Modern Archaeology Research Articles

영국 역사교과서의 고고학 자료 서술 특징과 시사점

This paper examines the characteristics of archaeological narratives in British history textbooks, where modern archaeology was established early. In the England, the National Curriculum has been in place since 1988, and the government has provided guidelines on what should be taught in history classes. According to the recently revised National Curriculum, the study of British prehistory and ancient history is intensively taught at the Key Stage 2, which corresponds to the 3rd to 6th grades of elementary school in Korea, and it is very characteristic that archaeological descriptions are intensively taught in the upper grades of elementary school in history textbooks. In other words, according to the most recent national curriculum in 2014, English students focus on prehistory, the Roman Britons, the Anglo-Saxons, and the Viking Age in the Key Stage 2, and in middle school, they move on to medieval history, and in high school, the subject of study in history textbooks becomes similar to our world history. In this situation, the history textbook of Key Stage 2, which is the upper grade of elementary school in the UK, was able to point out the current situation of effective use of various archaeological materials. The astonishing quality of British history textbooks is likely to have significant implications for Korean archaeology at the present stage of the full-fledged pursuit of popularization of archaeology. However, at the middle and high school levels, modern and contemporary history is mainly discussed, so the proportion of archaeology in textbooks is relatively reduced. The archaeological narrative aspect of the British history textbooks is considered to be very different from the current state of history textbooks in Northeast Asia, including Korea, and it is necessary to examine the background of the archaeological narrative in the future and the effect of educational activities using the textbooks on students.

Nowoczesna archeologia Profesora Jana Żaka (1923-1990). W 100. rocznicę urodzin

On March 23rd, 2023 the 100th anniversary of Professor Jan Żak’s birth was marked with an exhibition and a seminar meant to present the modern archeology he had been creating. In addition to Professor’s scientific achievements, there were fragments presented of three documentaries to illustrate his involvement into popularization of archeology. The article discusses also Professor’s work and scientific activities in the field of early medieval archeology, methodology of archaeology and general prehistory, widely recognized and appreciated not only in Poland but also abroad. In 1945 Jan Żak took part in the military operations of the 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division, and his professional life took place in the realities of the People’s Republic of Poland. Particularly important were his organizational achievements as well as scientific contacts with researchers from Western Europe. The article also presents the direction of contemporary archeology methodology established by J. Żak, continued by his students and subsequent generations or archaeologists.

An Invention Shading Light to the Socio-History of Bonneuil Quarry Basin: The Roadheaders with Rotating Drill Bits

Abstract The Bonneuil quarry basin is located in the North-East of Paris; it played a role in the well-known stone trade for Paris and its surroundings in the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. Stonecutters of this area mainly used the extraction with the lance, a long iron spin bear by a scaffolding. This tool helped the quarrymen speed up their work allowing them to be competitive in trading. At the end of the 1930s, Martial Lefèvre, a wealthy owner of quarries in the Bonneuil’s basin, created a machine, roadheaders with rotating drill bits, following the movement of his quarrymen using the lance. The story of this machine was also involved in the Second World War and the occupation of France. Merging modern archaeology, history, and archaeology of technique, the aim of this paper is to explore the transition between hand tools and mechanical tools through the chaîne opératoire filter, a subject that is currently little studied. It also crossed the path of the delicate story of a small industry during one of the most events in France, the Second World War. Using it as an example, this article questions the status of these quarries during and after this main event.

Modeling a key limes: Least-cost and spatial analysis to uncover a Roman intramountainous path in the Aures, Algeria

The present paper investigates the contribution of modern archaeology techniques in affirming a hypothesis on a Roman road in a territory long considered isolated. The adopted approach seeks to emphasize the chrono-historical potential of the Wadi Abiod valley in the Aures (Saharan Atlas), despite its geoenvironmental conditions being not well understood, using new and more in-depth studies to support Roman archaeological research. Accordingly, this work applies an integrated approach of research-combined methodologies, and technologies linked to the least-cost path (LCP) modeling on an archaeological case study previously analyzed using the typo-morphological circuit modeling, with a review of the pros and cons of these methods for the understanding of past movement. The research delivers new insights into the Roman expansion mechanisms in the valley, enhancing the idea of rediscovering the Roman limes and taking a multidisciplinary approach that explores the complex relationships between classical and modern analysis. The paper highlights the necessity of interconnecting multi-source information to reconstruct ancient routes, considering the geoenvironmental and cultural influence of ridgeways in shaping past mobility.

