Moderate Relationship Research Articles

Relationship Between Types Of Parental Attachment, Levels Of Self-Esteem, And Perceived Academic Performance Among Students In Mixed-Day Secondary Schools In Masinga Sub-County In Machakos County, Kenya

This study investigated the relationship between types of parental attachment, levels of self-esteem and academic performance among students in Mixed-day secondary schools in Masinga Sub- County, Machakos County, Kenya. The objectives included assessing types of parental attachment, examining self-esteem levels, assessing levels of academic performance, and establishing the relationship between these variables. Materials and Methods: The study was informed by Maslow’s theory of need and Bowlby’s attachment theory and adopted correlational research design. The target population comprised 4,796 students, with a sample size of 356 participants selected through simple random sampling. Parental Attachment Questionnaire, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, and Demographic Questionnaires were used to collect data. Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 25) software, descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistics (Pearson’s product-moment correlation analysis) were used to analyze data. Results: The study found that most (53.3%, n = 213) of the participants scored anxious parental attachment, 25.4% (n = 121) were at avoidance parental attachment, and 21.3% (n = 105) had secure parental attachment. It was also found that 70.5% (n = 281) of the participants scored low self-esteem, 6.7% (n = 27) were at high self-esteem and 43.6% (n = 174) were average in academic performance, 42.9% (n = 171) had low academic performance, while 13.5% (n = 54) had a high academic performance. Conclusion: The study established a negative but significant relationship (r = -.852, p =.000) between avoidance parental attachment and self-esteem. There was a moderate significant relationship (r = -.313, p =.000 ≤ 0.05) between anxious parental attachment and self-esteem. There was a high positive significant relationship (r = .766, p =.000 ≤ 0.05) between secure parental attachment and self-esteem. There was a strong positive significant relationship (r = .630, p = .003, ≤ 0.05) between secure attachment style and perceived academic performance. The study recommended that parents should listen to their children and be fully present in their lives. The parents should be made aware of the crucial stage of development of their adolescents and fully collaborate with teachers in school activities whenever they are called upon

The Relationship Between Care Burden and Spiritual Well-Being of Mothers of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Cross-Sectional Study from Türkiye.

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between care burden and spiritual well-being of mothers of children with cerebral palsy and the topics of supportthat mothers need. This study, which was conducted as a relationship seeker, was completed in approximately 7months. Data were collected through interviews with 270 mothers of children with cerebral palsy. A questionnaire, Spiritual Well-Being Scale and Burden Interview Scale was used to collect data. It was found that mothers needed a lot of support, such as requesting an increase in physical therapy hours and the need for financial support. There was a moderate negative relationship between SWBS and BIS (r = - 0.39, p = 0.01). According to the results of this study, we can say that spiritual well-being is related to the care burden of mothers, so nurses caring for these children should understand the burden of the mothers of these children and evaluate spiritual well-being.

Exploring the substitution within clean energy: Evidence from China's top 14 hydropower provinces

This paper quantitatively examines the substitution effects within China's clean energy sector, focusing on the hydropower and new energy generation sectors across the top 14 hydropower-producing provinces, which collectively contribute to over 80 % of the country's total hydropower output. To provide a comprehensive analysis of regions that significantly influence national trends, the study utilizes the Cross-Price Elasticity (CPE) and Morishima Elasticity of Substitution (MES). CPE measures how the quantity demanded of one energy source responds to a change in the price of another, while MES assesses the sensitivity of the ratio between two energy inputs to price changes. A Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model is employed to forecast energy substitution dynamics, offering robust predictive accuracy. The average MES between clean energy and thermal power is 0.663, indicating a moderate substitution relationship, with the effect more pronounced in summer. Additionally, the mean MES between hydropower and new energy generation is 2.067, reflecting a strong substitution effect between these two clean energy forms. Furthermore, the SARIMA model shows a mean squared error (MSE) as low as 0.0006 in some cases, demonstrating its robust predictive accuracy in forecasting energy substitution dynamics. These results offer empirical support for policies aimed at reducing reliance on thermal power and promoting clean energy development in key provinces.

Volumetric correlation of periapical lesion with Orstavik's periapical index: A retrospective cone-beam computed tomographic study.

