Gender Moderation Research Articles

Health workers’ career satisfaction and intention to leave: The moderated moderation of burnout and gender

ABSTRACT Globally, the shortage of health workers is posing challenges to healthcare delivery and the attainment of SDG 3. This study analyzes how career satisfaction influences health workers’ intention to leave. The study further argues that the effect of career satisfaction on intention to leave is moderated by burnout and this moderation is dependent on gender. Drawing on a theoretical framework underpinned by the conservation of resource (COR) theory, the relationships in this study are tested with primary data from self-administered questionnaires collected from 230 health workers using multi-stage sampling techniques. SPSS with Hayes Process Macro was employed to analyze the direct relationship, moderation, and moderated-moderation mechanisms. Consistent with expectations, findings indicate that career satisfaction negatively affects health workers’ intention to leave. Also, this study extends the COR theory by establishing that high levels of burnout exacerbate the negative relationship between career satisfaction and intention to leave. However, gender did not moderate the moderating role of burnout in the relationship between career satisfaction and intention to leave.

Social class discrimination during adolescence as a mediator of socioeconomic disparities in actigraphy-assessed and self-reported sleep

ObjectiveTo examine social class discrimination as a mediator of socioeconomic disparities in sleep outcomes in an adolescent sample. MethodsSleep was assessed from established actigraphy (efficiency, long wake episodes, duration) and self-report (sleep/wake problems, daytime sleepiness) measures among 272 high school students in the Southeastern region of the United States (35% low income; 59% White, 41% Black, 49% female, Mean age = 17.3, SD = 0.8). Social class discrimination was assessed using a new measure, the Social Class Discrimination Scale (SCDS; 22-items), and an established measure, the Experiences of Discrimination Scale (EODS; 7-items). Socioeconomic disadvantage (SED) was measured as an aggregate of six indicators. ResultsThe SCDS was associated with sleep efficiency, long wake episodes, sleep/wake problems and daytime sleepiness (but not sleep duration), and significantly mediated the socioeconomic gradient in each sleep outcome. Black males experienced higher levels of social class discrimination than Black females, White males, or White females. A race by gender moderation effect was evident for two of the five sleep outcomes (sleep efficiency and long wake episodes) suggesting a stronger association between social class discrimination and sleep problems for Black females than White females but no clear race differences among males. The EODS was not associated with objective sleep outcomes or SED but was associated with self-reported sleep and showed a similar pattern of moderation effects. ConclusionsFindings suggest that social class discrimination may contribute to socioeconomic disparities in sleep problems, with some variability across measures and demographic groups. Results are discussed in light of evolving trends in socioeconomic health disparities.

Investigating Relationship between Environmental Knowledge and Attitudes towards Electric Vehicles: An Emerging Economy Context

In order to investigate the impact of environmental information on the purchase of electric automobiles, the present research applied the Theory of Planned Behavior. Using primary data (n = 214), the proposed research model was validated using covariance-based structural equation modelling. The findings confirmed a positive relationship between attitudes towards electric vehicles and environmental knowledge. It was discovered that purchase intentions and perceived consumer effectiveness were significantly related. Control over availability also has a significant impact on buyers’ intentions. The study’s findings were unable to show a significant indirect relationship between environmental knowledge and purchase intentions. However, in this study, purchase behavior was significantly predicted by individuals’ purchase intentions. In particular, females were found to have stronger buy intentions than their male counterparts when it came to the effects of consumer perceived efficacy and control over availability (significant moderation of gender). The study’s empirical findings had a variety of theoretical and practical ramifications.

