Moderation Hypothesis Research Articles

Uncertainty and psychological distress during COVID-19: What about protective factors?

The present study examined the relationship between perceived uncertainty and depression/ anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic and it tested the moderating roles of resilience and perceived social support in this relationship. A cross-sectional study was conducted between March 31st and May 15th, 2020, using an online, multi-language, international survey built within Qualtrics. We collected data on sociodemographic features, perceived uncertainty, perceived social support, depression and anxiety symptoms, and resilience. A moderation model was tested using model 2 of Hayes’ PROCESS macro for SPSS. The study included 3786 respondents from 94 different countries, 47.7% of whom reported residence in the United States of America. Results demonstrated that higher perceived uncertainty was associated with more symptoms of depression and anxiety. Higher resilience levels and higher perceived social support were associated with fewer depression and anxiety symptoms. The moderation hypotheses were supported; the relationship between uncertainty and symptoms of depression and anxiety decreased as levels of resilience increased and as perceived social support increased. The results suggest that resilience and social support could be helpful targets to reduce the negative effects of uncertainty on depression and anxiety symptoms.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-022-03244-2.

Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Achievement Motivation and Entrepreneurial Intention: A Conditional Process Model of Entrepreneurship and Gender

This study focused on the roles of entrepreneurship and gender in the relationship between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention. Specifically, we tested a moderating role of gender and examined the moderated mediating role of entrepreneurship by gender in the relationship between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention. Based on the secondary data from the 2017 Korea Entrepreneurship Survey on 10,000 people, a conditional process model 15 (Hayes’ PROCESS macro) analysis was used to test the direct and indirect paths with respect to gender differences. The results indicate that the conditional direct effect of achievement motivation on entrepreneurial intention was not significant for women, but it was significant for men. Results also confirmed that the indirect effect of achievement motivation on entrepreneurial intention via entrepreneurship was stronger for women than for men. Therefore, the moderation hypothesis and the moderated mediation hypothesis were supported. The study contributes to the explanation of the black box between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention by emphasizing the role of gender as a moderator and entrepreneurship as a mediator of this relationship. This study focused on and confirmed the role of gender previously neglected in the relationship between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention and the role of entrepreneurship as a mediator to promote entrepreneurial activity among women. Therefore, this study extends existing research results by elaborating the relationship between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention.

The moderating role of transgressors' apology on the association between the Dark Triad and victims' post-transgression responses

The goal of this research was to examine the association between victims' Dark Triad personality and their social motivation to not forgive (unforgiveness) or forgive transgressors after an interpersonal conflict. The moderating role of transgressors' apology as well as the mediational role of victims' indignation to explain the moderated relation was also tested. Unforgiving responses (operationalized as revenge and avoidance) were predicted to be stronger, and forgiving responses, weaker, among those exhibiting characteristics consistent with the Dark Triad. We also predicted a counterintuitive, but theoretically consistent, stronger positive relation between the Dark Triad and unforgiving responses when victims received an apology. In addition, we predicted that indignation would explain this moderated relation. Two studies using an adult community and an undergraduate sample, respectively, confirmed the moderation hypothesis (Studies 1 and 2) but not the mediated moderation hypothesis (Study 2).

Boundary management and recovery when working from home: The moderating roles of segmentation preference and availability demands

Blurred work–home boundaries can hamper teleworkers’ recovery from job demands. In this study, we investigate teleworkers’ temporal, physical, communicative, and technological boundary tactics as predictors of recovery experiences (i.e. psychological detachment and control during leisure time) and recovery outcomes (i.e. exhaustion). We hypothesized that individuals’ work–home segmentation preference as a personal factor and availability demands as a situational factor should moderate the relations between boundary tactics and recovery. Using a web-based survey, we collected data from 274 individuals who mainly worked from home in a lockdown period during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results of hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the use of temporal boundary tactics was positively associated with psychological detachment, control, and lower exhaustion. The use of technological boundary tactics was related to higher psychological detachment. Our moderator hypotheses were partly confirmed: Segmentation preference and availability demands strengthened the relationships between several boundary tactics and psychological detachment, control, and exhaustion. In sum, our study contributes to a better understanding of teleworkers’ recovery processes and provides actionable knowledge for teleworkers on how to enable and sustain their recovery.

