Moderate Effort Research Articles

Measuring Success: Improving Assessments of Aggregate Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Goals

AbstractLong‐term success of the Paris Agreement will depend on the effectiveness of the instruments that it sets in place. Key among these are the nationally determined contributions (NDCs), which elaborate country‐specific goals for mitigating and adapting to climate change. One role of the academic community and civil society in supporting the Paris Agreement is to assess the consistency between the near‐term action under NDCs and the agreement's long‐term goals, thereby providing insight into the chances of long‐term success. Here we assess the strengths and weaknesses of current methods to estimate the effectiveness of the mitigation component of NDCs and identify the scientific and political advances that could be made to improve confidence in evaluating NDCs against the long‐term goals. Specifically, we highlight (1) the influence of post‐2030 assumptions on estimated 21st century warming, (2) uncertainties arising from the lack of published integrated assessment modeling scenarios with long‐term, moderate effort reflecting a continuation of the current political situation, and (3) challenges in using a carbon budget approach. We further identify aspects that can be improved in the coming years: clearer communication regarding the meaning, likelihood, and timeframe of NDC consistent warming estimates; additional modeling of long‐term, moderate action scenarios; and the identification of metrics for assessing progress that are not based solely on emissions, such as infrastructure investment, energy demand, or installed power capacity.

Structural description, spectral analysis and reactivity descriptors of nematogens containing cyano group- a comparative quantum chemical computational approach

The present article deals with quantum chemical calculations of two nematogens namely; 4-Cyanophenyl-4’-n-Pentylbenzoate (CPPB), and 4-Cyanophenyl-4’-n-Pentoxybenzoate (CPPOB) by using the Density functional theory (DFT) and Hartree-Fock (HF) methods supplemented with basis set 6-31++G(d.p). The aromatic core with terminal cyano group confers a positive dielectric anisotropy, and high optical anisotropy. Cyano-substituent molecules possess great thermal and chemical stability, contributing many display and photonic applications. The observed vibrational spectra has resolved and assigned in detail for comparision with the molecules. It has been observed that global reactivity descriptors pertinant to intrinsic property of the system indicating a possible chemical change. Further, the frontier molecular orbital analysis for both the molecules has been carried out. It is important to note here that the method based on DFT predicts accurate molecular structures, and vibrational frequencies with moderate computational effort than HF method.

Reliability Assessment for Distribution Optimization Models: A Non-Simulation-Based Linear Programming Approach

The advent of smart grids and active distribution networks has boosted the relevance of reliability in the operation and planning of distribution systems. As is customary, reliability is assessed analytically through several standard indices. Unfortunately, analytical reliability assessment relies on simulation, thereby requiring the use of inexact heuristic- or metaheuristic-based solution methods to operate and plan distribution systems when economic and reliability criteria are jointly considered. In order to overcome this shortcoming, this paper presents a new optimization-based approach to compute the standard network-dependent reliability indices that are widely used in reliability-constrained distribution optimization models. As a major salient feature over the conventional simulation-based method, reliability indices are equivalently determined by an efficient approach based on linear programming, where the network topology is explicitly represented by decision variables of the optimization process. The proposed approach has been tested on several benchmarks including a 1080-node system. Numerical simulations show that the proposed approach yields the same results as the conventional algorithm. Moreover, the moderate computational effort is suitable for the subsequent integration of the proposed equivalent formulation in reliability-constrained optimization models for distribution operation and planning. Such successful numerical experience backs the potential of the proposed formulation to enable the use of sound techniques different from the available heuristics and metaheuristics to solve reliability-constrained operational and planning optimization models for distribution systems.

High-resolution small RNA structures from exact nuclear Overhauser enhancement measurements without additional restraints

RNA not only translates the genetic code into proteins, but also carries out important cellular functions. Understanding such functions requires knowledge of the structure and dynamics at atomic resolution. Almost half of the published RNA structures have been solved by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). However, as a result of severe resonance overlap and low proton density, high-resolution RNA structures are rarely obtained from nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) data alone. Instead, additional semi-empirical restraints and labor-intensive techniques are required for structural averages, while there are only a few experimentally derived ensembles representing dynamics. Here we show that our exact NOE (eNOE) based structure determination protocol is able to define a 14-mer UUCG tetraloop structure at high resolution without other restraints. Additionally, we use eNOEs to calculate a two-state structure, which samples its conformational space. The protocol may open an avenue to obtain high-resolution structures of small RNA of unprecedented accuracy with moderate experimental efforts.

