Moderator Variables Research Articles

Antecedents of Intention to Use Social Media for Virtual Events

Imposing the movement control order and social distancing measures during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic increased the adoption of information and communication technology. The practices of remote work, virtual classes, and even entertainment were forced to be conducted remotely from home. Despite the current relaxation of restricted measurements on the COVID-19 pandemic in different nations, people still prefer online meetings via social media because of the potential threats of new recurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the significant saving of time, money, and effort. Therefore, the objectives of this research intend to investigate the direct and indirect relationships between attitude, perceived direct benefit, trust, and intention to use social media for virtual events. Moreover, this research will also assess the role of top management support in moderating the relationship between attitude and intention to use social media for virtual events. To accomplish the research objectives, 400 samples were collected through an online self-administered questionnaire survey. The data were analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Partial Least Square–Structural Equation Modelling (PLS–SEM). Based on the generated statistical outcomes, all the direct relationships between attitude, perceived direct benefit, trust, and intention to use social media for virtual events are significantly supported. For the indirect relationships, all the mediation relationships are significantly supported. However, the findings indicated that the moderation variable of top management support does not have any moderating effect on the relationship between the attitude and intention to use in this research study.

PENGARUH INSENTIF MOTIVASI KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN DENGAN MASA KERJA SEBAGAI VARIABEL MODERASI DI KANTOR REDAKSI HARIAN PAGI LAMONGAN

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of incentives and motivation on employee performance with length of service as a moderation variable at the editorial head of the morning daily Suara Umum Lamongan. This study used a quantitative descriptive research method approach involving 50 respondents with techniques used in purposive sampling sampling. The instrument used is a questionnaire. The results showed the effect of incentives on employee performance with an incentive variable calculation value of 2.406, greater than the table of 2.01290 and a sig value of 0.020 smaller than 0.05. And there is an influence of motivation on employee performance with a calculated value of work motivation variables of 2.432 greater than ttable 2.01290 and a sig value of 0.019 smaller than 0.05. However, the calculated value of the working period moderation variable of 0.050 is smaller than the table of 2.01290 and the sig value of 0.745 is greater than 0.05 and it is concluded that the working period variable does not moderate incentives for employee performance, and the calculated value of the working period variable of 0.081 is smaller than the table of 2.01290 and the sig value of 0.450 is greater than 0.05 and it is concluded that the working period variable does not moderate motivation for employee performance.

Abstract 19055: Effectiveness of Mobile Health Applications for Exercise Promotion on Cardiorespiratory Fitness After a Cancer Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Introduction: Cancer survivors are at higher risk for cardiovascular (CV) related mortality. Smartphone application based (app-based) interventions that promote exercise and physical activity are an increasingly prevalent strategy for health promotion. Yet, whether these mobile health (mHealth) interventions improve CV risk after a cancer diagnosis is unknown. Methods: Leveraging MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Clinical Trials.gov, we identified studies through May 1, 2023. Literature searches were conducted on articles meeting study inclusion criteria and with reported cancer diagnoses. Search terms included smartphone , mobile health , mHealth , app , mobile application , exercise , cancer and cardio-oncology . The main outcomes and measures included change in cardiovascular fitness, reflected by 6-minute walk test (6MWT), VO2max, 3-minute step test and systolic blood pressure or any mention of cardiac measures. Effect sizes were calculated as Cohen’s d. Aggregate effect sizes and moderator variables were tested using random effects models. Results: Overall, from 656 articles, 7 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 341 participants were identified. Interventions included mobile apps (n = 6), smartwatches (n = 2), or smartwatch plus an option to also use a web, mobile, or tablet app (n = 1); median age 49.71± 5.9 years; median duration of mHealth use 12 weeks. Across the 7 RCTs, mHealth was associated with improved cardiorespiratory outcomes (Cohen’s d=0.33; 95% CI, 0.07-0.60). Results maintained significance when cholesterol outcomes were added to the other cardiorespiratory outcomes ( d = 0.30; 95% CI = 0.03-0.56). There was no heterogeneity ( Q = 5.86, P >0.05) or publication bias ( P > .05). Among the 4 studies examining the 6MWT, the between groups Δ Cohen’s d was 0.27 (95% CI, -0.21, 0.75). Conclusions: Smartphone app-based exercise promotion interventions appear to be a viable strategy for improving cardiorespiratory fitness after a cancer diagnosis.