Exploring Parenting Profiles to Understand Who Benefits from the Incredible Years Parenting Program

Behavioral parenting programs are a theory-driven and evidence-based approach for reducing disruptive child behavior. Although these programs are effective on average, they are not equally effective in all families. Decades of moderation research has yielded very few consistent moderators, and we therefore still have little knowledge of who benefits from these programs and little understanding why some families benefit more than others. This study applied a baseline target moderation model to a parenting program, by (1) identifying parenting profiles at baseline, (2) exploring their correlations with other family characteristics and their stability, and (3) assessing whether they moderate intervention effects on child behavior. Individual participant data from four Dutch studies on the Incredible Years (IY) parenting program were used (N = 785 caregiver–child dyads). Children (58.2% boys) were at risk of disruptive behavior problems and aged between 2 and 11 years of age (M = 5.85 years; SD = 1.59). Latent profile analyses indicated three distinct baseline parenting profiles, which we labeled as follows: Low Involvement (81.4%), High Involvement (8.4%), and Harsh Parenting (10.1%). The profiles caregivers were allocated to were associated with their education, minority status, being a single caregiver, and the severity of disruptive child behavior. We found neither evidence that baseline parenting profiles changed due to participation in IY nor evidence that the profiles predicted program effects on child behavior. Our findings do not support the baseline target moderation hypothesis but raise new questions on how parenting programs may work similarly or differently for different families.

공유리더십, 변화자기효능감, 집단주의와 변화지향 조직시민행동과의 관계

Recently, environment change is more complex, dynamic and ambiguity, the increased use of teams in organizations more and more important for competitive advantage. However, the question naturally arises regarding what forms of leadership are best suited for these structures and will promote the attainment of performance?. At this point, early leadership researchers argued that the importance of leadership being shared among team members. Shared leadership as results from the distribution of leadership influence across all of team members and mutual influence embedded in the interactions among team members that can significantly improve team and organizational performance. That is shared leadership occurs when all members of a team are fully engaged in the leadership of the team and are not hesitant to influence and guide their fellow team members in an effort to maximize the potential of the team as a whole. This study purpose to investigate relationship between shared leadership, change self-efficacy, collectivistic orientation and change-oriented organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) at team level analysis that show clear the process and context of shared leadership influences. More detalied, examined the effect of shared leadership foster employees’ change-oriented OCB and reflected mediating effect of change self-efficacy, the moderating effect of collectivistic value orientation was regarded as a contextual factor. After literature review, we set the direct hypothesis, mediate hypothesis, moderate hypothesis and moderated mediation hypothesis. For test of hypothesis, we conducted survey method and to removed the common method bias problem, questionnaires are collected by multi-source(team leader, team member) and check the aggregation of individual responds to using team level(rwg, ICC(1), ICC(2)). Total 416 team members and 98 teams used for final analysis. The results show that shared leadership have positive impacts on change-oriented OCB and change self-efficacy. Change self-efficacy has a positive impact on change-oriented OCB. Also, change self-efficacy mediate between shared leadership and change-oriented OCB. Collectivistic value orientation moderate between shared leadership and change self-efficacy. If high on collectivistic value orientation, the those of relationship are more increased. Finally, moderated mediations are significant that change self-efficacy mediation of effect are more strong under high on collectivistic value orientation, reflected of conditional indirect effect. Based on the results, organizations can enhance shared leadership by encouraging team members when teams foster interact team member and all of team members as leaders and to involve in shared, mutual leadership for extra-role behavior such as change-oriented OCB. Also managers should ensure that all of team members has shared direction and purpose, promote and establish norms of participation and input into the team’s activities and strategies, and seek to foster a positive environment where team members encourage one another and actively recognize each others’ contributions.