Etika dan Tax Evasion

Tax Evasion is an action taken by taxpayers in reducing the obligation to pay taxes illegally. Cases of tax evasion are still common in Indonesia in recent years. This study aims to determine how the influence of tax justice, love of money, and religiosity on the ethical perception of tax evasion. As well as testing the role of gender moderation in the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. Data collection in this study was carried out through a questionnaire. The population in this study are individual taxpayers who work in DKI Jakarta with purposive sampling technique. The data analysis technique used is multiple regression analysis. The results showed that the higher the tax justice and religiosity, the lower the ethical perception of tax evasion. The higher a person's love for money, the higher the ethical perception of tax evasion. Gender affects how high or low the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
 Keywords: Tax Evasion; Ethical Perception; Taxation; Gender; Theory of Planned Behavior

Analisis Hubungan antara Eco SERVQUAL dan Customer Satisfaction dengan Peran Moderasi Gender, serta Revisit Intention pada Green Hotel di Indonesia

Indonesia is well-known as one of the countries with world-famous tourism destinations. Indonesia continues to strive to improve sustainable tourism programs, one of which is through the hotel industry. The hospitality industry supports commitments to reduce carbon emissions, one of which is through the green hotel program. Competition among green hotels in providing service excellence encourages companies to provide the best service quality so that visitors feel satisfied and want to return to stay. This study examines the relationship between Eco Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction with the moderation of gender and the effect of Revisit Intention through the moderation role of gender. Data was collected by distributing questionnaires to 220 respondents. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was employed to analyze the data. This study found that Eco Service Quality significantly affects customer satisfaction, ultimately making visitors want to stay again at a future time and opportunity. The role of gender is also proven to have a moderating role in the relationship between Eco Service Quality and customer satisfaction.

Does gender moderate the association between socioeconomic status and health? Results from an observational study in persons with spinal cord injury living in Morocco.

Socioeconomic status (SES) and gender are well-known social determinants of health. However, their impact on health in populations with physical disabilities in low-resource countries is still lacking. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate associations of individual SES with health and the moderating effect of gender on this association in a Moroccan population with a physical disability, namely spinal cord injury. Cross-sectional survey data from 385 participants with spinal cord injury living in Morocco were analyzed. SES was operationalized by education level, household income, financial hardship, and subjective social status. Health indicators included secondary conditions, pain, vitality, quality of life, and general health. Associations between SES and health indicators were investigated using linear and logistic regressions. To test the potential moderation of gender, interaction terms between SES and gender were introduced in regression models. Financial hardship and lower subjective social status were associated with poorer health outcomes in four out of five indicators in the total sample. In contrast, education and income were inconsistently associated with health. Overall, gender did not moderate the association between SES and health, except that educational inequalities in general health were more pronounced in women, and the observation of a trend for a stronger negative effect of subjective social status on men's than woman's health (p > 0.05). This study revealed that subjective indicators of SES negatively impact on health, whereas evidence for the moderating role of gender in this association was weak. These findings underline the importance to reduce social marginalization and poverty in populations with disabilities in low-resource countries to reduce their double burden of living with a disability and encountering social disadvantages through low SES.

The impact of differentiated empowering leadership on employees’ depression: moderation of employees’ envy and gender

Purpose This study aims to investigate the effect of differentiated empowering leadership on employees’ depression. Using the behavioral theory of depression, this study further explores the simultaneous moderation of gender and employees’ envy on the relationship between such leadership and employees’ depression. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected using two surveys conducted with a time lag of one week. In Time 1, data on differentiated empowering leadership and employees’ envy were collected. After a week, data on employees’ depression were collected. Model testing was conducted using data on a sample of 420 employees from 87 departments in 27 service sector organizations in Pakistan. Hypotheses were tested using the structural equation modeling technique in Mplus. Findings Results indicate that perceived differentiated empowering leadership positively affects employees’ depression. In addition, this positive effect is further moderated by employees’ envy and gender simultaneously, such that this effect is weakest among the male individuals who feel low envy, whereas, for highly envious females, this effect is strongest. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effect of differentiated empowering leadership on employees’ depression along with the moderation of employees’ envy and gender. Furthermore, this study provides some policy implications based on its findings to decrease employees’ depression.