PENGARUH CAPITAL INTENSITY, INVENTORY INTENSITY, INSTITUTIONAL OWNERSHIP SEBAGAI VARIABEL MODERASI TERHADAP TAX AVOIDANCE

This study aims to determine the influence of capital intensity, inventory intensity, institutional ownership as moderation variables on tax avoidance in energy companies listed on the IDX in 2017-2021. This type of research is associative quantitative, where research methods based on the philosophy of positivism, are used to examine in certain populations or samples, which are in the nature of asking the influence of two or more variables on other variables. The type of data used is secondary data, namely financial statement data obtained from the IDX. The sampling method in this study used purposive sampling techniques with certain criteria. The total amount of data obtained in this study was 45 financial statements from 9 companies. The testing in this study was assisted by the Eviews12 software, and the model used was the regression of the Fixed effect Model (FEM) approach panel data. The results of this study show that simultaneously capital intensity, inventory intensity together affect tax avoidance. Meanwhile, partial capital intensity does not affect tax avoidance, while inventory intensity has a positive effect on tax avoidance, institutional ownership moderation is unable to strengthen the capital intensity relationship to tax avoidance, and institutional ownership moderation is unable to strengthen inventory intensity relationship to tax avoidance

Schooling-at-Home and Extra Child-Caring Responsibilities were Associated with Parental Mental Health, Psychosocial Well-Being, and Loneliness

Schooling-at-home and educating children at home have received increased attention since the COVID-19 pandemic which resulted in abrupt social changes, including stay-at-home protocols and school closures to prevent the spread of infection during the period. We examined the mental health, psychosocial well-being, and loneliness of parents according to whether they had been taking on extra schooling-at-home and child-care responsibilities. We conducted a multi-country cross-sectional online survey nine months into the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway, the UK, the USA, and Australia with a sample size of 1,722. Outcome measures included the General Health Questionnaire 12 (GHQ-12) mental health scale, the Psychosocial well-being (PSW) scale, and the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (LS). The key explanatory factor was parental and child-care status, which categorised participants based on how many extra child-care or schooling-at-home responsibilities were taken up. Moderator variables included working-from-home status, living arrangements, and demographic covariates. Our sample had 20.0% of parents who reported taking on some or half of the extra child-care responsibilities, and 11.7% reported that they were taking on most of the extra child-care responsibilities. Parents who were taking on most of the extra child-care or schooling-at-home responsibilities had poorer mental health (M = 17.34, SE = 0.40 vs M = 15.47, SE = 0.37, p = 0.002), psychosocial well-being (M = 2.92, SE = 0.05 vs M = 2.72, SE = 0.05, p = 0.011), and loneliness (M = 11.29, SE = 0.31 vs M = 10.33, SE = 0.28, p = 0.019), compared to parents who did not have extra responsibilities. Younger parents and those not living with a spouse reported poorer outcomes. Parents who reported that they were taking on most of the child-caring responsibilities reported the poorest mental health, psychosocial well-being, and highest levels of loneliness. Psychosocial and community support for parents who take on schooling-at-home and education responsibilities is important for the well-being of the parents as well as for their children.

Spatial Variability Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Soil Fluoride in the Western Nansihu Lake Basin

The western plain of the Nansihu Lake Basin (NLB) is an important agricultural economic zone in Shandong Province, where there is a high content of fluoride in soils. Studying the content and influencing factors of fluoride in soils is of great significance for the maintenance of regional eco-logical security and human health. This study takes the farmland soils in the west of NLB as the research focus and uses a method based on GIS and geostatistics to quantitatively analyze the spatial variation characteristics of soil total fluoride and water-soluble fluoride contents to draw a map showing their spatial distribution. The effects on the spatial distribution of soil total fluoride and water-soluble fluoride were analyzed from the aspects of geomorphological type, soil parent material (stratigraphic lithology), crop type, and groundwater fluoride concentration, among others, and the correlation between groundwater and soil fluoride contents was also analyzed. Our study results in the following findings: (1) The average content of total fluoride in topsoil in the study area is 652.8 mg/kg, the national background value is exceeded in 99.5% of the sampling sites, and the background value of Shandong Province is exceeded in 98.7% of the sampling sites. The average water-soluble fluoride is 15.2 mg/kg and exceeds 5.0 mg/kg in 94.3% of the sampling sites. Topsoils have high values of total fluoride and water-soluble fluoride. (2) The total fluoride and water-soluble fluoride in topsoils exhibit moderate spatial variability, indicating that their spatial distribution is the result of structural factors such as soil parent materials and man-made random factors such as fluorinated fertilizers. (3) In the 2 m vertical profile of shallow soils, total fluoride and water-soluble fluoride increase with the increase in soil viscosity, and the water-soluble fluoride has the characteristics of surface aggregation due to the influence of soil adsorption. Because fluoride ions as ligands are easily adsorbed and form fluoride complexes with other ions such as aluminum ions, the water-soluble fluoride shows the characteristics of surface aggregation and fractionation. (4) The analysis of influencing factors reveals that the lithology of Quaternary strata, geomorpho-logical types, and planting crop types have significant effects on the distribution of the total fluoride and water-soluble fluoride in the topsoils, and the distribution of the groundwater soluble fluoride in the topsoils is not related to that in groundwater. Our study provides data and technical support for improving both the soil environmental quality and water quality of the eastern route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, thus helping to promote the sustainable development of the social economy and ecological environment in the NLB.