Optimizing the Genetic Incorporation of Chemical Probes into GPCRs for Photo-crosslinking Mapping and Bioorthogonal Chemistry in Live Mammalian Cells.

The genetic incorporation of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) via amber stop codon suppression is a powerful technique to install artificial probes and reactive moieties onto proteins directly in the live cell. Each ncAA is incorporated by a dedicated orthogonal suppressor-tRNA/amino-acyl-tRNA-synthetase (AARS) pair that is imported into the host organism. The incorporation efficiency of different ncAAs can greatly differ, and be unsatisfactory in some cases. Orthogonal pairs can be improved by manipulating either the AARS or the tRNA. However, directed evolution of tRNA or AARS using large libraries and dead/alive selection methods are not feasible in mammalian cells. Here, a facile and robust fluorescence-based assay to evaluate the efficiency of orthogonal pairs in mammalian cells is presented. The assay allows screening tens to hundreds of AARS/tRNA variants with a moderate effort and within a reasonable time. Use of this assay to generate new tRNAs that significantly improve the efficiency of the pyrrolysine orthogonal system is described, along with the application of ncAAs to the study of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are challenging objects for ncAA mutagenesis. First, by systematically incorporating a photo-crosslinking ncAA throughout the extracellular surface of a receptor, binding sites of different ligands on the intact receptor are mapped directly in the live cell. Second, by incorporating last-generation ncAAs into a GPCR, ultrafast catalyst-free receptor labeling with a fluorescent dye is demonstrated, which exploits bioorthogonal strain-promoted inverse Diels Alder cycloaddition (SPIEDAC) on the live cell. As ncAAs can be generally applied to any protein independently on its size, the method is of general interest for a number of applications. In addition, ncAA incorporation does not require any special equipment and is easily performed in standard biochemistry labs.

14.4 FOLLOW-UP TREATMENT FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS WHO HAVE COMMITTED MAJOR CRIMES

BackgroundFor individuals who have a psychiatric disorder and have committed a major crime, the rate of re-offending is twice as high in the US compared to nine other countries for which there is comparable data. For such individuals the average five-year rearrest rate is approximately 40% for those released from psychiatric hospitals and 60% for those released from jails or prisons. The use of treatment modalities such as extended conditional release, Forensic Assertive Community Treatment (FACT) teams, and Psychiatric Security Review Boards can reduce the rearrest rate from 40–60% to 10% or less.MethodsAll 50 states were surveyed to assess how they were doing in providing follow-up treatment for such individuals.ResultsSixteen states were found to be making a moderate effort to provide follow-up treatment, and another 13 states are making a minimal effort. However, the other 21 states, 42% of the total, are making virtually no effort, lending to an unnecessarily high rate of re-offending.DiscussionUsing proven treatment approaches the re-arrest rate of individuals with serious mental illness can be reduced from 40–60% to 10% or less.

The benefits of interdisciplinary team work: my research experience on lifestyle choices

Background: A common international research area is being created as a result of linked activities of research centres. Aim of the study: To implement an interdisciplinary approach based on the example of a pilot study of lifestyle and identify connections between physical activity levels (PA), health-related behaviours, and the locus of health control among students. Material and methods: The research was carried out using 294 students of human sciences (235 females and 59 males) aged 18-24. A diagnostic survey method was chosen using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Health-Related Behaviour Inventory (HB I) and Health Locus of Control Scale (MHL C). Results: Total PA was assessed at 3829.3 MET-min/week. The dominant types of activities were walking (1245 MET-min/week) and moderate PA (1254 MET-min/week). Higher values in intensive and moderate efforts were reported among the male students, while women reported higher values in walking. The general severity index HB I is 72-93 points. There were no significant gender-related differences regarding the general indicator (except for the increased frequency of low health-related behaviours among females). Respondents mostly presented with internal locus of control with influence of others being reported less frequently, and accident locus of control least frequently. The analysis revealed a correlation between the internal placement of MHL C and PA among men (r=0.226, p<0.01) and individual HBI indices among women. Conclusions: Most young people present a sufficient level of PA, desirable HB I, and, to a large extent, the internal locus of MHL C. The participants had a greater sense of responsibility for their own health. Females, when deciding on a lifestyle, are more easily influenced by other people. It is necessary to conduct interdisciplinary group work for comparative research in order to create educational and preventive programs addressing identified lifestyle abnormalities.