Antiquities of Northern Black Sea Region and Bessarabia on Pages of Eparchy Publications in Pre-Soviet Era

The purpose of the publication is to study the informational potential of local church periodicals for modern archaeological science.
 The scientific novelty is in drawing the attention of the archaeological community to non-standard sources of obtaining information for the history of archaeological science and the formation of generalizing information about archaeological sites and finds of material culture.
 Conclusions. It can be stated with certainty that ‘Eparchialnyie Vedomosti’ can serve not only as a source for the history of archaeological science (in terms of the participation of the clergy and church societies in the accumulation of archaeological knowledge), but also as a direct source of information on finds, their location, and nature.
 The entire amount of material related to archeology, presented in the studied collections of the ‘Eparchialnyie Vedomosti’, can be divided into 3 main groups: 1) authoritative orders on the protection of antiquities; 2) reports about church institutions (societies, commissions, museums); 3) analytical reviews on localities and settlements.
 The first group of materials shows the process of involving the clergy in the process of discovering and preserving cultural and archeological sites. The participation of the clergy in the Archaeological Congresses in Kyiv and Odesa is also associated with this group.
 A great number of publications of ‘Eparchialnyie Vedomosti’ are represented by materials on the activities of local church-archaeological societies – reports of the societies, event chronicles and details of some meetings, research materials, etc.
 An important source of historical and local lore information about settlements and their outskirts is historical and statistical analytical reviews, which were regularly published in ‘Eparchialnyie Vedomosti’. One of the sections of such reviews was ‘Archaeological Sites’, where it was necessary to describe ramparts, settlements, burial mounds, caves, pile (lake) structures, dolmens, Stone Age sites (kjoekkenmoeddinger), etc. Many reviews contain interesting material for modern archeology not only in the context of the history of science but also in practical terms, pointing to the places of disappeared sites, found troves, and single finds.

The Concept of Civilization in Modern Studies of the Neolithic in China and Japan

This paper presents a brief overview of studies exploring the origin of civilizations in modern archaeology of China and Japan and mostly concerning the Neolithic period. The analysis of publications shows that in Chinese and Japanese archaeology, original scholarly traditions have been developed, with their own methodological foundations and terminology. We outline the key ideas relating to the origin of civilization, elaborated by researches in China (Su Bingqi, Yan Wenming, Li Boqian, Xu Hong, Gao Jiangtao) and Japan (Harunari Hideji, Watanabe Hiroshi, Sasaki Fujio, Yasuda Yoshinori). We show that most Chinese scholars consider the formation of state a sine qua non of transition to the civilization stage. However, the problem of identifying criteria of civilization and state formation using archaeological data has not been resolved to date. Examples of archaeological markers of civilization proposed by Chinese specialists are listed. In the works by Japanese researchers, no connection between the emergence of the state and civilization has been revealed. Most Chinese archaeologists date the emergence of civilization and of the fi rst state formations to the Late Neolithic (Dawenkou, Hongshan, Liangzhu, Longshan, etc.), ca 3500–2000 BC. There are alternative hypotheses—the Early Bronze Age (Erlitou culture) and the Late Bronze Age (the Spring and Autumn period). In Japanese archaeology, there are two main positions regarding the time when civilization had formed—the Jōmon period (Neolithic) and the subsequent Yayoi period (Bronze Age). Scholarly and external (including political) factors that have infl uenced modern concepts of the origin of civilization require special historiographic research.

Digging Up Jericho: Past, Present and Future

Digging Up Jericho: Past, Present and Future

КРАТКИЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ПОГРЕБЕНИЙ МОНГОЛЬСКОГО ВРЕМЕНИ ИЗ КУРГАНА №8 МОГИЛЬНИКА ПЕСЧАНЫЙ-I В РОСТОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ РФ

The Rostov region is famous for the variety of forms and the number of sites from different eras of antiquity. But, as in many subjects of the Russian Federation, the region has not been studied evenly. The study of archaeological sites of medieval nomads, especially of the Mongolian period, is one of the urgent problems of modern archaeology. Studies of the Peschany-I plowed burial ground 2015 in the Remontnensky district are twice as relevant. Firstly, it is relevant from the point of view of rescue archaeology. They are also relevant from the point of view of interdisciplinary research which certain categories of grave goods were subjected to. Currently, an interregional team of researchers is preparing the materials of medieval burials for publication, subjecting them to an interdisciplinary comprehensive study. The first results have been brought to your attention.