An Examination of Perceived Stress and Emotion Regulation Challenges as Mediators of Associations Between Camouflaging and Internalizing Symptomatology.

Camouflaging involves the masking of autism traits, potentially creating an outer impression of "non-autisticness." Although associations of camouflaging with anxiety and depression in autistic adults are widely reported, factors that mediate these associations are unclear. We examined two potential mediators of the association between camouflaging and anxiety/depression: perceived stress and emotion regulation (ER) challenges. Seven hundred eighty-seven autistic adults (18.2-78.2 years) recruited through Simons Powering Autism Research (SPARK) Research Match completed questionnaires, including the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q), and measures of autistic traits, depressive and anxious symptomatology, perceived stress, and ER challenges. Four moderated mediation models were tested. In all models the independent variable was CAT-Q total score, and the moderator variable was sex designated at birth. The dependent variable was depressive or anxious symptomatology, and the mediator variable was perceived stress or ER challenges. We found that more camouflaging, increased ER challenges, and higher levels of perceived stress were associated with greater depressive and anxious symptomatology. We also found that perceived stress and ER challenges significantly mediated the associations between camouflaging and both depression and anxiety. In the model with perceived stress and anxiety, sex moderated the mediation, with females showing a stronger mediation. There was no significant moderation in any of the other models. We contextualize the findings within the broader literature on camouflaging as a response to stigma and other facets of minority stress. We discuss how the results of this study support the idea that the day-to-day stress of living in a neurotypical world, the cognitively demanding nature of camouflaging, and the constraints that camouflaging place on autistic people's behaviors in social contexts (e.g., contributing to suppressing ER strategies such as stimming), create a cycle that contributes to elevated rates of anxiety and depression in autistic people.

Daily Pain Experiences in Chronic Pancreatitis: Identifying Pain Phenotypes.

Pain, the hallmark symptom of chronic pancreatitis (CP), remains difficult to assess. To capture the variability of pain that patients can experience day to day, this study used pain diaries to describe daily pain experiences and identify pain phenotypes. This study is a secondary data analysis from a pilot trial examining cognitive behavioral therapy for pain treatment in CP. Before treatment, patients completed an online daily pain diary using the Brief Pain Inventory for 7 days. Using indicators of pain magnitude, pain variability, pain synchrony along with least, worst, and average pain intensity levels, we identified pain patterns using K-means clustering. Of 30 patients in the pilot trial, a total of 27 patients (mean age of 49.8 years, 80% women) had complete data to include in this report. Four clusters were identified: cluster 1, lowest pain magnitude (n = 3); cluster 2, moderate pain magnitude and high pain variability (n = 4); cluster 3, moderate pain magnitude and low pain variability (n = 9); and cluster 4, highest pain magnitude and lowest pain variability (n = 11). Daily pain diaries offer a novel way of evaluating the dynamic pain experiences in CP. Although 4 distinct pain patterns were identified, further studies are needed to validate these findings.