Academic Stress, Academic Self-efficacy, and Psychological Distress: A Moderated Mediation of Within-person Effects

Previous research has largely failed to separate the between- and within-person effects in the longitudinal associations between academic stress, academic self-efficacy, and psychological distress (symptoms of anxiety and depression). Filling this research gap, this study investigated if academic self-efficacy mediated the relationship between academic stress and psychological distress at the intraindividual level during 3 years of upper secondary school. Gender moderation was also examined in the hypothesised model. The present sample consisted of 1508 Norwegian adolescents (baseline M age = 16.42; 52.9% high perceived family wealth; 70.6% Norwegian-born). The random intercept cross-lagged panel model results indicated (1) positive and time-invariant direct effects from academic stress to psychological distress, (2) academic self-efficacy partially mediated these effects, and (3) psychological distress impacted later academic stress. Academic stress was more strongly related to academic self-efficacy and psychological distress at the interpersonal level for boys, while the intraindividual impact of academic stress on psychological distress was stronger for girls. The study findings might have implications for school-based implementation strategies and theoretical development.

Attitudes Towards STEAM, Critical Thinking Disposition and Decision-Making Skills: Mediation and Gender Moderation

In this study, the relationship between highly desired 21st century skills including students’ attitudes towards STEAM, critical thinking dispositions and decision-making skills and the role of gender on these associations were investigated. The data was collected from 4th grade students in the 2022-2023 academic year using the typical case sampling method. “STEAM Attitude Scale”, “Critical Thinking Disposition Scale” and “Decision-Making Skill Scale” were utilized. Mediation model were estimated using the whole sample, followed by multigroup analyses that employed gender as the moderation variable. The results indicated that primary school students' attitudes towards STEAM, their critical thinking dispositions and decision-making skills were at a high level. The mediation analysis revealed that attitudes towards STEAM had direct effect on decision-making skills, and critical thinking disposition was found to be partially mediating this association. Multigroup analyses provided evidences for the significant moderation role of gender pertaining to the specified associations in the model. The findings provide insights into the importance of developing positive attitudes towards STEAM disciplines regarding its evidential effect on critical thinking disposition and informed decision-making skills in primary schools, and the necessity of attending to the role of gender in future educational interventions.

The Role of Independent Value Creation, Value, and Trust on Banking Marketing Performance: Moderating Role of Gender

Research aims: The paper aims to examine independent value creation (IVC) and its implication on value, trust, and marketing performance (satisfaction and loyalty) in the banking sector in Indonesia. The research model was developed from the existing literature to show the relationship between IVC and marketing performance.Design/Methodology/Approach: A survey design was used in this investigation, and the questionnaire collected study data. The data were analyzed from 385 respondents selected by purposive sampling and taken from bank customers. PLS-SEM analysis was used for hypothesis testing, and multi-group analysis was performed for moderating testing.Research findings: The findings demonstrated a strong positive link between IVC and marketing performance – satisfaction and loyalty. It was also found that learning value and trust partially mediated the relationship. Moreover, gender moderated the relationship between IVC and customer satisfaction and trust.Theoretical contribution/Originality: This study provides an academic contribution to explaining IVC and its role in value, trust, and marketing performance. The impact of IVC is further demonstrated by the role of gender moderation, which contributes to the Service-Dominant Logic (S-D Logic) literature by providing additional context.Practitioner/Policy implication: The study suggests that managers should pay attention to what customers do independently in value creation. They should also alter their perspective of the source of competitive advantage by shifting to customer activities in finding bank services. Furthermore, the impact of IVC on satisfaction and trust needs to consider the role of gender.Research limitation/Implication: The sampling technique limited the generalization of findings, and IVC measurement needs to be explored in future research.

THE INFLUENCE OF FINANCIAL LITERACY, FINANCIAL ATTITUDE AND PEER INFLUENCE TOWARD RETIREMENT SAVING BEHAVIOR MODERATED BY GENDER: A CASE IN INDONESIA

The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of financial literacy, financial attitude and peer influence with the moderation effect of gender and to analyze the differences in retirement saving behavior between male and female. The respondents ofthis study consists of 101 female and 101 male working individuals and were selectedusing non-probability sampling with purposive and snowballing techniques. Thedata collectioninstrument used was an online questionnaire. The data in this research were analyzed using One Way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The result showed that financial literacy influences retirement saving behavior with the moderation of gender, financial attitude influences retirement saving behavior with the moderation of gender,and peerinfluenceinfluences retirement saving behavior with the moderation of gender.Another finding in this study was a difference between male and female working individuals in terms of their retirement saving behavior.