To assess the correlation among cone-beam computed tomographic periapical volume index (CBCTPAVI) and periapical lesion volume with Orstavik's periapical index (PAI). Seventy-six cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) and periapical radiographic images of single-rooted teeth presenting with apical periodontitis from 42 patients were obtained from a period of March 2023 to April 2024. Two observers evaluated the periapical radiographs and assigned PAI scores. CBCTPAVI was allocated based on the volume of the lesion, which was computed using ITK-SNAP software. Spearman's correlation coefficient was employed to evaluate the association between CBCTPAVI and lesion volume with PAI. A significant and moderate positive relationship between PAI and lesion volume (ρ = 0.553, P < 0.001) as well as between PAI and CBCTPAVI (ρ = 0.506; P < 0.001) was observed. The risk of under/overestimation of results on two-dimensional periapical radiographs exists, despite a favorable connection with volumetric assessment of CBCT images.

Mobilization mechanisms and spatial distribution of arsenic in groundwater of western Bangladesh: Evaluating water quality and health risk using EWQI and Monte Carlo simulation

Arsenic (As) contamination in groundwater is emerging as a significant global concern, posing serious risks to the safety of drinking water and public health. To understand the release mechanisms, mobilization processes, spatial distribution, and probabilistic health risks of As in western Bangladesh, forty-seven samples were collected and analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). The As concentrations in groundwater ranged from 1.97 to 697.4 μg L⁻1 (mean: 229.9), significantly exceeding recommended levels. The dominant hydrochemistry of As-enriched groundwater was Ca–Mg–HCO₃, with the primary sources of arsenic in groundwater being the dissolution of arsenic-bearing minerals in sediment and the recharge of aquifers from the Ganges River Basin. The assessment using the Entropy Water Quality Index revealed that the groundwater is unsuitable for drinking, with 89.36% (n = 42) of the samples surpassing the WHO's limit for arsenic. Rock-water interactions, including calcite dissolution and silicate weathering within the confined aquifer, predominantly influenced hydrochemical properties. The significant relationships among Fe, Mn, and As indicate that the reductive dissolution of FeOOH and/or MnOOH considerably contributes to the release of As from sediment into groundwater. Geochemical modeling analysis revealed that siderite and rhodochrosite precipitate into aquifer solids, suggesting a weak to moderate relationship among As, Fe, and Mn. The long residence time of groundwater, combined with the presence of a clayey aquitard, likely controls the mobilization of arsenic in the aquifer. For the first time, Monte Carlo simulations have been used in arsenic-prone areas to assess the severity of arsenic contamination in western Bangladesh. The analysis indicates that out of 100,000 people, 10 may develop cancer as a result of drinking arsenic-contaminated water, with children being more susceptible than adults.

CEO power and corporate tax avoidance in emerging economies: does ownership structure matter?

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study how CEO power impact corporate tax avoidance. In particular, this paper aims to empirically examine the moderating impact of institutional ownership on the relationship between CEO power and corporate tax avoidance.Design/methodology/approachThe multivariate regression model is used for hypothesis testing using a sample of 308 firm-year observations of Tunisian listed companies during the 2013-2019 period.FindingsThe results show that CEO power is negatively associated with corporate tax avoidance and that institutional ownership significantly accentuates the CEO power’s effect on corporate tax avoidance. This implies that CEOs, when monitored by institutional investors, behave less opportunistically resulting in less tax avoidance.Practical implicationsOur findings have significant implications for managers, legislators, tax authorities and shareholders. They showed that CEO duality, tenure and ownership can mitigate the corporate tax avoidance in Tunisian companies. These findings can, hence, guide the development of future regulations and policies. Moreover, our results provide evidence that owning of shares by institutional investors is beneficial for reducing corporate tax avoidance. Thus, policymakers and regulatory bodies should consider adding regulations to the structure of corporate ownership to promote institutional ownership and consequently control corporate tax avoidance in Tunisian companies.Originality/valueThis study differs from prior studies in several ways. First, it addressed the emerging market, namely the Tunisian one. Knowing the notable differences in institutional setting and corporate governance structure between developed and emerging markets, this study will shed additional light in this area. Second, it proposes the establishment of a moderated relationship between CEO power and corporate tax avoidance around institutional ownership. Unlike prior studies that only examined the simple relationship between CEO power and corporate tax avoidance, this study went further to investigate how institutional ownership potentially moderates this relationship.