Brillouin zone grid refinement for highly resolved ab initio THz optical properties of graphene

Optical spectra of materials can in principle be calculated within numerical frameworks based on Density Functional Theory. The huge numerical effort involved in these methods severely constraints the accuracy achievable in practice. In the case of the THz spectrum of graphene the primary limitation lays in the density of the reciprocal space sampling. In this letter we have developed a non-uniform sampling using grid refinement to achieve a high local sampling density with only moderate numerical effort. The resulting THz electron energy loss spectrum shows a plasmon signal below 50meV with a ω(q)∝q dispersion relation.

Examining the Renewable Energy Investments in Hungarian Rural Settlements: The Gained Local Benefits and the Aspects of Local Community Involvement

Abstract The results of the paper are based on a research project which examines the renewable energy investments carried out in Hungarian rural settlements. The study will focus on the municipality-led renewable energy developments, determining the most important local benefits and the aspects of the local community involvement. Altogether 748 rural settlements have been identified, which have implemented at least one renewable energy project through the Environmental and Energy Operative Program between 2007 and 2013. A questionnaire has been sent out to these municipalities, and 159 full answers have been collected and analysed. We have investigated the importance and presence of local benefits deriving from renewable energy investments, and examined what effort is put into the information and involvement of the local community. The study concludes that although several local benefits occur at local level while implementing renewable energy projects, the effect of direct benefits remain at a low level. Furthermore, it can also be stated, that only moderate effort is put into the issue of local community involvement. The study also determines several major threats that can endanger the successfulness of the previous investments, and prevent the further renewable energy developments at local level.

A Modified Feedback Scheme Suitable for Repetitive Control of Inverter With Nonlinear Load

It is mandatory to keep the total harmonic distortion in the output of most inverters below the limits prescribed by different international standards. The harmonic distortions caused due to nonlinear loads may not get corrected by typical magnitude controller, like PID controller. Repetitive controller is more effective in such situations. Often, repetitive controller is used as add-on block to the conventional magnitude controller. Design of repetitive controller can be easily implemented on digital platform. Rapid change in phase and magnitude of inverter-filter's transfer function near corner frequency causes instability problems in repetitive controller. Various techniques have been proposed by researchers to overcome this problem. Most of the reported techniques rely on digital compensation. However, it is hard to find a digital compensator, which simultaneously meets the phase and gain requirements at moderate computational effort. Here, a new output voltage feedback scheme has been proposed, which simplifies the requirement of digital compensation. The proposed scheme requires an extra hardware but at negligible added cost. In spite of this extra hardware, the proposed circuit turns out to be more energy efficient in comparison to few popular schemes, reported in literature, where some resistance is introduced in the inverter's filter for better stability of controller. In addition to the proposed modification the paper presents a simplified explanation of the various factors affecting stability of repetitive controller. The paper also discusses a novel experimental method for verifying the efficacy of repetitive controller in suppressing distortion of any particular harmonic order.

Ebstein Anomaly in a 60 Years Patient: A Lucky Finding

Ebstein anomaly is a rare congenital disease of the tricuspid valve (<1%) diagnosed at all ages. A single case of an 85 y old patient was reported in 1979 as the longest survival with ebstein anomaly who had no cardiac symptoms until 79 years old. The aim of this case report is to highlight the need for an early echocardiographic diagnosis of this disease to prevent sudden death from arrhythmias or other complications because as we see patients with ebstein anomaly can live a healthy long life asymptomatic. The patient described in this case is a 60 years old male diabetic and heavy smoker, who presented to the cardiology department with fatigue and atypical angina with dyspnea on moderate effort. Cardiac ultrasound was in favor of an isolated Ebstein anomaly type A, with partial atrialization of the right ventricle (RV) with an adequate volume of the right ventricle (17cm2) and no specific other associated anomalies. Symptoms described by the patient were purely pulmonary due to a mild obstructive disease. Patient was diagnosed with chronic obstructive lung disease due to his smoking habits. Reaching this age and being asymptomatic with conserved RV and LV function is a sign of good outcome. This case was an interesting lucky finding. It was astonishing to see a patient surviving this anomaly at 60 years old asymptomatically.

