Modern Agricultural Systems Research Articles

ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ВЫРАЩИВАНИЯ И ЕЁ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА УРОЖАЙ И КАЧЕСТВО ПЛОДОВ АРБУЗА

In modern farming systems the basis of the technology of cultivation of crops, becomes the regulation of the physical properties of the soil, the moisture supply of plants, the control of weeds, diseases and pests. Therefore, the introduction of resource-saving elements of technology for the care of watermelon crops, allowing to obtain stable yields remain relevant at this stage of development of market relations. It has been established that in order to increase the yield of watermelon fruits, it is necessary to carry out up to 4 cultivations that promote soil aeration and the destruction of weeds during the period of growth and development of plants. It was revealed that the best is differential watering, in which the standard yield is from 92.8% to 96.8%. Based on the systematization of the scientifically-based data obtained, the VNIIOOB staff developed OST 10316-2002 Food melons. Typical technological process, whichis approved and put into operation in Russia.

Agroecological bases for the adaptation of agriculture to climate change

<p>Although many indigenous and peasant populations are particularly exposed to the impacts of climate change and are vulnerable, some communities are actively responding to the changing climate and have demonstrated innovation and resilience, using a diversity of strategies to cope with droughts, floods, hurricanes, etc. In this article, we argue that traditional farming systems offer a wide range of management options and designs that increase functional biodiversity in crop fields, thereby enhancing the resilience of agroecological systems. Many of the traditional agroecological strategies that reduce vulnerability to climate variability include crop diversification, maintenance of local genetic diversity, animal integration, addition of organic matter to the soil, water harvesting, etc. Several agroecologists have deciphered the agroecological principles underlying these strategies, which can be adapted by taking different technological forms (according to farm size) to design modern agricultural systems that become increasingly resilient to climatic extremes.</p>

Agricultural intensification and the evolution of host specialism in the enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni

Modern agriculture has dramatically changed the distribution of animal species on Earth. Changes to host ecology have a major impact on the microbiota, potentially increasing the risk of zoonotic pathogens being transmitted to humans, but the impact of intensive livestock production on host-associated bacteria has rarely been studied. Here, we use large isolate collections and comparative genomics techniques, linked to phenotype studies, to understand the timescale and genomic adaptations associated with the proliferation of the most common food-born bacterial pathogen (Campylobacter jejuni) in the most prolific agricultural mammal (cattle). Our findings reveal the emergence of cattle specialist C. jejuni lineages from a background of host generalist strains that coincided with the dramatic rise in cattle numbers in the 20th century. Cattle adaptation was associated with horizontal gene transfer and significant gene gain and loss. This may be related to differences in host diet, anatomy, and physiology, leading to the proliferation of globally disseminated cattle specialists of major public health importance. This work highlights how genomic plasticity can allow important zoonotic pathogens to exploit altered niches in the face of anthropogenic change and provides information for mitigating some of the risks posed by modern agricultural systems.

RRI’s Commitment to Care and Vulnerability of Agrarian Systems: The ‘Problem’ of Rice Straw Burning in India

This paper employs RRI’s mandate of ‘commitment to care’ to understand the ‘problem’ of rice straw burning in India and the possible ways of engaging with it. Straw burning is often framed as a linear technology or policy deficit ‘problem’ in need of an immediate and quick fix. Interventions and solutions emerging from such framings have so far remained ineffective. The ‘commitment to care’ approach enables us to situate the current practices of straw burning in a complex web of relationalities, dependencies, vulnerabilities, and affect. By doing so, the ‘problem’ of straw burning is rearticulated and redefined as a cumulative effect of multiple interventions, transformations, and contradictions that led to the shaping of modern agricultural systems in India. This re-articulation demands for a rethinking of engagement, remedies and responsibilities in ways that move beyond the individualization of blame and action.