Can teachers’ need-supportive practices moderate the big-fish-little-pond effect? A quasi-experimental study with elementary school children

The big-fish-little-pond effect (BFLPE) describes a multilevel phenomenon via which class-average levels of achievement act as a negative predictor of students’ academic self-concept (ASC), although their individual achievement level acts as a positive predictor of their ASC. In this quasi-experimental pretest–posttest study, we posited that a professional development program for teachers based on self-determination theory would moderate the BFLPE on French writing ASC among elementary school students. To test our hypothesis, we relied on three groups of students (n = 189–394) who were exposed to teachers who participated in the program at different moments, and one group of students (n = 190) who were exposed to teachers who did not participate in any professional development program. Doubly latent multilevel analyses were used to test the moderation hypothesis. At posttest, we observed a significant BFLPE for the control students while no significant BFLPE was observed for the other groups of students. These results suggest that this professional development program was able to protect students against the BFLPE. Promoting a learning context supportive of students’ psychological needs thus seem able to reduce the salience of social comparison processes involving the achievement levels of the whole class by reinforcing the focus on students’ own learning experiences. These results support previous research suggesting that positive teacher-student relationships might moderate the BFLPE. Finally, our findings provide insights regarding the pedagogical practices that can attenuate the negative effect of class-average levels of achievement on students’ writing ASC.

Controlling for spurious moderation in marketing: A review of statistical techniques

Studies in marketing rarely control for spurious moderation, which occurs when unmeasured nonlinear terms affect researchers’ moderation analyses. Spurious moderation can lead to false-positive research conclusions. With a focus on testing moderation hypotheses with multiple regression analysis and covariance-based structural equation modelling, we discuss techniques and, where relevant, develop programming code for modifying these methods so that spurious moderation can be controlled for. After demonstrating the control techniques’ effectiveness with simulated data, we set out guidelines for their use, with particular attention paid to confirmatory research traditions in marketing research.

Faktor-Faktor yang berpengaruh pada Keberlanjutan Usaha Biro Jasa Perjalanan Haji dan Umrah

This study aims to explain the influence of business prospects, image, promotion, assurance, and trust of prospective pilgrims as factors that influence the sustainability of the Hajj and Umrah travel service bureau business. The research population is prospective hajj and umrah pilgrims who have associations with a number of travel companies in the East Cilandak region. Samples were randomly selected and determined based on the time of meeting activities often carried out by the association formed by the prospective congregation. They are collecting data using a questionnaire that was analyzed by testing the validity, reliability, descriptive statistical test, hypothesis testing, and coefficient of determination. The results of the study state that business prospects, promotions, and trust have a significant positive effect on business sustainability, while guarantees have no effect. Moderation hypothesis test states that trust does not moderate to strengthen image and promotion, while confidence moderates perceptions and strengthens assurance towards business sustainability. The limitation of the study is that the sample used has not been able to conclude the results of the study as a whole due to incomplete sampling in the population area because it is limited to one area. Nevertheless, the implications of the research are contributing to the concept of developing the factors that affect business continuity, improving business strategies, and increasing revenue for Hajj and Umrah travel agents.

Men and women voters of the populist radical right: are they like apples and oranges?

ABSTRACT In this article, Stockemer and Normandin test whether recent developments in the populist radical right’s messaging, such as the strategic introduction of gender equality in these parties’ political discourse and their evolution towards economic chauvinism, has changed women’s and men’s propensity to vote for the populist radical right. Using data from the eighth wave of the European Social Survey (ESS), the authors find that two traditional explanations for the gender gap in voting for the populist radical right have lost their explanatory power. First, their results indicate that the ideological moderation hypothesis no longer applies; that is, anti-immigration sentiment and a rightist ideology are currently as much of a reason to cast their ballot for the populist radical right for female voters as they are for male voters. Second, they no longer find support that economic dissatisfaction is a stronger driver for men than for women to vote for the populist radical right. Rather, their results indicate the contrary. In addition, they find that education is more of a bulwark against supporting the populist radical right for women. Finally, their results illustrate that older men are more likely to vote for the populist radical right than older women.