We Need More than Another Keychain: An Analysis of Marketing Needs of CTRSs

Recent literature shows that RT has been misunderstood and sometimes perceived as inferior to other treatment services in the health care arena (e.g., Chen & Chippendale, 2018; Harkins, 2010; Harkins & Bedini, 2013; Hinton, 2000). Although the field of RT has made significant advances in demonstrating its value, there is a lot of work yet to be done. Over three decades ago, Thorn (1984) stated that marketing is more than just selling a product and encouraged the field of RT to survey its own “…reputation and image, quality and types of service, accreditation and certification, status, availability and accessibility of services, and service philosophy” (p. 44) to determine effective marketing strategies. To that point, Bedini’s (2017) national study on marketing among Certified Therapeutic Recreation Specialists (CTRSs) found only moderate efforts and understanding regarding how to market their own programs. This current analysis delved deeper into these data, examining the narrative responses to the open-ended question on identified marketing needs in RT. Results present patterns and themes among the responses regarding CTRSs’ perceptions of their marketing needs. From these results, recommendations for practice and further research were identified. Subscribe to TRJ

Localization in Finite Asymmetric Vibro-Impact Chains

We explore the dynamics of localized periodic solutions (discrete solitons, or discrete breathers) in a finite one-dimensional chain of asymmetric vibro-impact oscillators. The model is intended to simulate dynamical responses of crack arrays, motion of rigid elements between obstacles, as well as the behavior of arrays of microscopic vibro-impact oscillators. The explored chain involves a parabolic on-site potential with asymmetric rigid constraints (the displacement domain of each particle is finite and asymmetric with respect to its equilibrium position) and a linear nearest-neighbor coupling. When the particle approaches the constraint, it undergoes an impact that satisfies the Newton impact law. The restitution coefficient may be less than unity, and it is the only source of damping in the model. Nonlinearity of the system stems from the impact interactions. We demonstrate that this vibro-impact model allows derivation of exact analytical solutions for the asymmetric discrete breathers, in both conservative and forced-damped settings. The asymmetry makes two types of breathers possible: breathers that impact both constraints or only one constraint. Transition between these two types of breathers occurs through a grazing bifurcation. Special character of the nonlinearity permits explicit derivation of the monodromy matrix. Therefore, the stability of the obtained breather solutions can be studied with the desired accuracy in the framework of simple methods of linear algebra, and with rather moderate computational efforts. All three generic scenarios of loss of stability (pitchfork, Neimark--Sacker, and period doubling bifurcations) are observed.

INFECTIOUS ENDOCARDITIS WITH COXIELLA BURNETII

Q fever is caused by an anthropozoonosis determined by the pathogen Coxiella burnetii, a gram-negative bacterium with intracellular growth. The occurrence of infection in the human species takes place through inhalation of contaminated aerosols or dust from infected domestic animals (cattle, sheep, goats) and more rarely through ingestion of unpasteurized milk, infected mite or inter-human transmission. The endocardium is one of the main infection sites, especially in the context of the long-term development of the disease, and cardiac decompensation often leads to death in absence of a proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment (1).We present the case of a patient of the male sex aged 37 years without personal pathologic history known admitted in “St. Parascheva” Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases Iasi complaining of productive cough, fatigue, shortness of breath with moderate effort and pain in the left scapulohumeral joint with irradiation in the left upper limb. Clinical examination objectified digital clubbing, systolic/diastolic murmurs throughout the precordium area and hepato-splenomegaly, while laboratory tests revealed the presence of inflammatory syndrome, cholestasis and hepatic cytolysis. Echocardiography shows a hyperechogenic entity at the level of the aortic valve, as well as a severe valve disorder. The diagnosis of infective endocarditis is established on aortic valve and therapy with first-choice antibiotics, consisting of triple combination of cefotaxime, amikacin and vancomycin, is initiated. Blood cultures taken upon admission were negative, while positive serological phase I and II tests for C. burnetii urged the indication of changing therapy with doxycycline and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (in the absence of hydroxychloroquine). Subsequently he underwent aortic valve replacement. The particularities of this case consisted in atypical clinical manifestations, the absence of fever and epidemiological context suggestive for Q fever.