Vacuum Phenomenon in the Lumbar Spine: Pilot Study for Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Vacuum phenomenon (VP) is defined as air within a joint. Many pathologies are associated with VP, mainly degenerative disease and trauma. Although patients with intradiscal gas may be asymptomatic, it promotes disc degeneration and can eventually become painful. VP is suspected to be an indicator of segmental mobility, helping in determining the extent of spinal fusion in a preoperative setting. This could make the detection of VP useful on routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lower spine. We determined the accuracy of MRI in detecting intradiscal gas through a retrospective observational study. The study population consists of 37 consecutive patients with low back pain who were scheduled for treatment with spinal infiltrations and received a computed tomography and MRI scan within a maximum time interval of 3 months. Spin echo (SE) T1 and T2 and gradient echo (GE) T1 sequences were analyzed. All scans were randomly coded and evaluated by two observers: an experienced neuroradiologist and a radiology resident for the presence of VP. GE-imaging revealed a high accuracy with a sensitivity of 89.3%-92% and a specificity of 89.7-95.3% between both observers. In comparison to a sensitivity of 31.5%-76.3% for T1- and 8.5%-86.4% for T2-imaging and a specificity of 95%-100% for T1- and 63.7%-100% for T2-imaging with respective accuracy of 68.1%-85.7% and 54.6%-68.9%. We notice a moderate interobserver variability for the T1 (κ = 0.462) weighted imaging, no agreement for T2 (κ = 0.057) weighted imaging, and almost perfect interobserver variability for the GE sequence (κ = 0.889). The presence of VP in degenerative disc disease is a sign of segmental instability which is important for planning spinal fusion surgery. Our study showed that VP can be detected on MRI of the lumbar spine with high accuracy and almost perfect interobserver agreement by adding GE sequences to the scanning protocol.

Investigation into Learning Attitudes Among Intermediate Economics Students in Oyo Educational Zone

This study delved into learning attitudes among intermediate economics students in senior secondary schools in Oyo educational zone via psychological constructs of cognitive skills, affection for learning, attached value, efforts, and difficulties in learning. While age and gender served as moderator variables. The composite contributions of cognitive skills and affection for learning, attached value and effort, and interest and difficulties in learning served as predictors for learning attitude. Moreover, the composite contributions and influence of variables and their relation to learning attitude, as well as the influence of gender and age, were explored. A survey research study with the use of an adapted ESLAS questionnaire was administered to 355 respondents, and the data was analyzed with descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA)) statistics. The results showed a significant influence of gender, while age was not statistically significant on learning attitude. The composite contributions of cognitive skills and affection; attached value and efforts; and interest and difficulties in learning as predictors of learning attitude were significant among intermediate economics students. In conclusion, the prediction of learning attitude implies that there is a great need for students to be proactive in learning, as this would improve their cognitive skills, affection, attached value, efforts, and interest in learning while reducing difficulties and challenges to the barest minimum.

Influence of Technology of Acceptance Model (TAM) on Customer Interest in Using Mybca on A Sustainable Basis (Privacy and Personalization as Moderation Variables)

Influence of Technology of Acceptance Model (TAM) on Customer Interest in Using Mybca on A Sustainable Basis (Privacy and Personalization as Moderation Variables)

CADD Studies in the Discovery of Potential ARI (Aldose Reductase Inhibitors) Agents for the Treatment of Diabetic Complications.

The lack of currently available drugs for treating diabetes complications has stimulated our interest in finding new Aldose Reductase inhibitors (ARIs) with more beneficial biological properties. One metabolic method uses aldose reductase inhibitors in the first step of the polyol pathway to control excess glucose flux in diabetic tissues. Computer-aided drug discovery (CADD) is key in finding and optimizing potential lead substances. AR inhibitors (ARI) have been widely discussed in the literature. For example, Epalrestat is currently the only ARI used to treat patients with diabetic neuropathy in Japan, India, and China. Inhibiting R in patients with severe to moderate diabetic autonomic neuropathy benefits heart rate variability. AT-001, an AR inhibitor, is now being tested in COVID-19 to see how safe and effective it reduces inflammation and cardiac damage. In summary, these results from animal and human studies strongly indicate that AR can cause cardiovascular complications in diabetes. The current multi-center, large-scale randomized human study of the newly developed powerful ARI may prove its role in diabetic cardiovascular disease to establish therapeutic potential. During the recent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in 2019, diabetes and cardiovascular disease were risk factors for severely negative clinical outcomes in patients with COVID19. New data shows that diabetes and obesity are among the strongest predictors of COVID-19 hospitalization. Patients and risk factors for severe morbidity and mortality of COVID- 19.

The Effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Firm Size on Tax Avoidance with Corporate Social Responsibility as a Moderating Variable

Tax avoidance practices are one of the causes of reduced tax revenue from predetermined projections. This study examines whether companies in Indonesia will engage in tax avoidance practices when they start implementing CSR. Thus, this study aims to describe the magnitude of the influence of institutional ownership, sales growth, company size in the trade, services, and investment sectors of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange on corporate tax avoidance by adding corporate social responsibility as a moderate variable. The sample of this study was selected based on predetermined criteria. The purposive sampling method was used to obtain 31 companies in the trade, services and investment sectors listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for 2017-2021. Data from the company's financial and annual statements are then analyzed using Eviews software. The findings revealed that institutional ownership and firm size positively influence tax avoidance; However, sales growth negatively impacts tax avoidance. Corporate social responsibility disclosures can moderate and weaken the effect of sales growth on tax avoidance. However, it strengthens the link between institutional ownership and company size on tax avoidance. The implication is that there needs to be stricter regulatory action and attention to transparency and good tax reporting in order to achieve fairer and more sustainable taxation.

Collaborative Consumption in an Emerging Market: What Motivates Consumers to Adopt It under Economic and Political Uncertainty?

This study presents a consumption model tailored for emerging markets beyond BRICS, which considers the advantages of a sharing economy service and its impact on user behavioral intention. Moreover, it integrates moderating variables to enhance the understanding of consumer behavior toward adopting collaborative consumption services, making two significant contributions to the existing literature. By drawing data from 270 customers from Chile and utilizing variance-based structural equation modeling along with partial least squares techniques that use SmartPLS, the research findings highlight that convenience and enjoyment play the most pivotal roles in influencing consumer behavioral intention. Additionally, the study reveals that gender significantly moderates the relationship between convenience and purchase intention. Overall, this research sheds light on the potential of sharing economy services in emerging markets, providing valuable insights into consumer preferences and behavior, which can prove beneficial for businesses and policymakers alike.

Social Support as a Moderator of Self Efficacy and Learning Motivation Towards Students' Academic Hardiness

This research examined the factors that influence academic hardiness in tahfiz lessons. The author suspects that the factors contained in the social support variable are moderator variables for the variables self-efficacy, learning motivation, and gender which influence academic hardiness. This research uses a quantitative approach with multiple regression analysis. The sample consisted of 150 students in class 5 and class 6 of Islamic school X who were taken using a purposive sampling technique. In this research, the measuring tool used is the revised academic hardiness scale (RAHS) to measure the academic hardiness variable. Multi-Dimensional Scale of social support (Zimmet et al., 1988) to measure social support variables. The self-efficacy scale will be measured based on Bandura's theory to measure the dimensions of magnitude, generality, and strength. Learning motivation is measured using intrinsic and extrinsic aspects (Woolfolk, 1995). The research results show three significant regression coefficients: self-efficacy, intrinsic learning motivation, and gender. All three are influenced by social support, increasing students' academic hardiness. The author hopes that the implications of the results of this research can be reviewed and developed in further research. For example, adding other variables related to academic hardiness, such as parental and learning styles.

The Effect of Profitability, Liquidity and Leverage on Earning Quality with Company Size as a Moderation Variable

The purpose of this study is to examine the Effect of Profitability, Liquidity, and Leverage on Earnings Quality with Company Size as a Moderation Variable (Case Study on the Food and Beverage Sub-Sector Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange and Malaysia Stock Exchange in 2018-2021. This research applies secondary data gained from annual reports obtained from the Indonesian Stock Exchange and Malaysia Stock Exchange company websites. The total sampling used in this study is 88 data. The results of this study reveal that profitability significantly negatively affects earnings quality. Significantly, leverage and liquidity do not affect earnings quality. Profitability, liquidity and leverage do not affect earnings quality on company size as a moderation variable. Researchers can develop this study by using different proxies for each variable in order to obtain more robust results.