Driving Organizational Innovation in Public Healthcare: The Strategic Impact of Inclusive Leadership

In the public sector, it is essential to prioritize innovation and adaptation to efficiently tackle intricate and ever-changing difficulties. The objective of this study is to analyze how inclusive leadership affects the innovative work behavior of employees in the public healthcare sector and to determine the function of public service motivation and leader-member exchange theory in regulating this relationship. To evaluate the study’s hypotheses, data was collected from a field study of 300 public healthcare workers. The data was gathered via structured surveys and analyzed using Hayes' technique with the help of Mplus. The testing was combined with bootstrapping to analyze mediation and moderation relationships in the study. The results show a strong and positive connection between inclusive leadership and employees’ innovative work behavior in the public healthcare sector. Furthermore, the variables of autonomy and competence played a mediating role in the connection between inclusive leadership and individual work behavior. The study also includes a rigorous investigation of its results, as well as an analysis of their implications, limitations, and recommendations for future research endeavors.

Adaptation of Well-being Literacy Scale to Turkish: Validity and Reliability Study

The view that well-being cannot be taught directly to individuals, but rather individuals can be taught to use language to improve their well-being, has led to the concept of "well-being literacy". Recent studies in the field of positive educational practices emphasize the importance of well-being literacy, which is defined as the ability to improve the well-being of oneself and others, in the social field as well as in the field of education. This study aimed to adapt the Well-being Literacy Scale to Turkish and test its validity and reliability in adults. Also, the relationship between well-being literacy, socioeconomic status, perceived general success, and health was investigated. The study group consists of 307 adults, 210 women and 96 men. Personal Information Form, Well-being Literacy Scale, General Well-being Scale Short Form, and Subjective Socio-economic Scale were used as data collection tools. It was found that the Well-being Literacy Scale had good levels of fit index in the confirmatory factor analysis results. Within the scope of criterion validity studies, a positive and moderate relationship was found between the Well-being Literacy Scale and the General Well-being Scale Short Form (r=.413, p=.000). Within the scope of reliability analysis, a .75 test-retest coefficient and a .88 Cronbach Alpha coefficient were determined. The second stage of the study found that the socioeconomic level predicted well-being literacy, though it is very low. Also, it was found that well-being literacy predicted individuals' perceived success at a low level but did not have a significant predictive effect on perceived general health levels. It is suggested that studies to investigate the sources and outputs of well-being literacy, which has started to become an essential focus in positive education practices and social health policies, will contribute to the field. In addition, adapting measurement tools in lower age groups may be necessary to focus on these skills in educational institutions.

The rubber hand illusion questionnaire: An exploratory graph analysis of ownership, referral of touch, and control statements

The rubber hand illusion is a well-known experiment that allows manipulation of one's own body experience. The original questionnaire gauges both the illusion experience and unforeseen experiences acting as control statements. In particular, two statements pertain to the referral of touch originating from the rubber hand (RoT), and one concerns the feeling of ownership of the rubber hand (SoO). Despite its prominence, the rubber hand illusion questionnaire has not undergone thorough examination of its psychometric properties. The literature reveals a tendency to use RoT and SoO statements interchangeably. In this study, we employed Exploratory Graph Analysis to explore the item structure and compared the correlation between SoO and RoT items in various conditions. While SoO and RoT are closely linked, our findings suggest potential separation. SoO and RoT statements consistently correlate, yet hints emerge that RoT might represent a distinct facet of the illusion. Correlations diminish beyond the perihand space, indicating a nuanced relationship. Additionally, moderate relationships between control statements and those measuring the illusion suggest that even control statements are modulated by the illusion experience. This study underscores the need for further exploration into the psychometric properties of body illusion questionnaires, prompting reflections on the interpretation in light of these results.

Factors Related to Compliance in the Implementation of Clinical Pathway by Health Workers in the Treatment Room of Benjamin Guluh Hospital, Kolaka Regency

Introduction: The problem of the implementation of the clinical pathway at Benyamin Guluh hospital is the lack of compliance of health workers in carrying out services in accordance with the clinical pathway format. This study aims to analyze factors related to compliance in the implementation of clinical pathways by health workers in the treatment room of Benyamin Guluh Hospital, Kolaka Regency. Method: Quantitative research with a cross sectional study approach. The population of this study is 151 people, with a sample of 110 people. Sample withdrawal uses cluster random sampling. Data collection uses questionnaires and data from agencies related to the research. Data analysis using chi square test. Result: The results of the study obtained the variable of work commitment (X2count = 12,332 &gt; X2table = 3,841 and Phi (j) = 0,335), communication (X2count = 12,463 &gt; X2table = 3,841 and Phi (j) = 0,337), knowledge (X2count = 10,876 &gt; X2table = 3,841 and Phi (j) = 0,314), and attitude (X2count = 8,759 &gt; X2table = 3,841 and Phi (j) = 0,282). Conclusion: There is a moderate relationship between work commitment, communication, knowledge, and attitude and compliance in the implementation of clinical pathways by health workers in the treatment room of Benjamin Guluh Hospital, Kolaka Regency.