Electromagnetic scattering of coated objects over sea surface based on SBR-SDFSM

An efficient approach to analyze the electromagnetic (EM) scattering from coated objects above a three-dimensional (3-D) dielectric random rough surface is proposed in this paper. The electric and magnetic current densities on the sea surface are analytically realized using the semi-deterministic facet scattering model (SDFSM). Considering Fresnel reflection coefficient, a scheme combining the shooting and bouncing rays (SBR) and the physical theory of diffraction (PTD) is developed to calculate the scattering of the coated objects. Simulation results obtained with the combined method are verified by comparison with exact simulations using the multilevel fast multiple method (MLFMM). Scattering of large coated objects over sea surface composite model are too large and complex to be calculated using exact methods. With the asymptotic approach in this paper, the scattering performance can be analyzed with rather moderate computational efforts. Numerical results of composite scattering from an electric large three-dimensional model, e.g. an airplane target over a randomly rough surface with Pierson Moskowitz (PM) spectrum are presented and discussed.

Efficiency of different spatial and temporal strategies for reducing vertebrate pest populations

Understanding effectiveness of control strategies of pest species is fundamental for planning efficient and cost-effective management programs. In addition to culling rates, there are many potential factors that can determine efficiency of different management strategies, including demographic processes such as immigration rates, birth dynamics, and spatial ecology. We developed a stochastic, data-based simulation model of feral swine population dynamics which accounted for social dynamics in space. We tested the impacts of different spatio-temporal management strategies (i.e., culling rates, timing of culling during the year, spatial pattern of culling and strength of a barrier to immigration) on population response and efficiency. The spatial culling strategy dramatically impacted efficiency of control – using zonation required removal of fewer pigs (up to 46% less) to achieve similar reductions compared with other spatial strategies. Also, our spatially-explicit model predicted that lower culling intensities could be used to achieve population reductions when zonation was applied relative to predictions from harvesting theory based on simple logistic models. As culling intensity increased (≥50% of target population annually) and the target population reached low density (<5% of original density), effects of spatial strategy became less pronounced relative to immigration barrier effects. Lastly, for the same level of moderate culling effort, prioritization of culling during the low-birthing period generally resulted in faster population reduction to near zero abundance relative to prioritization during the high-birthing period, or spreading the work over a year period, but the significance of this effect depended on the spatial culling strategy and culling intensity. Our results imply that continually updating knowledge of current abundance during management may not only be important for determining culling quotas, but also for updating and optimizing management strategies. When the management goal is maximum population control, consideration of birth and spatial dynamics can increase return on management effort and bring to light management inefficiencies.

Students’ Perception about Status of Bedside Teaching in Undergraduate Medical Education of Bangladesh

Introduction: Bedside teaching is the core teaching strategy in the clinical study in undergraduate medical education of Bangladesh. Many of the environments and opportunities available for bedside teaching and learning have changed. Students’ views about current status of bed side teaching in Obstetrics and Gynaecology was studied in this study.Methodology: This was a cross sectional study conducted in seven (three public and four private) medical colleges in Bangladesh from July 2012 to June 2013. A total 578, 5th year MBBS students were enrolled who have completed at least 15 days of bedside teaching in Obstetrics and Gynaecology department. A self-administered structured questionnaire (Annex 1) with a five point Likert scale (1- strongly disagree, 5-strongly agree) was used for obtaining information from the students. The questionnaire had four main sections- physical environment of bedside sessions, issues regarding patient’s comfort and attitude towards patient, teaching tasks, group dynamics and there was a space to write any other comments. Each section had a number of items and total 25 items were observed. For each variable frequency distribution, mean score and standard deviation (SD) were calculated. Here mean score 5- no need of further improvement, as it covered all the required criteria, 4 to &lt;5- very minimum effort, 3 to &lt;4- some effort, 2 to &lt;3= moderate effort, 1to &lt;2= considerable efforts are needed to fulfill the required criteria.Result: The overall mean score on physical environment factors was 2.75(.44), issues regarding patient’s comfort and attitude toward patient was 3.74(.48), teaching tasks was 3.12(.45) and group dynamics was 3.08(.21).Conclusion: In all aspects of bed side teaching minimum to moderate efforts are necessary to make it more effective. The administrators and teachers should ensure comfortable physical environment in bedside teaching and must learn how to involve patients and learners in the educational process. So along with training on general principles of teaching, the clinical teachers should be provided with special training on bedside teaching skills.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2017; 35(4): 163-169

Designing Interventions that Last: A Classification of Environmental Behaviors in Relation to the Activities, Costs, and Effort Involved for Adoption and Maintenance.