The influence of potential outcome on entrepreneurs' decisions to participate in Crowdfunding in Pakistan (Karachi)

Crowdfunding is one of the best financial technology segments and has emerged as one of the leading platforms for startups to acquire funding. This paper identifies numerous benefits of Crowdfunding and investigates the influence of various factors, i.e., economic benefit, convenience and transaction process, social media, and social support, with the mediating effects of Motivation with gender moderation on an entrepreneur's perceived benefit of having the Intention to use the crowdfunding platform. The adapted questionnaire with a sample size of 240 is used in this study to survey the entrepreneurs of Pakistan by using a convenience sampling technique. Linear regression analysis tests the hypotheses with Smart Pls 3.0 software. The findings of this study confirmed that all direct relationships have a significant relationship with the Intention to use Crowdfunding. In contrast, the moderation of effects of gender was found to have an insignificant relationship with the Intention to use a crowdfunding platform. However, the contribution and significance of the study have also been discussed.

The Moderating Effects of Gender on Factors Affecting the Intention to Use Mobile Learning

Aim/Purpose: The main aims of this research are to explore the moderating effects of gender on the relationships of such factors and the intention to use mobile learning, to examine the factors that influence m-learning acceptance in the universities and higher education institutions (HEI) in Iraq, and to investigate the influence of the intention to use on the actual use of mobile learning in (HEI). Background: Over recent decades, mobile learning has played an increasingly important role in the teaching and learning process, especially for higher education. As such, acceptance and use of mobile learning has become a topic of interest within the education sector. In this regard, UTAUT is one of the widely used models for examining users’ intention for use and acceptance of information technology. Methodology: A survey method was used in this study involving a sample of 323 participants recruited from several universities in Iraq. Contribution: This study has made significant contributions to the advancement of m-learning in Iraq by developing a mobile learning model that can help guide practitioners to promote and facilitate the use of such an approach in universities. Findings: The findings showed that gender moderated the relationships of social influence (SI), effort expectancy (EE), and performance expectancy (PE) with respondents’ intention to use m-learning. In addition, the findings confirmed the perceived enjoyment, performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EE), self-efficacy (SE), and social influence (SI) had significant direct effects on intention to use m-learning. Furthermore, the respondents’ intention to use or behavioral intention had a significant impact on the actual use of m-learning. Recommendations for Practitioners: It is vital for university management and practitioners to encourage students about the advantages of mobile learning in higher education institutions. In Iraq, the research in mobile learning is still very new and there are few studies have analyzed the gender effect on the mobile technology acceptance in learning. This study provides a roadmap of the gender effect on variables that could influence mobile learning acceptance in higher education institutions in Iraq. Recommendation for Researchers: The gender moderation effect on the factors that influence the mobile learning acceptance is important, thus the new researchers are advised to examine the gender effect on other factors that could influence mobile learning acceptance. Moreover, cross-nation studies are needed to further validate the findings of this research because it was conducted from the perspective of a developing nation where mobile learning is still in its infancy. Future studies may broaden the research to examine additional potential elements, such as the quality of services in future models, which can help enhance the understanding of learners’ acceptance and continuous usage of mobile learning as well as to improve the utility of UTAUT. Impact on Society: The use of mobile learning has increased in its importance for higher education around the globe, including Iraq. Clearly, mobile learning has been pervasively used in education throughout the world due to the Covid-19 pandemic. During this time, students were required to study at home for months as per governments’ orders in order to avoid being affected by the virus. With mobile learning, students were able to continue their studies; otherwise, they would have missed the academic year. Academic staff and administrators should therefore encourage and employ mobile learning for instruction, student communication, and exam administration. Future Research: Given that the UTAUT model was used in higher educational settings for this research, it is advised to look into its application in corporate settings to see if comparable results can be repeated or not. More research is advised to look at the moderating effects of demographic factors, such as age and place of origin, in order to shed more light on students’ adoption of mobile learning in HEIs in developing nations.