Analysis on the Optimization of Agricultural Products Logistics in Huairen City

The essence of agricultural products logistics is the entity flow and information transfer from producer to consumer, which not only meets the needs of customers, but also realizes the value of agricultural products. Huairen city has a huge demand for the modernization of agricultural products logistics because of its natural location advantage and the active guidance of national policies. Although the city has made progress in the construction of transportation facilities and logistics industry, there are still problems such as backward level of cold chain logistics, low level of standardization and informatization, and shortage of talents. Therefore, based on the theory and practice, this paper analyzes the current situation, explores the future development direction of Huairen city’s agricultural products logistics, so as to accelerate the establishment of a modern agricultural products circulation system, promote the rationalization and adjustment of the agricultural structure.

Cassava/peanut intercropping improves soil quality via rhizospheric microbes increased available nitrogen contents

BackgroundIntercropping, an essential cultivation pattern in modern agricultural systems, increases crop yields and soil quality. Cassava and peanut intercropping systems exhibit advantages in solar utilization and cadmium absorption, etc. However, the inner mechanisms need to be elucidated. In this study, Illumina MiSeq platform was used to reveal the rhizospheric microbes and soil quality in cassava/peanut intercropping systems, and the results provided a reference for the application of this method in studying other intercropping systems.ResultsBoth intercropping cassava/peanut (IP) and intercropping peanut/cassava (IC) systems significantly increased available N, available K, pH value, and urease activity, comparing with that in monocropping cassava (MC) and monocropping peanut (MP) system. However, there were few effects on the total N, total P, total K, available P, organic matter, protease activity, catalase activity, sucrase activity, and acid phosphatase activity. Both IP and MP soils contained more bacteria and fungi than those in the IC and MC soils, which were mainly made of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Intercropping remarkably increased the number of Nitrospirae in IP and IC soils comparing those in MC and MP soils. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that the abundances of DA101, Pilimelia, and Ramlibacter were positively correlated to the soil quality. These results suggest that intercropping enhances the available nitrogen content of soil through increasing the quantity of rhizospheric microbes, especially that of DA101 and Pilimelia.ConclusionsThe cassava/peanut intercropping system improves soil quality through increasing the available nitrogen content and abundance of DA101, Pilimelia, and Ramlibacter in the soil.

Metabolomic study reveals key metabolic adjustments in the xerohalophyte Salvadora persica L. during adaptation to water deficit and subsequent recovery conditions

Water deficit severely limits productivity of plants, and pose a major threat to modern agriculture system. Therefore, understanding drought adaptive mechanisms in drought-tolerant plants is imperative to formulate strategies for development of desiccation tolerance in crop plants. In present investigation, metabolic profiling employing GC-QTOF-MS/MS and HPLC-DAD was carried out to evaluate metabolic adjustments under drought stress in the xero-halophyte Salvadora persica. The metabolite profiling identified a total of 68 metabolites in S. persica leaf, including organic acids, amino acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, hormones, and polyphenols. The results showed that higher cellular osmolality under drought stress was accompanied by accumulations of several osmoprotectants like sugars and polyols (sucrose, glucose, mannose, galactose, erythrose, sorbose, glycerol, and myoinositol), organic acids (galactaric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, and citric acid), and amino acids (alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine). Upregulation of ABA and JA support to achieve early drought tolerance in S. persica. Moreover, accumulation of coumarin, gallic acid, and chlorogenic acid provide antioxidative defense to S. persica. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that altered metabolites were associated with starch and sucrose metabolism, galactose metabolism, inositol phosphate metabolism, and phenylalanine metabolism. While during recovery, metabolites associated with lysine biosynthesis and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism were significantly altered. The results of the present study imply that coordinated regulations between various metabolites, metabolic processes, and pathways empower the xerohalophyte S. persica to adapt under drought environment. The knowledge from this study will enable the development of drought tolerance in crops using genetic engineering and breeding approaches.