The Social Background of prophet Abraham Peace be upon him in light of the Quran, Bible, and Modern Archaeological Finding

Prophet Abraham is the father of the three Abrahamic faiths: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. His unshakable devotion and obedience to God have earned him respect from all three religions. The life of Prophet Abraham is richly documented in sacred texts. However, due to a lack of archaeological evidence, many contemporary philosophers view the figure of Abraham (a.s) as mythology. However, there are no in-depth descriptions of Abraham's life in ancient sources. Still, Modern archaeology has many findings which confirm the historicity of this Semitic figure and its society, even his name. Excavations in Egypt, Iraq, Palestine, and Syria have revealed artifacts, inscriptions, and other things that correspond to Abraham's social background described in the Bible and Quran. This article is an attempt to presents social background of Prophet Abraham (as) as described in the Quran and Bible. In order to prove that Abraham was a real person, the research will also show that how these facts can be confirmed by modern archaeology.

Entangled Geographies, Contested Narratives: The Canning Marbles and the Ottoman Response to Antiquity

Abstract The history of archaeology in the nineteenth century has conventionally been studied from the point of view of Europeans, who are credited as the inventors of modern archaeology. Although the blatantly Eurocentric perspective of earlier scholarship has been challenged in recent decades by a proliferation of works on the “source countries” where the bulk of archaeological material originated before being displaced to Europe, the trajectory of European archaeology has not been abandoned as the measure by which to assess emerging sensibilities about antiquity in the nineteenth century. In this essay, I trace the origins of a group of “marbles” from the British Museum, the Canning marbles, and propose to rethink a mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman attempt to establish a museum to house such “marbles” in the light of the Ottoman exhibitionary practices in the longue durée. My aim is to challenge both contemporaneous European narratives on nineteenth-century Ottoman attitudes to antiquity and current scholarship on Ottoman museology that attributes its proper emergence to the last two decades of the century, after the well-known Ottoman polymath Osman Hamdi Bey resumed the directorship of the Müze-i Hümāyūn (Ottoman Imperial Museum).

Did Jesus Die by Suffocation?: An Appraisal of the Evidence.

A majority of medical and lay articles regarding crucifixion, and specifically the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, now state that suffocation was the primary cause of death from crucifixion. An in-depth analysis reveals that this theory is based on a form of torture unrelated to crucifixion and that no evidence directly linking suffocation to crucifixion has been published. Indeed, a thorough review of available ancient evidence from literature, artwork, graffiti, and modern archeology and re-enactment studies reveals no evidence in favor of suffocation and much evidence against suffocation as the cause of death in typically-portrayed crucifixions, and particularly for the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. Researchers are encouraged to look elsewhere for the most likely cause or causes of death from crucifixion. It may be time to abandon the idea that suffocation was the primary cause of death in crucifixion.

La arqueología japonesa y la construcción del paradigma ainu -más allá del mito del cazador primitivo

The present study aims to historiographically analyze the construction of paradigms referring to the ainu culture since the nineteenth century. Since the introduction of modern archeology and Western models of thought in Japan, this culture has been perceived as the material expression of groups of hunters and gatherers who, isolated in the north of the archipelago, maintained a primitive way of life without modifications since prehistoric times. This perception of the ainu culture found its greatest exponent in the work of Watanabe Hitoshi during the 1960s and 1970s. However, the development of archaeological research in the last three decades has made it possible to clarify that the ainu culture emerged around the 13th and 14th centuries as a result of human and commercial interaction. In this sense, it is necessary to distinguish three essential elements: the indigenous communities of Hokkaidō, the wajin bearers of the satsumon culture, and the members of the Okhotsk culture.