On Sanders, Trump, and rhinoceroses: Quantifying subjective construals helps predict political attitudes.

People with different worldviews may have different interpretations for the same object. Freedom fighters for some are terrorists for others; immigrants can be seen as a threat or being threatened. To incorporate differences in interpretations into quantitative models, I propose the construct of value-instantiating beliefs, or perceived consequences of actions for basic human values. I hypothesize that these beliefs moderate the relationship between personal values and attitudes. In a preregistered mixed-methods study (N=2038) I assess personal value priorities, attitudes, and perceived consequences of four political behaviours. Beliefs about consequences of the behaviours differed with political affiliation: for example, liberals saw voting for Trump in light of negative consequences for universalistic values, while conservatives stressed positive consequences for self-direction and security. The moderation hypothesis was confirmed. Including value-instantiating beliefs in the models significantly improved the predictions of attitudes towards and intentions to perform the behaviours.

Too tempting to resist? Self-control moderates the relationship between narcissism and antisocial tendencies

Previous research highlights that narcissism predicts a wide range of antisocial tendencies. We propose that the expression of such tendencies is contingent on the level of dispositional self-control. Three independent studies (Ntotal = 1458) using three different narcissism measures and self-reported as well as behavioral indicators of antisocial tendencies tested this moderation hypothesis. In Study 1, antagonistic narcissism was positively related to self-reported revenge following an interpersonal transgression and this relationship was weakened among individuals high (vs. low) in self-control. Studies 2 and 3 conceptually replicated this finding using different narcissism measures, respectively, and trait (Study 2) as well as behaviorally assessed aggression (Study 3) as outcome variables. Results support the moderating role of self-control in the antagonistic narcissism-antisociality link.

A critical review of moderation analysis in tourism and hospitality research toward robust guidelines

PurposeThis article aims to propose guidelines to develop moderation hypotheses, assess moderators using the multigroup analysis and interaction effect approaches and interpret the results of moderation analysis in tourism and hospitality research.Design/methodology/approachThrough a review of 600 articles published in top tourism and hospitality journals from the year 2016 to 2020, and reviewing the literature related to moderation analysis, this study identifies key issues in different steps of moderation analysis and proposes robust guidelines to aid future research.FindingsThe results of the systematic review uncovered some key issues in different steps of moderation analysis, such as hypothesis development, moderation assessment and results interpretation. The findings emphasized the typical methodological misconceptions and improper practices for moderation analysis.Research limitations/implicationsModeration analysis is of great significance to the advancement of theory, and its application has increased significantly in recent years. However, many studies appear to have a limited understanding of moderation analysis and follow questionable practices regarding hypothesis development, moderation assessment and results interpretation, thus leading to suspicious conclusions for theory advancement. By highlighting these methodological issues, this article provides robust guidelines for moderation analysis, which is of great theoretical and methodological significance to the academic research in tourism and hospitality.Originality/valueAs one of the first studies to provide robust guidelines for moderation analysis, based on a critical and systematic review of papers published in top-tier journals in tourism and hospitality and the latest developments on moderation analysis in the wider literature, this article has important theoretical and methodological significance for the academic research in tourism and hospitality as well as general social science disciplines.