Policy makers draw on behavioral research to design interventions that promote the voluntary adoption of environmental behavior in societies. Many environmental behaviors will only be effective if they are maintained over the long-term. In the context of climate change and concerns about future water security, behaviors that involve reducing energy consumption and improving water quality must be continued indefinitely to mitigate global warming and preserve scarce resources. Previous reviews of environmental behavior have focused exclusively on factors related to adoption. This review investigates the factors that influence both adoption and maintenance, and presents a classification of environmental behaviors in terms of the activities, costs, and effort required for both adoption and maintenance. Three categories of behavior are suggested. One-off behaviors involve performing an activity once, such as purchasing an energy efficient washing machine, or signing a petition. Continuous behaviors involve the performance of the same set of behaviors for adoption and for maintenance, such as curbside recycling. Dynamic behaviors involve the performance of different behaviors for adoption and maintenance, such as revegetation. Behaviors can also be classified into four categories related to cost and effort: those that involve little cost and effort for adoption and maintenance, those that involve moderate cost and effort for adoption and maintenance, those that involve a high cost or effort for adoption and less for maintenance, and those that involve less cost or effort for adoption and a higher amount for maintenance. In order to design interventions that last, policy makers should consider the factors that influence the maintenance as well as the adoption of environmental behaviors.

Stochastic Self-Consistent Second-Order Green's Function Method for Correlation Energies of Large Electronic Systems.

The second-order Matsubara Green's function method (GF2) is a robust temperature-dependent quantum chemistry approach, extending beyond the random-phase approximation. However, until now the scope of GF2 applications was quite limited as they require computer resources that rise steeply with system size. In each step of the self-consistent GF2 calculation there are two parts: estimating of the self-energy from the previous step's Green's function and updating the Green's function from the self-energy. The first part formally scales as the fifth power of the system size, while the second has a much gentler cubic scaling. Here, we develop a stochastic approach to GF2 (sGF2), which reduces the fifth power scaling of the first step to merely quadratic, leaving the overall sGF2 scaling as cubic. We apply the method to linear hydrogen chains with up to 1000 electrons, showing that the approach is numerically stable, efficient, and accurate. The stochastic errors are very small, on the order of 0.1% or less of the correlation energy for large systems, with only a moderate computational effort. The first iteration of GF2 is an MP2 calculation that is done in linear scaling; hence we obtain an extremely fast stochastic MP2 (sMP2) method as a byproduct. While here we consider finite systems with large band gaps where at low temperatures effects are negligible, the sGF2 formalism is temperature dependent and general and can be applied to finite or periodic systems with small gaps at finite temperatures.

Public Knowledge and Awareness of Climate Changes Among People in China

Measuring the public understanding, knowledge and perceptions towards recent climate change is become a growing research interest in the last two decades. The public understanding and knowledge can be measured through in-depth individual interviews, questionnaires and case studies. In the present study, the public awareness and knowledge towards climate change was measured using questionnaire which was distributed among 160 individuals in four regions of China (Shenzhen, Foshan, Zhuhai and Guangzhou). In general, the individuals showed moderate knowledge and understanding about climate change issue causes, impacts and suggested solutions. The items measuring “impacts of climate change” and “suggested solutions” were the only significant variables (P&lt;0.05) in the different regions. Other measures did not show significant different in their scores (P&lt;0.05). The self-reported knowledge was high among the respondents (97.5%) which indicate dependence of individuals in the four regions for traditional knowledge to obtain the recent updates and information about climate change. It is concluded that the public understanding and knowledge among individuals in China is moderate and further efforts needed to be done to improve the general knowledge and perception about climate change issue in the different media resources such as TV and newspaper.