 1718), as well as to its "younger sister" - the printing house (born in 1727), which became the Nauka publishing house. Having lived almost all his adult life in Russia, Schumacher became a patriot of our country, although he was distinguished by some despotism. The festive dates celebrated on a different scale, both in previous years and the current tercentenary, as well as the Days of Soviet and Russian Science, have not been ignored. The first one was forgotten, and the second, according to the Presidential Decree of the summer of 1999, is celebrated now (since 2000) annually on February 8. The article had to touch upon important issues of research planning and scientometric indicators used in evaluating the activities of scientists, both in the past and today. Attention is drawn to the fact that in cooperation with foreign colleagues, when conducting joint research, it is necessary to strive to ensure that it is conducted at least on a parity basis. There are prerequisites for this, but it is necessary that there be more of them. To do this, the financing of Russian science should be significantly increased. The point of view is expressed that there is no future without science (although many, if not all, understand this perfectly well), and that our country is simply obliged to ensure its technological independence, including in the scientific field. Given the fact that the knowledge intensity of the modern army and navy has increased dramatically, then to the well-known phrase about these two allies of Russia, science must also be added to them now.

КЕҢЕС ОДАҒЫНЫҢ БАТЫРЫ С. НҰРМАҒАМБЕТОВТЫҢ ЖАУЫНГЕРЛІК ЖОЛЫ МЕН ҚОЛБАСШЫЛЫҚ ҚЫЗМЕТІ

The article reveals the features of the social origin and formation of the Hero of the Soviet Union Sagadat Nurmagambetov (1924-2013). His life reflected all the historical events of his country: the Sec-ond World War, the difficult post-war period, the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of independent Kazakhstan. It was S. Nurmagambetov who became the first commander of the defense of Kazakhstan in the conditions of a sovereign state of the country. The article uses the biographical method, the methodological features of which made it possible to consider the process of identification and true assessment of personality. The source material was based on materials from archival funds and websites dedicated to the creation of the new Armed Forces of independent Kazakhstan, memories of veterans of the Great Patriotic War, memories of S. Nurmagambetov’s friends and colleagues about his role in the creation of a modern army, improvement of military service and the military education system. The article shows military educational institutions named after S. Nurmagambetov, provides an analysis of books about military events at the front during the war, describes his contribution to the formation of traditions and the foundation of the armed forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan. This article contributes to the development of historical memory of local actors of the Second World War, patriotism and histori-cal continuity.

Application of fermatean fuzzy weight operators and MCDM model DIBR-DIBR II-NWBM-BM for efficiency-based selection of a complex combat system

The use of complex automated combat systems is a basic feature of every modern combat operation, and all modern armies strive to implement such systems in their units. This paper investigates the choice of a complex combat system based on the efficiency criteria that condition it. The Defining Interrelationships Between Ranked criteria (DIBR) and the Defining Interrelationships Between Ranked criteria II (DIBR II) methods were used to determine the weight coefficients of the criteria, which proved to be effective in assessing the importance of each criterion in the context of making complex decisions. Aggregation of expert opinions, for each of the methods, was performed using the Normalized Weighted Bonferroni Mean (NWBM) operator. After the weight coefficients for both methods were obtained, the aggregation of the obtained values was performed using the Bonferroni Mean (BM) operator, which resulted in the final values of the weight coefficients of the criteria. In order to choose the optimal alternative, the Fermatean Fuzzy Weight Operators (FFWO) and BM operator were used. These operators contributed to the precise evaluation and ranking of alternatives, taking into account their characteristics and specificities. Furthermore, the paper analyzed the sensitivity of the output results to changes in the weight coefficients of the criteria. This is important in order to assess the stability of the Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) model and ensure its reliability in different scenarios. This work represents a significant contribution to the field of decision-making in this context and provides a useful framework for the selection of complex combat systems, and the combination of different methods and operators enables a comprehensive analysis and optimization of the research problem.