The Influence of Archive Management on the Work Efficiency of Attendants

Work efficiency is the most important factor to achieve organizational goals. Work efficiency will be created if employees can meet the demands of their work so that work results will be better. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of archive management on the work efficiency of employees at the Soppeng Regency Population and Civil Registration Office. This research is classified as a descriptive research with a quantitative approach. The sample in this study amounted to 49 employees of the Soppeng Regency Population and Civil Registration Office with census techniques. In this study, data collection was used observations, questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. Meanwhile, the data analysis technique in this study uses descriptive analysis and inferential statistical analysis. The results of the study explain that the archive management variable is in the very good category, while the employee work efficiency variable is in the very good category. Based on the correlation test of the two variables, namely archive management, it is shown that the work efficiency of employees has a moderate relationship. Based on the T test, conclusions were obtained if there was a positive impact and archive management had a major impact on employee work efficiency

Top 50 most cited articles on social media and healthcare: an altmetric analysis

Introduction. With the surge of data in today's information landscape, transforming this data into actionable knowledge has become increasingly difficult. Tracking and analyzing scientific literature effectively is essential. This study compiles an altmetric list of the 50 most-cited articles on social media and healthcare, aiming to identify critical research and assess its impact on current healthcare trends. Methods. The analysis focused on the terms "Social Media Platforms" and "Healthcare" using the Altmetric database. Articles were ranked by altmetric mentions and analyzed with Microsoft Excel. Data visualization was facilitated through tables, graphs, and keyword graphical visualization using VOSviewer. Results. Key aspects identified include the impact of social media on mental health, medical misinformation, the role of social media in public health communication, and its effects on user behavior. The analysis revealed an average altmetrics score (AAS) of 433.58, with scores ranging from 49 to 4,493. The United States and Great Britain were prominent in the most-cited publications. Leading journals included the Journal of Medical Internet Research and PLOS ONE. Primary themes were mental health, health misinformation, public health, social media behavior, and specific health issues. The Spearman correlation between citations and the altmetric index was rs = 0.369 (p &lt; 0.05), indicating a moderate positive relationship. Conclusion. Altmetric analysis is a valuable complement to traditional bibliometric methods, helping to identify emerging trends and challenges in social media data use. Recommendations include revising analytical approaches and implementing measures to enhance data reliability.

Investigation of Teachers Proactivity, Psychological Well-Being and Professional Satisfaction

The aim of the study was to examine teachers’ proactivity, psychological well-being and professional satisfaction levels and the relationship between them. In order to reach this purpose, a quantitative cross-sectional study, one of the quantitative research methods, was used. Within the scope of the determined purpose, firstly, it was examined whether there was a significant difference in terms of seniority, number of close friends, working in the hometown/abroad, being a teacher/administrator, and marital status. Secondly, it was investigated whether there is a significant relationship between proactivity, psychological well-being and professional satisfaction. The study group of the research consists of 162 teachers working in Kilis. "Abbreviated Proactivity Scale", "Psychological Well-being Scale”, "Occupational Satisfaction Scale” and "Personal Information Form" were used as data collection tools. Independent sample t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. As a result of the study, significant positive relationships were found between proactivity, psychological well-being and occupational satisfaction variables. Regarding demographic variables, it was determined that proactivity differed according to seniority and number of close friends; psychological well-being differed according to the number of close friends and being a teacher/administrator. Professional satisfaction differed according to seniority, number of close friends and working in hometown/abroad. No difference was found in any of the variables of the study according to marital status. There was a moderate positive and significant relationship between psychological well-being and proactivity. A weak positive and significant relationship between psychological well-being and professional satisfaction. A weak positive and significant relationship between proactivity and professional satisfaction. Suggestions were made in line with these results.