Can We Decolonize the Ancient Past? Bridging Postcolonial and Decolonial Theory in Sudanese and Nubian Archaeology

Archaeology in Sudan and Nubia has been greatly impacted by modern colonialism in northeast Africa. In theory and practice, the discipline's history in the region includes interpretations of past realities that worked as intellectual bases for colonization. From a postcolonial standpoint, Sudan and Nubia offer us an opportunity to investigate complexity in the past beyond oversimplifying colonial narratives entangled with the practice of modern archaeology in the region. However, more complex, postcolonial interpretations of the ancient past have played only a small part in ‘decolonizing’ initiatives aiming to reframe archaeological practice and heritage in Sudan and Nubia today. In this paper, I discuss the different trajectories of postcolonial and decolonial theory in archaeology, focusing on Sudan and Nubia (roughly the region south of Egypt from Aswan and north of Sudan up to Khartoum). I will argue that bridging postcolonial and decolonial theory through what I will refer to as ‘narratives of reparation’ can offer us ways to address both conceptual problems underlying theory and practice and avenues for an all-encompassing decolonization of the field.

Artifact3-D: New software for accurate, objective and efficient 3D analysis and documentation of archaeological artifacts.

The study of artifacts is fundamental to archaeological research. The features of individual artifacts are recorded, analyzed, and compared within and between contextual assemblages. Here we present and make available for academic-use Artifact3-D, a new software package comprised of a suite of analysis and documentation procedures for archaeological artifacts. We introduce it here, alongside real archaeological case studies to demonstrate its utility. Artifact3-D equips its users with a range of computational functions for accurate measurements, including orthogonal distances, surface area, volume, CoM, edge angles, asymmetry, and scar attributes. Metrics and figures for each of these measurements are easily exported for the purposes of further analysis and illustration. We test these functions on a range of real archaeological case studies pertaining to tool functionality, technological organization, manufacturing traditions, knapping techniques, and knapper skill. Here we focus on lithic artifacts, but the Artifact3-D software can be used on any artifact type to address the needs of modern archaeology. Computational methods are increasingly becoming entwined in the excavation, documentation, analysis, database creation, and publication of archaeological research. Artifact3-D offers functions to address every stage of this workflow. It equips the user with the requisite toolkit for archaeological research that is accurate, objective, repeatable and efficient. This program will help archaeological research deal with the abundant material found during excavations and will open new horizons in research trajectories.

La ética de la representación en tres documentales de Trisha Ziff

The article examines the documentary work of British–Mexican filmmaker Trisha Ziff. It focuses on three films: Chevolution (2008), an examination of the iconic image of Che Guevara by Cuban photographer Korda; La maleta Mexicana/The Mexican Suitcase (2012), about a trove of negatives taken by war photographers Robert Capa, Gerda Taro and David Seymour during the Spanish Civil War and found in Mexico City decades later and El hombre que vio demasiado/The Man Who Saw Too Much (2016), a documentary that follows the life and work of Mexican tabloid photographer Enrique Metinides. The article show how Ziff examines issues around the moral and legal implications in the way images are disseminated and used, the power of photography to evoke and shape historical memory, and the shock value of images of violence. It argues that the three documentaries are valuable contributions to an archaeology of modernity’s visual media, looking back at a recent period where illustrated journalism was the foremost medium of information. Taking a cue from Cornell Capa’s notion of the ‘concerned photographer’, the article shows how, underpinning Ziff’s documentaries, the notion of the ethical mission of the photographer in an age increasingly dominated by the moving image, information overload and historical amnesia is paramount.

SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION OF LVIV ARCHAEOLOGISTS ON THE EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH OF LA TÈNE AND ROMAN SITES IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD

The history of research of La Tène and Roman sites by Lviv archaeologists in the interwar period is considered. Special attention is paid to the activities of scientists of the Jan Kazimierz University of Lviv and the Shevchenko Scientific Society in this research branch. Archaeological excavations of the period carried out by the conservator Bohdan Janusz, who represented the State Group of Conservators of Prehistoric Sites, are presented separately. In particular, this refers to the excavations in Holyn' near Kalush at the settlement of the Carpathian Tumuli culture. During the Second Commonwealth of Poland, several sites were discovered and researched, including burial complexes in Hryniv, Kolokolyn, Luchka, settlements in Zalistsi, Holyn', Holigrady, and Novosilka Kostiukova, and other important sites. The works of Yaroslav Pasternak, Markiian Smishko, Tadeusz Sulimirski, Kazimierz Majewski, and other archeologists were significant at this time. Their important contribution to the development of methodology and practice of research of sites of the first centuries A.D was noted. It is concluded that in the interwar period a process of formation of modern archaeology took place. There was a large number of planned field excavations for which relevant permits from the conservator were obtained, the processing of the results became systemic, and the analysis of discovered materials was conducted with the involvement of the whole set of available methods. Most of the research results were published by the authors of the excavations, which allowed them to transfer all the results of fieldwork to descendants as much as possible. Archaeological finds from the researched sites are stored in museums of Lviv, which allows modern researchers to work with these collections.