SUSTAINABLE, CIRCULAR AND INNOVATIVE VALUE CHAINS USING GROWING SUBSTRATA ALTERNATIVE TO PEAT FOR THE CULTIVATION OF NUTRACEUTICAL SPECIES

The modern agricultural system is wasteful, with Europe generating some 700 million tonnes of agricultural and food waste each year. In the context of the agri-food chain, the ‘circular economy’ aims to reduce waste while also making best use of the ‘wastes’ produced by using economically viable processes and procedures to increase their value. In this paper we will try to frame the key issues associated with food waste into the emerging bioeconomy and circular-economic mode, suggesting that these three concepts are intertwined, and considering them unitarily might provide win-win solutions that minimize wastage, promote income growth and job creation, and prompt sustainable local development. In terms of performance and economic considerations, peat is in many ways an ideal constituent of soilless growing media. Peat has become the material of choice throughout plant production systems from propagation to saleable ‘finished plant’ material. However, the extraction of peat has well documented negative impacts on the environment; arguably the most important of these is the release of stable, sequestered carbon into the active carbon cycle, thereby exacerbating climate change. During the last 20 years, peat extraction has come under increasing scrutiny throughout Europe and particularly in the UK. This has generated an abundance of studies examining a diverse range of alternative materials (as compost, vermicompost, digestate, biochar). In the selection of new materials, environmental considerations have become as important as performance and economic cost. In this context there has been a justifiable emphasis on organic materials derived from agricultural, industrial and municipal waste streams. For future urban sustainability it is necessary to develop integrated processes, which can be part of a circular bio-economy. However the challenge still remains of simultaneously recycling the nutrients from the waste. The greenhouse horticulture applied to nutraceutical species is the ideal sector for improving the conversion rate of organic waste into food and health friendly products. On farm composting/vermicomposting/pyrolysis/anaerobic digestion and the use of the end-product to the partial substitution of peat in nursery activity allows reducing the environmental and economic costs in the production of potted plants.

Genetic Diversity and Stability of Performance of Wheat Population Varieties Developed by Participatory Breeding

Modern agricultural systems rely on reduced crop genetic diversity, due in particular to the use of homogeneous elite varieties grown in large areas. However, genetic diversity within fields is a lever for a more sustainable production, allowing greater stability and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In France, a Participatory Plant Breeding (PPB) project on bread wheat, involving farmers, facilitators and researchers, has led to the development of heterogeneous populations whose within-variety genetic diversity is expected to confer the ability to adapt to farmers’ practices and environments. We studied the stability and local adaptation of ten of these farmers’ populations as well as two commercial varieties in relation to their within-variety genetic diversity. Although no clear evidence of local adaptation was detected, we found that populations’ grain yield and protein content were more stable over space and time respectively than those of commercial varieties. Moreover, the varieties’ stability over time in terms of protein content was positively correlated with within-variety genetic diversity with no significant drawback on protein yield. These results demonstrate the wide adaptive potential of PPB populations, highlighting the importance of seed exchange networks for agrobiodiversity management and use. They emphasize the benefits of genetic diversity for stability over time, which is of great interest to farmers.