Spatiotemporal Rainfall Analysis of El Nino, Neutral and La Nina Years Across Belg and Kiremt Seasons Over Oromia Region Ethiopia

ENSO is the primary natural hazard that contributes to food insecurity and poverty. It has been influencing countries’ climatic regimes for decades, bringing frequent floods and droughts. There is limited knowledge on El Niño and La Niña occurrences that affect agricultural activities in the Oromia Region and occur during the Belg and Kiremt seasons when rainfall is distributed. Evaluating the spatiotemporal rainfall performance of ENSO years spanning Belg and Kiremt seasons rainfall distribution over the research area is the primary goal. For the study’s spatial and temporal analyses, satellite rainfall data from 1981 to 2021 was obtained from CHG-UCSB and https://earlywarning.usgs.gov/fews/ewx_lite/index.html, respectively. The study’s findings demonstrated a substantial association between the Belg and Kiremt seasons spanning El Niño and La Niña periods, with a range of correlation values indicating a weak, moderate, and strong relationship. Because of the spatial and temporal dynamics of this study area, ENSO phases indicate that exceptionally dry years are probably linked to El Niño occurrences in the region, whereas extraordinarily rainy years are likely linked to La Niña events. Seasonal rainfall performance and rainfall variability are impacted by ENSO events and other regional systems, with both positive and negative effects observed throughout the research area. In addition to examining the ENSO (Neutral, El Niño, and La Niña) that have a major impact on the seasonal rainfall performances in the Oromia region, this study also looked at the water availability, yield production, pastoralist and agro-pastoralist activities, and water availability. In summary, the results of this research can help us better understand the mechanisms underlying regional ENSO events and their causes, which will be especially useful when future climate conditions change.

Investigation of the effect of psychological birthorder on perceived parental attitudes and early maladaptive schemas in adults

Aims: The aim of this study is to examine the effect of psychological birth order on perceived parental attitudes and early maladaptive schemas. Methods: In this study, the Psychological Birth Order Inventory, Perceived Parental Attitudes Scale-Child Form, and Young’s Schema Scale were used. The sample consisted of 189 women and 102 men. Relational and predictive analyses were conducted regarding birth order, psychological birth order, perceived parental attitudes, and schema domains. Results: There was a moderate positive relationship between the sibling rank of the women who participated in the study and the emotional deprivation schema area. For female participants, being the middle child was found to have a moderately positive relationship with emotional deprivation, dependence, pessimism, and defectiveness schemas. A weak positive relationship was found between being the middle child and emotional warmth maternal attitude, overprotective mother/father attitude, and rejecting father attitude scores. Conclusion: The study concluded that there is a significant relationship between psychological birth.order and perceived parental attitudes as well as early maladaptive schemas.

The relationship between cognitive function and physical activity, functional status and social participation in older adults: a cross-sectional study

Aims: Cognitive function in older adults has been a topic of growing interest in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between cognitive function and physical activity, functional status, and social participation in older adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 123 older adults aged 65 years and older who met the study’s inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria for the study were as follows: who were aged 65 years or older, literate, volunteering to participate in the study, had no hearing or vision defects that prevented the measurement of the scales used in the study, had no chronic disease that prevented the scales used in the study. The data in the study were collected with sociodemographic form, Montreal cognitive assessment, international physical activity questionnaire, timed-up-and-go test, 10-meter walk test, and Keele assessment of participation. Results: The average age of the participants was 69.5±4.6. The study included 46.3% women and, 57.7% primary school graduates. A positive and moderate relationship was found between cognitive functions and physical activity level, functional status, and social participation in older adults. Additionally, there was a moderate positive relationship found between the level of physical activity, functional status, and social participation. In the cognitive function risk model, it was found that age, education level, and social participation significantly impact cognitive functions in older adults. Conclusion: Increasing physical activity, functionality, and especially social participation in older adults can be considered an important intervention to protect and improve the cognitive functions of older adults.

Effect of internet usage on the life satisfaction of the elderly spousal caregivers of disabled elderly

This empirical study examines the impact of internet usage on the life satisfaction of spousal caregivers responsible for elderly individuals with disabilities. Utilizing data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), released in November 2023, we analyzed the health status and life satisfaction of these caregivers in the context of the recent rapid development of the internet. A stratified Proportionate to Size Sampling (PPS) approach was employed in this investigation. We assessed whether the life satisfaction of spousal caregivers is associated with internet use and whether internet adoption can moderate intergenerational relationships, interpersonal interactions, and political engagement among these caregivers. The study analyzed a sample of 760 individuals, with an average age of 60.31 years, and rural households comprising 77.14% of the sample. Our findings indicate a positive correlation between internet usage and the life satisfaction of spousal caregivers. This result enhances our understanding of the relationship between internet usage and life satisfaction in this context. Furthermore, this study supports the advancement of internet access for the aging population, assists elderly individuals in bridging the digital divide, and provides a theoretical foundation for the development of targeted, elderly-friendly internet policies by the government.