Influence of students' personality, gender, income and age on their intentions to create new information technology and telecommunications ventures.

Businesses associated with information technology and telecommunications have increased in importance since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic due to transformations in working and buying. Currently, universities in Latin America are making efforts to strengthen entrepreneurial attitudes and skills in their students. In this context, it is of interest to understand how the combination of personality traits, gender, income and age/generation affect entrepreneurial intentions toward these kinds of businesses. This research analyzes the responses of 788 university students from Chile and Ecuador to an online self-report survey using regression models with the aim of evaluating the effect of Big Five personality traits on the intention to undertake information technology and telecommunications businesses and measuring the moderation of gender, family income, and belonging to the centennial generation. The findings support a significant influence of the traits of neuroticism, openness and conscientiousness on entrepreneurial intention and suggest that female gender and higher family income have a negative impact on the intention to undertake these businesses. Moreover, an important moderating effect of female gender and lower family income levels is supported. This study sheds new light on students' characteristics that affect their participation in information technology and telecommunications ventures through the identification of a unique combination of relevant personality traits, gender and income levels. The findings are useful for designing and developing appropriate programs aimed at developing this kind of technology business in Latin America as well as promoting the entrepreneurship of groups that express a lower intention to undertake businesses, such as female students.

Drivers of sustainable consumption: gender moderating effect

Drivers of sustainable consumption: gender moderating effect

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL NETWORK AND PURPOSE IN LIFE: APPLICATION OF A RANDOM INTERCEPT CROSS-LAGGED MODEL

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine if there are reciprocal effects between social network size and purpose in life among older adults using data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study. A second aim is to assess whether there are moderated effect of gender on this relationship. The sample included 1,485 male and 2,058 female adults 65 years and older. In order to examine the reciprocal effects between social network size and purpose in life over four time points (2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020), a random intercept cross-lagged model (Model 1) was computed. Then, two multiple group RI-CLPM analyses (Model 2 and 3) were computed in order to test moderation of gender on the relationship. Model 2 estimates the cross-lagged parameters freed and model 3 estimates the cross-lagged parameters constrained. The results indicated that Model 1 fit the data well, χ2(9) = 26.06, p = .002. The carry-over effects of social network and purpose in life were significant. The spill-over effect from wave 3 purpose in life on wave 4 social network was significant. The variance of the random intercepts were significant, indicating that there are stable, trait-like differences between social network and purpose in life. The results of the multiple group model revealed that there were no significant differences between the freed and constrained models, indicating that lagged effect for male and female appear to be same. Future research should explore if other factors like race or education show moderated effects.

To Be Successful and/or Comfortable? Parental Career Expectations and Chinese Undergraduates’ Career Indecisiveness across Gender

This study explored the association between two parental career expectations (reward/prestige and comfort/stability) and career indecisiveness with the moderation of gender in 523 Chinese undergraduates. We found that women undergraduates perceived lower parental reward/prestige and higher comfort/stability expectations than men. Perceived parental comfort/stability expectations on career indecisiveness were significant for men but non-significant for women. Results indicated a three-way interaction among parental expectations of reward/prestige, parental expectations of comfort/stability, and students’ gender in the prediction of career indecisiveness. For women, perceived parental comfort/stability and reward/prestige expectations had a significant interactive effect on career indecisiveness. Perceived parental reward/prestige expectations were positively associated with career indecisiveness only when they perceived higher levels of parental comfort/stability expectations. For men, perceived parental comfort/stability and reward/prestige expectations had no interactive effect on career indecisiveness. We addressed the importance of joint influences of differential parental expectations on young adults’ career decision-making across gender.