土壤生物与可持续农业研究进展

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 土壤生物与可持续农业研究进展 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201903310622 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金面上项目（31570516，41877054）；国家科技基础资源调查专项课题（2018FY100306） Soil biota and sustainable agriculture: A review Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:农业的可持续发展是人类文明持续繁荣的重要保障。从原始农业到工业化农业的发展历程，是"自然力"不断削弱，"人为调控力"不断加强的过程。新兴的可持续农业，则希望将人为调控和自然过程协调融合，建立近自然的高效的现代农业体系。但是，面对土壤生物极高的多样性、生物和非生物过程的复杂互作及其高度的时空异质性，基于还原论的传统科学研究方法探究地下生态系统的"自然过程"困难重重。人为管理措施对农田生态过程调控的针对性和调控效果受到极大限制。尽管如此，土壤生物在生态系统服务中的作用已在世界范围内得到空前重视。如何充分发挥土壤生物在可持续农业中的作用，已成为现代农业研究领域的重要突破口。简述了土壤生物与可持续农业研究的学科发展历史，总结了农业管理措施对土壤生物及土壤食物网特征的影响，突出了土壤生物群落在可持续农业模式中土壤结构改善、土壤肥力提高和化肥农药减施等方面的积极作用；最后探讨了当前的研究难点和未来的研究方向，并对如何充分发挥土壤生物在现代农业中的贡献进行了初步的思考。认为：土壤有机质，土壤结构和土壤食物网以及三者的内在联系是可持续农业研究的关键。土壤有机质管理是调控土壤结构、土壤食物网及生态系统生产力的重要支点，但也是可持续农业模式不确定性的重要来源。基于同位素示踪等整体性分析方法，开展典型农田生态系统土壤食物网特征及其生态功能的系统研究，揭示农业模式、土壤食物网特征及生态系统生产力的关键联系，是充分发挥土壤生物在可持续农业中的积极作用的基础。 Abstract:The sustainable development of agriculture is one of the key bases of continuous prosperity of human civilization. During the progress from primitive farming to industrial agriculture, the influences of "natural force" decreased but those of "anthropogenic regulation force" increased. The oncoming sustainable agriculture aims to integrate the two forces to establish a modern farming system which is expected being characterized by both close-to-nature and high efficiency. However, the conventional reductionism approach fails to fully explore the natural processes in belowground ecosystems due to their extremely high biodiversity, complex biotic and/or abiotic interactions, and great spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Consequently, it is difficult to develop a precision agricultural management to regulate a specific process successfully. Nevertheless, the critical contributions of soil biota to ecosystem services have now been universally recognized. It is an important cutting-edge research field of modern agriculture to fully improve the positive influences of soil biota on sustainable agriculture. In this study, we outlined the history and state-of-the-art in studies of soil biota and sustainable agriculture, summarized the impacts of agricultural management practices on the characteristics of soil biota and soil food webs. We emphasized the critical roles of soil biota community in sustainable farms for improving soil structure and soil fertility and reducing applications of chemical fertilizers and biocides. Finally, the research challenges and prospective research fields as well as the framework of improving the performance of soil biota in the modern farming systems were discussed. We considered that the key aspects in sustainable agriculture studies are soil organic matter, soil structure and soil food web, as well as the inherent connections among them. While the management of soil organic matter is the base and key point in regulating soil structure, soil food web and ecosystem productivity, however, it is also one of the most important uncertainty sources in sustainable farming. The systematical investigation of soil food web characteristics and their ecological functioning in representative agricultural ecosystems, based on application of holistic approaches such as isotope tracing, are needed. Thereby, the key connections among agricultural mode, soil food web characteristic and ecosystem productivity could be explored, and thus, the potential contributions of soil biota to sustainable agriculture could be fully stimulated. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Impact of early weaning on constituents and nutritional values of camel milk in modern system.

Background:Camel milk is very suitable for human nutritional requirements, and its composition has similarities to mother’s milk. Many scientific researches focusing on the myth of nutritional and therapeutic properties of camel milk have been brought to public attention.Aim:This study aims to clarify the impact of early weaning on constituents and nutritional values of the milk of camels reared under a modern farming system during four months postpartum.Methods:Eight lactating camels and eight calves were selected immediately after calving and were assigned to two equal groups under a semi-intensive system in a farm. In the early weaning group (G1), all the calves were allowed to freely suckle their mother’s teats from birth to 30 days postpartum. Afterward, the calves were used to stimulate milk letdown for each of the camels’ teats for a few seconds before the milking procedure. While in the late weaning group (G2), the calves freely suckled their mother’s teats up to 80 days postpartum. Afterward, the calves were restricted from suckling and were used mainly to stimulate milk letdown for the milking procedure. Collection of milk samples started in the 2nd week of postpartum and continued over biweekly intervals up to 16 weeks to determine major fat, protein, lactose, solid non-fat (SNF), and density percentages.Results:The results revealed significant differences in fat, lactose, and density content between groups. We reported significant increases in the percentages of fat, lactose, protein, and SNF levels, besides fluctuations in density with the advancement of the lactation stage.Conclusion:In the early weaning group, the dams produced milk containing high levels of fat and SNF compared to the lactating dams in the late weaning group.