The relationship between attraction, perception of service, opportunities and tourist satisfaction in backwater tourism in Alappuzha district of Kerala in India

This article aims to explore the relationships between destination attractions, tourists’ awareness of eco-tourism and facilities, level of perceived service, opportunities and problems, and tourist satisfaction in backwater tourism in Kerala, India. Using a structured survey instrument, we gathered data from 586 tourists. A conceptual model was developed and tested after checking the psychometric properties of the instrument. We tested the measurement model using the Lisrel package (structural equation modeling), and Hayes (2018) process macros were used to test the moderation hypotheses. The results confirm that (i) attraction and opportunities are positively related to tourist satisfaction, (ii) perception of service positively moderates the relationship between attraction and tourist satisfaction, (iii) perception of service (first moderator) and awareness (second moderator) interact to influence the relationship between attraction and tourist satisfaction, and (iv) problems negatively moderate the positive relationship between opportunities and tourist satisfaction. The implications for the literature on tourism and hospitality and practicing managers are discussed.

Inhibitory Control Moderates the Intervention Effects of a Preventive Parenting Program on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Among Male Service Members.

Military servicemembers face substantial challenges due to war-related trauma exposure, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Individuals with deficits in inhibitory control (IC) may have an increased risk of developing PTSD due to a reduced ability to regulate their cognitive responses to and disengage from trauma-related stimuli. After Deployment, Adaptive Parenting Tools (ADAPT) is a mindfulness-infused parenting program for military families that has also been found to have crossover effects on parental mental health. The present study examined whether fathers' IC at baseline affected their response to this emotional skills-focused intervention and further influenced their PTSD symptoms 1 year later. The sample included 282 male National Guard and Reserve (NG/R) service members who had recently been deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan. Fathers were randomly assigned to either the ADAPT program or a control condition, with IC measured at baseline and PTSD symptoms measured at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Intent-to-treat analyses revealed no significant main effect of the intervention on fathers' PTSD symptoms. However, fathers' IC moderated intervention effects on PTSD symptoms, f2 = 0.03. The intervention had more beneficial effects on reducing fathers' PTSD symptoms for participants with low IC at baseline. These findings are consistent with compensatory effects in the risk moderation hypothesis, which suggests that prevention or intervention programs are more effective for high-risk subgroups.

The Influence of Baby Boomers' Perception of Well-Being Elements on Their Post-Retirement Residence

This study was premised on the idea that baby boomers, like anyone else, desire to maximize their well-being. That is, they seek situations that provide positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning and accomplishment (PERMA) which determine their personal appraisal of well-being based on both objective and subjective measures. Thus, the purpose of the research was to identify the most important PERMA elements of well-being that the baby boomer cohort who have decided to retire but have not yet done so (i.e., pre-retirees), seek in their preference in post-retirement residence. Moreover, this study investigates the degree to which this group sees that choice being influenced by their affinity for technology. The data for this correlational study was collected through a survey instrument administered to respondents electronically. The responses were analyzed utilizing logistic regression to generate research findings and implications. The results of this study suggest there is a relationship between the PERMA elements of well-being, singly and collectively, and their preference in post-retirement residence. Further, when considering the impact of affinity for technology on these two variables, the hypothesis of moderation was not significant. Lastly, the impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on baby boomers’ preference in post-retirement residence was also considered. Future research in these areas is warranted as technological innovations continue to impact the delivery of the elements of well-being, and as baby boomers move through their retirement years, to consider the potential impact on their preference in post-retirement residence.