MANAGEMENT ALGORITHM FOR THE COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM OF TESTING SAMPLES OF ANTI-AIRCRAFT MISSILE SYSTEMS

Combat capability characterizes the ability of a military unit or unit to perform its assigned tasks. The combat capability of the modern army is based on the degree of staffing with modern types of weapons and military equipment, their technical level and combat capabilities. The main requirement for weapons samples is high efficiency in the performance of combat missions. Quality control of weapons samples requires the performance of the necessary number of comparative studies, including when conducting different levels of testing.
 Testing is the main way of confirming the given tactical and technical characteristics of weapons samples and their constituent parts. The main way to assess the characteristics of the intended use of weapons is to conduct the necessary number of field experiments. It is not always possible to conduct live experiments due to various reasons of an objective nature in the conditions of hostilities, or large material costs or the impossibility of ensuring the safety of conducting experimental work.
 An analysis of the introduction features of a complex system of testing samples of the anti-aircraft missile complex which involves replacing part of the live tests with its simulation using semi-live or mathematical modeling stands has been carried out.
 A control algorithm is proposed that implements an integrated test system of samples of anti-aircraft missile systems and provides for the following procedures: collection and processing of the requirements of the tactical and technical (technical) task for the development of a weapons prototype, analysis of requirements for the tactical and technical characteristics of the sample; summarizing the tactical and technical characteristics of the prototype of the complex which are subject to verification and confirmation by conducting tests; determination of the tactical and technical characteristics of the intended purpose of the complex, the verification of which requires conducting full- scale experiments; determination of the tactical and technical characteristics of the intended purpose of the complex which can be verified by conducting semi-realistic, mathematical and computer simulation modeling; analysis of complete coverage of all significant tactical and technical characteristics of the complex; formation of a decision regarding the organization of tests of an anti-aircraft missile complex sample; analysis of the effectiveness of the tests and correction of the solution.

Modern Army for Modern Times or Private Paramilitary? Polish Territorial Defense Force as a Benchmark Case in Conflict Evolution

ABSTRACT The new Polish military branch, the Territorial Defense Force (TDF), has been described both as a defensive tool against Russian hybrid warfare and as a private paramilitary force of the incumbent Law and Justice Party. This paper examines the strategic, political, and military purposes of the Territorial Defense Force using two theoretical models. One is designed for analyzing units intended to protect against external threats, the second for units targeting internal threats. Comparing these models with the officially declared objectives of the TDF, our results indicate a stronger correlation of the new branch with the second model and reveal distinct political motivations for its creation.

Artillery and Drone Action Issues in the War in Ukraine

Abstract Technological developments in recent decades in multiple fields have revolutionised the actions of armed forces, as recently confirmed in the war in Ukraine where NATO countries’ artillery and missiles have undeniably outperformed the outdated spectrum of previous counter-insurgency actions, and the counter-battery fire of self-propelled weapons systems far exceeded the limits of the Iraq and Afghanistan theatres of operations, where such a response was easy to achieve because insurgent forces had no idea that such precise, coordinated and effective action was available at discovered targets. Drones have also become an inseparable part of military operations and have developed in an unprecedented way, being hardly detectable, precise, equipped with weaponry, radars, optoelectronic search means with sensors and modern communication and computer systems. Today, but especially in the future, the actions of drones and artillery means executing counter-battery fire will become indispensable in military operations to achieve desirable effects, and at the same time modern armies must have active and passive means of engagement and countermeasures against them to achieve effective force protection.

Cooperative spectrum sensing based on data fusion from multiple sensors

The development of technology is progressing in every area of our lives. Each of us has anelectronic device that emits electromagnetic energy. Radiation of radio signals is an essential element ofwireless communication, satellite navigation or real-time monitoring. Modern armies have technologicalsolutions based on wireless technologies that improve operational efficiency, increase situationalawareness and allow us for faster decision making, but at the same time, in the electromagneticspectrum, equipment using electromagnetic energy can be compared to a flashlight ‒ the enemycan observe “glowing” points on the spectrograms and frequency domain images. This enables us toeasy detect and localise the target and then to eliminate it. This is a domain where radio-electronicreconnaissance techniques work well ‒ a type of military reconnaissance that uses the electromagneticspectrum to gather information about the enemy. One of the methods is spectrum sensing, based onthe analysis of received radio signals. Currently, there is a tendency in which information from onesensor is not enough. It is necessary to collect reconnaissance products from many devices, and thento make effective data fusion. DF (Data Fusion) algorithms allow us for cooperative sensing of theelectromagnetic spectrum, which translates into a higher probability of signal detection. It is worthconsidering the introduction of software-defined radio and unmanned aerial vehicle solutions in orderto miniaturise reconnaissance systems and to increase a range through the use of flying platforms.Implementations of unmanned systems and artificial intelligence algorithms, capable of making quickand accurate decisions will help to avoid human losses.Keywords: signal intelligence, unmanned aerial vehicle, software defined radio, data fusion, artificialintelligence

The Nature of Operations of Modern Armies: Multi-Intelligent Networked Military Systems and their Tactics

The Nature of Operations of Modern Armies: Multi-Intelligent Networked Military Systems and their Tactics