The relationship between self-control and academic achievement: A meta-analysis investigation

Many studies have reported a significant relationship between self-control and academic achievement, although the strength of this relationship varies across studies. Moderator factors that influence the relationship between the two variables have yet to be clearly defined. Therefore, this meta-analysis aims further to explore the relationship between self-control and academic achievement and investigate moderating factors that may affect the strength of the relationship. The study involved 70 samples drawn from 16 primary studies published between 2005 and 2018. Data analysis was conducted using a random effects model with a significance level of α = 5%. In addition to the main analysis, six moderator variables were analyzed, namely education level, geographical region, self-control measurement tool, academic achievement measurement tool, and publication year. All analyses were conducted with the help of JASP software. The analysis of the 70 samples showed a moderate positive relationship between self-control and academic achievement (r = 0.32, p 0.001). Analysis of the moderator variables showed that all of these variables had a significant effect on the strength of the relationship between self-control and academic performance. Based on education level, the positive relationship was stronger in studies involving mixed participants and weakest in studies involving university students. The relationship was also stronger in studies involving students in the United States compared to students in Africa and Europe, using the ISC scale to measure self-control compared to the BSCS and other scales and using grade point average (GPA) as a measure of academic achievement compared to other measures. Potential explanations and implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.

Heritability and Genetic Correlations of Carcass and Meat Quality Traits in White and Brown Strains of Japanese Quail

Successful breeding programs for Japanese quails rely on accurately estimating genetic parameters linked to economically important traits such as body weight, carcass characteristics, and meat quality. The objective of the present study was to evaluate body weight (BW) characteristics, carcass attributes, and their genetic correlations with select meat quality traits in two strains of Japanese quail (white and brown). A total of 530 quail chicks, with 265 from each strain, were included in the analysis. At six weeks of age, the quails were slaughtered, and carcass traits as well as amino acid profiles were measured. For BW traits, the heritability (h2) estimates ranged from 0.27 at d 1 to 0.36 at d 42. The h2 estimated for carcass traits ranged from 0.19 for liver weight, to 0.42 for carcass yield (CY). The h2 estimated for drip loss (DL) of meat quality was 0.21, and the h2 estimate was 0.35 for the meat's ultimate Ph (Phu). White quail quails recorded the heaviest weight of all carcass traits. Also, white quails had the highest water-holding capacity (WHC), yellowness (b*), and lightness (L*) with the lowest level of DL, cooking losses (CL), and redness (a*) in muscles compared with brown quails. A high genetic correlation of 0.32 was noted between CW carcass weight (CW) and b*. For the pHU, a negative correlation of -0.11 was exhibited with BW. In contrast, L* appeared to have a positive but smaller relationship with CW and CY. High negative correlations were noted for b* with BW and CY -0.24 and -0.27, respectively. The CW showed a moderate relationship (0.19) with CL. In conclusion, the current study revealed that the white quail strain had high BW, as well as the finest carcass traits and meat quality. Therefore, white plumage Japanese quail might be preferred as a meat-producing strain. Keywords: Amino acid, Carcass, Genetic correlation, Meat quality, Heritability, Quail

Exploring The Relationship between Self-Efficacy and Second Language Writing Anxiety Among Saudi EFL Students: A Correlational Study

Students face many difficulties in writing in a second language. Writing anxiety is considered one of the factors that affect students’ writing proficiency. The current study focused on exploring the relationship between writing anxiety and students’ self-efficacy. This study investigated the relationship between writing anxiety and self-efficacy among preparatory-year students at Majmaah University. The study followed a quantitative research design where data were collected through two questionnaires: Language Writing Anxiety Inventory (SLWAI) by Cheng (2004b) and Erkan and Saban’s self-efficacy scale (2011) 99 EFL Preparatory Year students participated in this study. Participants were provided with the questionnaire at the end of the first semester of 2023, and they were randomly selected. The findings of the study showed that the level of self-efficacy among preparatory-year students was moderate, while the level of writing anxiety among students was moderate. Correlation analysis revealed that there’s a moderate negative relationship between writing anxiety and self-efficacy.