Magnetometric Methods in Archaeology (on the Example of Excavations in Uruk, Iraq): Systematic Literature Review

The article examines various theoretical points of view and concepts that exist in the modern literature on the problem of conceptualization of magnetometry in the aspect of archaeological research. The aim of the article is to characterize magnetometric methods by studying the literature which describes the convergence of magnetometry and archaeological excavation issues, as well as to identify areas for future research developments. In conducting this study, such general scientific methods as a systematic approach, analysis, synthesis, and generalization were used. 72 scientific articles obtained from the results of a bibliographic search in the Scopus and RSCI databases were analyzed. A systematic review of the available scientific literature revealed a limited but rapidly growing coverage of this phenomenon by scientific research, which mainly focused on several aspects: characteristics of magnetometric methods, potential and problems of their use in archaeology; archaeological exploration-magnetic susceptibility studies, magnetometric studies; archaeomagnetic dating. Magnetometric methods are widely used in archaeological research of the city of Uruk and its surroundings. An analysis of the literature has provided insight into the important contribution of the information stored in the magnetic record to the modern archaeology of Uruk. The magnetometer study will continue and provide a comprehensive picture of the Uruk structure over time. Further research efforts to expand the scope of research on the possibilities of using magnetometry in archaeology can be aimed at overcoming a number of problems. The prospects for expanding the use of magnetometry in archaeology are associated with overcoming a number of methodological and technological limitations. Combining the magnetometry data and the results of statistical studies, such as Bayesian statistics, reduces the number of errors of each method and leads to an increase in the accuracy of the results.

Miss Christian MacLagan, pioneer Victorian antiquary and archaeologist

Christian MacLagan (1811-1901), from Stirling, occupies the intersection of amateur antiquarian-ism and modern archaeology. Although not Scotland’s earliest female archaeologist, she pioneered the compilation and publication of prehistoric sites, using her own plans and fieldwork. This paper examines her previously undocumented social background and the roots of her maternal family, the Colvilles, and their fortune in the colonial indigo trade in Bengal. Colville links with Annfield estate, Stirling and Laws, Monifieth, are noted. A large Calcutta-derived legacy in 1859 enabled MacLagan to circumvent many conventional restrictions on women.

Archaeological Culture Interpreted by Chinese Archaeologists

Chinese modern archaeology has inherited the achievements of local epigraphy and modern western archaeology for decades, it has also achieved fruitful results. Whether at home or abroad, in the past or now, archaeological culture is one of the core issues widely discussed and studied in the process of archaeological development. Although it has been criticized, it has actually made many contributions to archaeology. Its importance is self-evident, and it is necessary to discuss and study. This paper will try to summarize the discussion of Chinese archaeologists on archaeological culture for combing, including it’s definition, naming, interaction and dissemination.

A NEW BRANCH OF THE ANIO NOVUS AQUEDUCT (ROME, ITALY) REVEALED BY ARCHAEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS

Abstract. The area south-east of Rome is characterised by the presence of several roman aqueducts which brought water to the eternal city from the Apennine and Alban Hills springs. In the last 40 years, several pieces of evidence about these aqueducts were acquired during the realisation of archaeological test trenches before building activities. In 2019, a small branch of a subterranean aqueduct unknown to the Latin sources was unearthed in Via dei Sette Metri. Here we show that this aqueduct is a lateral branch of the Anio Novus, a major imperial aqueduct built between 38 and 52 CE. To achieve this result, we employed detailed photogrammetric restitution of the new aqueduct and an integrated geophysical survey focused in the area where the Anio Novus was supposed to pass. Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) methods were used to reconstruct aqueduct paths and their relative heights. Different light conditions were tested during the picture acquisition step to determine the best practice in the photogrammetric restitution. The results obtained in this study confirmed the great effectiveness of the integration between geophysical investigation methods and the modern archaeology approach in detecting buried ancient structures.