Оцінка потенційної прохідності автомобіля бездоріжжям: сучасна методологія та нормативна база

Based on the analysis of the research of the Eastern and Western scientific schools, it was deter-?ined that the basic provisions and known achievements of the Western scientific school should be the basis for the formation of a modern domestic scientific school in the field of design and operation of vehicles with high and increased cross-country ability. It is necessary to take into account the priority direction of the research data in the field of military auto equipment, and therefore the problem of the lack of detailed algorithms or methods of computerized calculation and evaluation of the speed characteristics of the movement of a specific car on various support surfaces, which can be applied to practical use. The modern trend of the gradual transition of the NATO armies to a new generation of vehicles with the appearance of new models is due to the improvement of anti-mine protection of the crew and passability. And so it was formed in the 60s. In the 20th century, the configuration of the MI requires changes in accordance with the modern development of structures and requirements for them in the conditions of mobile military operations. This also applies to the differentiation of the same value of the axle load factor in the axle load range from 1 to 6 t 9, in which about 90% of the fleet of modern armies is concentrated, into 3 separate values for axle loads. The calcu-?ations are based on the condition of uniform distribution of the nominal load on the axle, which is not always correct for specific designs, especially for different layout schemes (hooded or hoodless). The same circumstance is also characteristic of the second NATO-standardized indicator of the vehicle’s structural passability, which elimi-?ates the real differences in the mobility of the same type and small-sized cars. Based on the review and analysis of modern research in the field of cross-country mobility and off-road mobility, the main provisions for the formation and assessment of the layout and suspension of high and increased cross-country cars and the conditions for maximum cross-country mobility, as well as the corresponding national standard, are presented. Keywords: off-road, vehicle, performance, mobility of movement, layout, suspension, standard.

The Nature of Operations of Modern Armies: Lessons and Conclusions From the War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)

The Nature of Operations of Modern Armies: Lessons and Conclusions From the War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)

The Nature of Operations of Modern Armies: Lessons and Conclusions From the War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)

The Nature of Operations of Modern Armies: Lessons and Conclusions From the War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)

The Nature of Operations of Modern Armies: Multi-Intelligent Networked Military Systems and their Tactics

The Nature of Operations of Modern Armies: Multi-Intelligent Networked Military Systems and their Tactics

The Nature of Operations of Modern Armies: Overdue Change

The Nature of Operations of Modern Armies: Overdue Change

The Nature of Operations of Modern Armies: Overdue Change

The Nature of Operations of Modern Armies: Overdue Change

Armies and Ecosystems in Premodern Europe: The Meuse Region, 1250–1850

The interplay between warfare and the environment has received considerable attention from scholars of modern history. By contrast, there has been comparatively little scholarly discussion of the intersection of these two areas of historical inquiry in the medieval period. In this highly innovative study, Sander Govaerts, researcher in the department of history at Ghent University, seeks to address this lacuna through a longue durée investigation of a vast number of questions pertaining to the impact of armies on ecosystems as well as the influence of the natural environment on warfare in the Meuse river valley over a period of six centuries. The volume is divided into three sections, with a total of five chapters, as well as a lengthy introduction and brief conclusion. In a pattern that repeats throughout the volume, Govaerts uses the introduction to discuss a wide range of topics. These include an examination of contemporary conceptions of the impact of modern armies on the environment, both negative and positive, an analysis of previous scholarship on medieval environmental history, a discussion of his conceptualization of the terms ‘armies’ and ‘ecosystem’ and an overview of the history of the Meuse region from the high Middle Ages into modernity. He also challenges two underlying assumptions in most earlier scholarship, namely that premodern armies lacked the technology to influence environments in systematic and meaningful ways and the concomitant (albeit somewhat inconsistent) view that premodern armies were always destructive.

THE ESSENCE AND ROLE OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION

Aim: To summarize the development of physiatry and to define the role of physical medicine and rehabilitation in the modern army. Materials and Methods: Analysis and summarization of literary sources and Internet data on the implementation of rehabilitation services, systematic analysis and synthesis. Conclusions: Thus, the experience of previous wars and the modern Russian-Ukrainian war emphasized the valuable contribution of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation to the optimal care and functional recovery of wounded soldiers. Physical therapists treat functional problems of wounded soldiers using strengthening exercises, range of motion exercises, orthotics, physical modalities, and gait training. However, when physiotherapists are present in medical centers, physical therapy and occupational therapy departments with physiotherapists are organized. When physical therapists are not available, orthopedic services usually include therapists.