Temporary Employment, Precarity Trap in Low-paying Jobs, and Wage Inequality

This study examines the association between temporary employment incidence and wage inequality by focusing on the asymmetric distribution of temporary employment across different wage layers, specifically its high concentration in lower-level deciles. We argue that a high share of low-wage jobs in total temporary employment leads to rent destruction in low-paying jobs, shifting rent allocation vertically from low to high earners, thus increasing wage inequality. We also hypothesize that the rent-shifting process is subject to some moderating factors. Specifically, we expect the effect to be amplified in industries with greater human-capital intensity and a smaller probability of temporary workers’ transition to permanent jobs, while being less pronounced in industries with greater concentration of large firms. We test our predictions with data on wages of a representative sample of the Spanish labor force, extracted from administrative linked employer-employee datasets, which include 784,206 individuals from 2006 to 2018 (total N=4,967,236 person-year observations). Employing heteroscedastic models that simultaneously examine the effects of both micro and macro-level covariates on within-industry wage variance, we find the expected positive association between the ratio of total temporary employment that is occupied by low-paying jobs and wage inequality at the industry-region-year level. The results also support our moderation hypotheses. Building on and advancing market-based and rent-destruction accounts of evolving employment practices, we introduce the ratio of temporary employment occupied by low-wage jobs as a structural source of wage inequality and discuss its theoretical and practical implications.

Towards Managing Firm Performance through Enterprise Risk Management Practices and Staff Competence: An Empirical Study from the Banking Sector

This study was aimed to measure the impact of enterprise risk management practices on firm performance following the moderation of staff competence. The present study proposed five hypotheses, three direct and two moderating. For measuring hypotheses and objectives, the current research targeted bank officers in the Kingdom of Bahrain's banking sector. A total final sample of 349 was used in primary analyses selected through simple random sampling. Current research shows significant positive effects of risk culture and risk knowledge sharing on the firm`s (financial and non-financial) performance of banks in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Similarly, the first moderation strengthens the relationship between risk knowledge sharing and firm performance through staff competence. In addition, the second moderation hypothesis does not strengthen the relationship between risk culture and firm performance with the moderating effect of staff competence. The current research findings are supported under the resource-based view with several theoretical and practical implications for researchers and industry practitioners.

Boundary Management and Recovery when Working from Home

Blurred work–home boundaries can hamper teleworkers’ recovery from job demands. We investigate teleworkers’ temporal, physical, communicative, and technological boundary tactics as predictors of recovery experiences (i.e., psychological detachment and control during leisure time) and recovery outcomes (i.e., exhaustion). We hypothesized that individuals’ work–home segmentation preference as a personal factor and availability demands as a situational factor should moderate the relations between boundary tactics and recovery. We collected data from 207 individuals who mainly worked from home in a lockdown period during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results of hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the use of temporal tactics was positively associated with psychological detachment, control, and lower exhaustion. The use of physical tactics was related to higher control and lower exhaustion. Our moderator hypotheses were partly confirmed: Only for individuals with high segmentation preference and high availability demands, technological boundary tactics were associated with higher detachment. Further, for teleworkers with high availability demands, the associations between temporal tactics and detachment, between physical boundary tactics and control, and between technological boundary tactics and lower exhaustion were stronger. Our study contributes to a better understanding of teleworkers’ recovery processes and provides actionable knowledge on how to enable and sustain teleworkers’ recovery.

Follower Thriving and Job Performance Despite Leader Incivility? Dual Effects of Coworkers’ Support

This study examines the mechanisms through which uncivil leader behavior can still lead to followers thriving and performing well in their jobs. We combine tenets of the conservation of resources, job demands-resources, broaden-and-build, and threat to self-esteem theories to develop the hypotheses. Leader incivility behaviors were expected to reduce follower positive affect and, in turn, to thwart thriving and job performance. To counteract those negative leader effects we derived two other, paradoxical hypotheses about the role of coworkers’ support: such support was expected to both intensify and reduce the negative follower effects of leader incivility. On invoking a survey design, we collected data from Indonesian employees (n = 226), in three waves (separated by three weeks), and tested the mediated moderation hypotheses with structural equation modeling. The relationship between leader incivility behaviors and job performance was indeed mediated by employee positive affect and thriving in a series. Moreover, we established the intensifying effect of coworkers’ support to leader incivility behaviors, and coworkers’ support also compensated for the negative leader effect by providing solace to the victimized peer. In the future, similar models need to be examined in actual work settings where coworker relations are outright competitive or otherwise dissimilar.