Evolution of Agricultural Technologies: from “Gray” to “Green”

The evolution of agricultural technologies in the development of human civilization is considered. Based on this example, it is shown that a new stage in soil cultivation technology began in the 20th century. It is associated with the transition from extensive “gray” technologies for the management of natural resources, which are strictly oriented only by momentary economic feasibility, to nontraditional (“nature-based”) “green” farming technologies. A natural transition has taken place from the strategy of its development based on Ziegler’s principle of maximum entropy production to Prigogine’s strategy of minimum entropy production, which is based on the rationalization of the use of available resources for a dissipative structure on the planet, such as the human population. The foundation for the rationalization is nature-based technology for human use of natural resources. The theoretical justification of the inevitability of “green farming” is confirmed by the example of a long-term biosphere experiment on the development of agricultural technologies. This type of farming is characterized by a more economical method of tillage: partial or complete rejection of soil-turn plowing, the absence of vertical mixing of the arable layer, minimal disturbance of the soil cover by agricultural machines, and mandatory soil mulching (“no-till” or “mulch tillage”) in order to preserve the soil moisture and reduce soil erosion. The no-till soil processing system, i.e., the absence of interference in the natural processes of soil formation, is a modern farming system in which the soil is not processed and its surface is covered with specially crushed plant residues (mulch). It is illustrated that the no-till technology of direct sowing and mulching is currently being introduced in various regions of the planet with shallow, surface loosening or even complete rejecting tillage. It is shown that the application of the green farming technologies leads to rationalization of the use of not only energy and soil resources but also water resources, for which the situation is becoming increasingly tense for human civilization.

The New Type of Agricultural Management Main Body and Its Education and Training Mode in the Rural Rejuvenation Period

The modern agricultural industrial system composed of new agricultural management entities is the main force for rural revitalization. However, the research on the main body of new agricultural management is still in its infancy. This paper summarizes the existing problems of the new type of agricultural main body through a comprehensive summary and analysis of the research on the concept, type, characteristics and training mode of the new type of agricultural main body. At the same time, it summarizes the cultivation model of new agricultural management from the perspective of type and specialty. The new type of agricultural business entities can provide a guarantee foundation for the direction of large-scale mechanization of agricultural development in the future, expand the channels for agricultural entities to obtain information, and play the role of information resource allocation.

History of the development and classification of modern farming systems

History of the development and classification of modern farming systems

Genetic control of traits related to maturity in cowpea

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate genetic control of the traits number of days to flowering (NDF) and number of days to maturity (NDM) in a cowpea cross. Genetic parameters were estimated in segregating and non-segregating generations of a cross between two contrasting cowpea genotypes (MNC05-828C-1-9-1 × MNC04-792F-146). No evidence for maternal effect was found for either trait. Broad and narrow sense heritability estimates were above 50%, allowing genetic gains from selection of plants in the F2 generation. High significance of additive gene effects and low contribution of dominance and epistatic effects were detected for both traits. The estimated number of genes controlling the traits was around 4 for NDF and 5 for NDM. The results suggest that early-maturing cowpea self-fertilized cultivars can be developed through standard breeding approaches, meeting the demands of modern agricultural systems for more crop seasons per year and mechanized harvesting.

Transformasi Sosial Petani Kentang di Dataran Tinggi Dieng

Potato commodities present after the era of corn and tobacco in Dieng Plateau in the early stages contribute significantly to the economic aspects of farmers. High selling price and short planting season cause farmers to do the potato farming activities intensively. The inclusion of potato commodities led to the modernization of agriculture and created the social stratification gap of farmer communities in terms of production mode mastery. Population growth then complicate the issue. Agricultural activities have penetrated the environmental destruction on the basis of agricultural and residential needs. The impact is reduced environmental support and also the income of farmers. The modern agricultural system in Dieng Plateau creates a new economic structure relating to the capitalist market and contributes to ecological damage. The problems that occur in Dieng Plateau attract the attention of various parties to perform the recovery through the process of 'empowerment'. Unfortunately, the empowerment process is still technically biased and makes the poor as well as the farmer as an object.

Farm Mechanization and its Behavioral Effects on Displaced Rice Workers of Region III

With the current development in technology, agriculture has rapidly changed and accepting change and technology is key to mechanical progress. The use of technology has improved efficiency in producing, processing and distributing agricultural produce. Farmers are now gradually shifting to new and modern farming system. Historically, advances in farm mechanization have been made where a strong demand for labor in other industries has withdrawn workers from the land and forced wage rates up. Increasing use of farm machines requires less and less of human power, while, it is expected that mechanized farming leads to more productivity, the reversed is true to displaced farm workers. This research focused on discovering the impact of farm mechanization in the marketing of rice in Central Luzon, Philippines and its behavioural effects on rice workers who were displaced as a result of the use of farm machines.