Dark triad and cyber aggression among Chinese adolescents during COVID-19: A moderated mediation model.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of online learning has become a necessary choice for students, and would increase the probability of cyber aggression (CA). Despite the relationship between Dark Triad and CA previous was explored in previous research, the underlying psychological mechanism of CA in adolescents is still unclear. The current study aimed to examine the mediating role of moral disengagement (MD) and the moderating of gender in the relationship between Dark Triad and CA. A sample consists of 501 Chinese adolescents (246 females; 255 males) between the ages of 11 ~ 20. Participants completed the Dirty Dozen Scale, Moral Disengagement Scale, and Cyber Aggressive Behavior Scale. Results show that higher levels of dark personality were associated with higher levels of MD and CA. Moral disengagement partially mediated this positive effects of dark personality on CA. Moreover, gender moderated the mediation model. Specially, the positive relationship between dark triad personality and CA was stronger among females adolescents. These findings advance the understanding of how dark triad personality induces Chinese adolescents' cyber aggressive behavior.

Leisure activity engagement across adulthood predicts cognitive change after five years: Do gender and age matter?

To examine the association between leisure activity (LA) frequency and cognitive trajectories over 5 years across adulthood, and whether gender and age moderate these associations. A total of 234 cognitively healthy adults (21-80 years) completed a LA questionnaire at baseline and neuropsychological measures at baseline and after 5 years. Latent change score analysis was applied to generate latent variables estimating changes in different cognitive domains. For a secondary analysis, LA components' scores were calculated, reflecting cognitive-intellectual, social, and physical activities. Regression analysis examined the association between baseline LA and cognitive change, and potential moderation of gender and age. In addition, we tested the influence of cortical gray matter thickness on the results. We found that higher LA engagement was associated with slower cognitive decline for reasoning, speed, and memory, as well as better vocabulary across two time points. Regarding LA components, higher Social-LA and Intellectual-LA predicted slower rates of cognitive decline across different domains, while Physical-LA was not associated with cognitive change. Gender, but not age, moderated some of the associations observed. Our results remained the same after controlling for cortical gray matter thickness. We demonstrated a protective effect of LA engagement on cognitive trajectories over 5 years, independent from demographics and a measure of brain health. The effects were in part moderated by gender, but not age. Results should be replicated in larger and more diverse samples. Our findings support cognitive reserve hypothesis and have implications for future reserve-enhancing interventions.

Theory of mind, gender, gains in friendships versus peer acceptance and anxious solitude from middle childhood through early adolescence

AbstractThis investigation proposes that theory of mind (ToM) may be related more strongly to change in friendships than peer acceptance in late middle childhood through early adolescence, and examines the relation between ToM and anxious solitude. Fourth grade ToM was tested as a predictor of change in reciprocated friendships, peer acceptance, and anxious solitude from 4th to 7th grade, and, conversely, reciprocated friendships, peer acceptance, and anxious solitude in 3rd grade were tested as predictors of 4th grade ToM. Gender moderation of these relations was evaluated. Participants were 688 American public‐school children (51.5% girls), 193 of whom completed a ToM questionnaire in 4th grade. In 3rd–7th grade children and their peers reported reciprocated friendship, and peers reported peer acceptance and anxious solitude annually. A multi‐group (gender split) autoregressive cross‐lagged panel analysis modeled relations between ToM and reciprocated friendship, peer acceptance, and anxious solitude over time. Consistent with hypotheses, girls’ more advanced 4th grade ToM predicted incremental gains in their number of friendships two years later, but not their peer acceptance. In contrast, boys’ more advanced 4th grade ToM did not predict change in their number of friendships or peer acceptance over time. Gender differences in the relation between ToM and friendship are discussed in the context of gender‐specific peer relations patterns in late middle childhood and early adolescence. Additionally, more advanced 4th grade ToM predicted gains in anxious solitude in middle school for both genders. This somewhat surprising result is discussed in relation to ToM assessment and peer relations in anxious solitary children.