The prevalence of urinary incontinence and risk factors in menopausal women in Turkey: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors of urinary incontinence in menopausal women. This systematic review and meta‐analysis followed PRISMA and COSMOS‐E guidelines. The searches were conducted on 1–15 April, 2022 using PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, PsycINFO, DOAJ, Web of Science, DergiPark, Scopus, Turkish Medline, Turkish Citation Index, TR Index and National Thesis Center search engines. The keywords ‘menopause, climacteric, urinary incontinence, risk factors, prevalence’ were used in the searches. The risk of bias was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Checklist for cross‐sectional studies developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Data were synthesized by meta‐analysis, meta‐regression and narrative methods. Eleven studies published between 2012 and 2022 were included. The total sample size of the studies was 2531. In this meta‐analysis, the estimated rate of urinary incontinence in women aged 40–65 years was 46.9% (95% CI: 0.346–0.595), and this result was statistically significantly affected by the moderator variables risk of bias (Q = 8.76, p = 0.013) and urinary incontinence diagnostic tools (Q = 27.60, p < 0.001). The estimated stress urinary incontinence rate was 19.1% (95% CI: 0.130–0.271), urge urinary incontinence rate was 5.1% (95% CI: 0.020–0.124) and the mixed urinary incontinence rate was 13.4% (95% CI: 0.092–0.192). The risk factors affecting urinary incontinence were found to be advanced age, menopause, diabetes mellitus, constipation, obesity, history of urinary incontinence during pregnancy and the postpartum period, mode of delivery, four or more births, urinary tract infection, family history of urinary incontinence and genetic predisposition. This meta‐analysis revealed that urinary incontinence and its types are highly prevalent in women aged 40–65 years and that the prevalence is influenced by the quality of research and the type of diagnostic tool used in addition to many risk factors. Planning and offering appropriate health care services based on these results could contribute to the protection and improvement of women's health.

Effect of Science Teaching Materials Integrated Blended-PBL Models on Students’ 21st Century Skills: A Meta-Analysis

The objective of the study was to analyze the effect size of a number of similar studies on students' 21st century skills. The research method can be classified into meta-analysis. In this meta-analysis method, the effect size of each similar study was determined and the hypotheses were tested from a number of similar studies. In this study, 26 similar articles were analyzed from national journals and international journals. As independent variables are science teaching materials, as moderator variables are types of teaching materials, learning models, and level of education. From the results of the analysis, it can be stated that science teaching materials have a positive effect on 21st century skills based on the type of teaching materials, learning models, and educational level. Therefore, the use of science teaching materials is effective for improving students' 21st century skills both in terms of various types of teaching materials, learning models, and educational levels

What Drives Consumers to Adopt Mobile Payment Apps in the Post-COVID-19 Scenario

The study aimed to use the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) framework to investigate the connection between personal safety, digital literacy, and social influence on the adoption of m-payment apps in the post-COVID-19 scenario. The study adopts a mixed-method approach. Initially, semi-structured are conducted to identify the constructs. Subsequently, empirical analysis is carried out to establish the relationship between different constructs. In the framework of the present investigations, personal safety, digital literacy, and social influence as stimuli (S) that affect an individual's openness to change, which acts as organism (O), and in turn, it expresses an individual's willingness to adopt the services of m-payment apps (R). Through structural equation modeling, responses from 429 consumers are used to evaluate a model incorporating the S-O-R framework with mediator, moderator, and control variables. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between personal safety, social influence, digital literacy, and m-payment adoption. Openness to change partially mediated all the associations, while user involvement moderated the associations between digital literacy, openness to change, and m-payment adoption. One of the study's primary contributions is applying the S-O-R model in this context, along with mediating and moderating the influence of openness to change and user involvement. The study's results enrich our understanding of consumer behavior and actual practices post-COVID-19.

Designing Optimal, Data-Driven Policies from Multisite Randomized Trials.

Optimal treatment regimes (OTRs) have been widely employed in computer science and personalized medicine to provide data-driven, optimal recommendations to individuals. However, previous research on OTRs has primarily focused on settings that are independent and identically distributed, with little attention given to the unique characteristics of educational settings, where students are nested within schools and there are hierarchical dependencies. The goal of this study is to propose a framework for designing OTRs from multisite randomized trials, a commonly used experimental design in education and psychology to evaluate educational programs. We investigate modifications to popular OTR methods, specifically Q-learning and weighting methods, in order to improve their performance in multisite randomized trials. A total of 12 modifications, 6 for Q-learning and 6 for weighting, are proposed by utilizing different multilevel models, moderators, and augmentations. Simulation studies reveal that all Q-learning modifications improve performance in multisite randomized trials and the modifications that incorporate random treatment effects show the most promise in handling cluster-level moderators. Among weighting methods, the modification that incorporates cluster dummies into moderator variables and augmentation terms performs best across simulation conditions. The proposed modifications are demonstrated through an application to estimate an OTR of conditional cash transfer programs using a multisite randomized trial in Colombia to maximize educational attainment.