English

Ensuring food security is a global challenge that can be mitigated by improving agricultural production. From the last few decades, many developed nations have introduced modern and sustainable agricultural system to abate this challenge. Now, developing countries also demand the blessings of sustainable agricultural system to face this globally burning issue. The purpose of this study is to examine the current agricultural system of main crops and challenges of food security of Bangladesh. Therefore, on the basis of present scenarios of agricultural productivity, some suggestions have been proposed to combat the food security challenges. Mainly agricultural related secondary data published by the government of Bangladesh were analysed to conduct this research. All over the country, farmers are facing challenges of storage facilities, lack of modern agricultural machineries, unfriendly market policy of agro-products, less empathy of governments and natural disaster. Last few year's potato productions has been increasing noticeably because of soil fertility, due to farmer’s well-mannered adaptation strategies to climate change, high yield crop seed, using optimum fertilizer, farmer’s dearness etc. On the other hand, Jute, the world second largest product also declining the production which contributes 4.66% to economic growth. However, Government’s initiatives can ensure food security and sustainable agricultural system of Bangladesh. In this context, farmer friendly agricultural policies, introducing modern technologies, as well as inventing climate adaptive new crop species can be helpful to achieve food security. This research gears towards realization of present agricultural productivity scenarios and to take proper measures by the decision makers of Bangladesh. Key words: Crop calendar, cropping pattern, hazards, irrigation. &nbsp

Invited Review: Why cows die in US dairy herds

ABSTRACT Purpose Over the past several decades there has been an appreciable, persistent, and concerning rise in dairy cow mortality. The purpose of this review was to integrate epidemiological, pathophysiological, and historical perspectives to improve our understanding of why dairy cows die and what can be done about it. Sources Refereed scientific journal articles, USDA reports, and conference proceedings available in online databases were consulted in this review. Synthesis Explorations of causes of dairy cow death frequently have focused on associations between mortality and population characteristics, management, and environmental factors. These studies often suggest that intensification of the dairy industry may influence high on-farm dairy cattle mortality. Other studies have focused on pathophysiologic descriptions of specific deaths, alongside the utility of incorporating postmortem evaluations into on-farm management. Although it is most certainly useful to establish broad associations between population characteristics or specific disease entities and higher death rates, mitigation strategies must be based on an understanding of why those associations or diseases are present in the first place. Conclusion and Applications A multitude of factors and complexities act in concert to influence why cows die in US dairy herds. Understanding differences related to why cows die requires insight into the impacts of environment, operational practices, economic concerns, and animal interactions on overall performance. Although there are practical suggestions for addressing dairy cow mortality such as incorporating postmortem examinations and standardized nomenclature, questioning why dairy cows die is part of a larger discussion regarding the welfare of animals in modern agricultural systems.

A critical review of different factors governing the fate of pesticides in soil under biochar application

Pesticides are extensively used in the modern agricultural system. The inefficient and extensive use of pesticides during the last 5 to 6 decades inadvertently led to serious deterioration of environmental quality with health risk to living organisms, including humans. It is important to use some environmentally-friendly and sustainable approaches to remediate, restore and maintain soil quality. Biochar has gained considerable attention globally as a promising soil amendment because it has the ability to adsorb and as such minimize the bioavailability of pesticides in soils. This review emphasizes the recent trends and implications of biochar in pesticide-contaminated soils, as well as highlights need of the pesticides use and associated environmental issues in context of the biochar application. The overarching aim of this review is to signify the role of biochar on primary processes such as effect of biochar on the persistence, mineralization, leaching and efficacy of pesticides in soil. Notably, the effects of biochar on pesticide adsorption-desorption, degradation and bioavailability under various operating/production conditions are critically discussed. This review delineates the indirect impact of biochar on pesticides persistence in soils and proposes key recommendations for future research which are essential for the remediation and restoration of pesticides-impacted soils.