Moderating Effects Of Personality Traits Research Articles

Is transformational leadership always good for innovation? The moderating effect of transformational leadership on the personality–innovativeness link through knowledge sharing

PurposeBased on the model of Big-Five personality traits and theories of person–environment interaction, this study aims to investigate the moderating effects of personality traits on innovativeness through knowledge sharing (KS).Design/methodology/approachA sample of 318 Vietnamese employees was collected. The hypothesized model was tested by using partial least squares structural equation modelling.FindingsThe results indicate that extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness to experience have relationships with innovativeness through the mediating effect of KS. Furthermore, transformational leadership (TL) mitigates the positive relationship between agreeableness and openness to experience and innovativeness.Practical implicationsBased on the research results, the authors suggest several practical implications for enhancing employees' innovative organizational behaviours. Transformational leaders should be aware of and control the relationships with employees high in agreeableness and open to experience to ensure that employees' innovativeness can be freely developed.Originality/valueThis research systematically investigates the effect of each personality on employees' innovativeness. Furthermore, this study contributes to the leadership literature by suggesting the dark side of TL that can negatively influence the innovative ability of employees with certain personality traits.

The effect of high emotionally intelligent teachers on their teaching effectiveness at universities: the moderating effect of personality traits

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to answer two basic research questions: “Does high emotional intelligence affect teaching effectiveness at universities?” and “What role do personality traits play in moderating that relationship?”Design/methodology/approachThe paper is a quantitative study using self-reporting questionnaires on 410 students and 32 faculty members. The resulting relationships and model fit are confirmed using SEM.FindingsThe paper shows the importance of high emotional intelligent teachers in universities to increase teaching effectiveness. The paper also shows that the personality traits of the teacher moderate this positive relationship.Research limitations/implicationsThe study uses students' responses. Students might negatively assess their professors for different purposes. This puts in question the reliability of student ratings, especially when taking into consideration students' mood.Practical implicationsThe paper makes two major recommendations to universities. The first recommendation is to hire emotionally intelligent teachers. The second recommendation is to conduct emotional intelligence workshops for existing teachers in order to improve their EI skills. Both recommendations will increase teaching effectiveness, therefore, better learning and a higher chance of better students' academic achievement, better teacher-student relationship, higher students' satisfaction and better university environment/teaching reputation.Originality/valueThe research model is tested for the first time in the Lebanese higher educational sector.

Who benefits more from mindfulness? A preliminary study exploring moderating effect of personality traits on competition anxiety in athletes

Objective Mindfulness can help athletes better regulate their emotions, and analyzing personality traits may help identify those who would benefit more from psychological intervention activities to optimize subsequent training effects. This study sought to examine the effects of mindfulness training on athletes’ competition anxiety and to consider the role of personality traits. Methods Fifty athletes (mean age = 21.87 years, SD = 1.62; 23 females and 27 males) were randomly assigned to a mindfulness group (n = 23), which received 8 weeks of mindfulness training, and a control group (n = 27) receiving no intervention. The athletes’ personality traits, mindfulness level, and competition anxiety were measured according to the study plan before and after mindfulness training, and at an 8-week follow up. Results Compared with the control group, mindfulness training had a positive effect on the level of mindfulness and self-confidence in the mindfulness group, as well as a greater improvement in cognitive/somatic state anxiety. Improvements remained stable from the end of training to follow up. Additionally, athletes with high activity and high extraversion had more improvement in mindfulness levels and cognitive/somatic state anxiety, respectively, while athletes with low neuroticism demonstrated greater improvement in self-confidence. Conclusions Mindfulness training helps to reduce athletes’ competition anxieties, and personality traits might affect the improvement effect to a certain extent, which provided a reference for optimizing mindfulness training and developing more personalized psychological training for athletes who display certain personality traits.

Impact of work demand constraints on psychological distress through workplace bullying and personality traits: A moderated-mediation model.

This study addressed the human aspects of sustainable development in organizations by applying work demand resource theory and the main focus of the study is to investigate the negative aspects of workplace bullying on human's mental health. This study investigated how the work demand constraints play a role in increasing psychological distress among employees through the mediation of workplace bullying. This study also considers personality traits that play a role in preventing psychological distress resulting from workplace bullying. The authors collected data by means of a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed among 1000 employees selected using a systematic sampling technique, patronized among three service sectors: the health sector, education sector, and forest department in the city of Lahore in Pakistan. The data was analyzed by employing Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using Smart PLS 3.3.3. Results of this study reveal that work demand constraints (WDC) play a significant role in workplace bullying and impact increasing psychological distress. Personality traits play a moderating role between work demand constraints and workplace bullying behavior on the one hand and psychological distress on the other hand; however, openness to experiences was found to have a moderating relationship between work demand constraints and workplace bullying. Meanwhile, agreeableness and openness to experiences were found to have a moderating relationship between work demand constraints (WDC) and psychological distress. This study also has practical implications for employers, such as providing psychological counseling, personality development training at the workplace etc. The relationship of work demand constraints with psychological distress and workplace bullying through direct and indirect moderating effects of personality traits in Pakistan's service sector are unique contributions of this study.

Local Support on Sports Tourism Development: An Integration of Emotional Solidarity and Social Exchange Theory

Globally, sports tourism is considered a vital type of tourism that combines sports and tourism to attract tourists, contribute to the economy, and promote local culture. Despite its straightforward relevance, the current literature finds some drawbacks of the social exchange theory (SET) in modeling local support in tourism development, particularly when dealing with emotional interactions among tourists and locals. Thus, this study integrates the emotional solidarity construct (i.e., welcoming nature, sympathetic understanding, and emotional closeness), residents’ attitudes, and the extension of SET (i.e., support for sports tourism, community contribution, and future support for sports tourism development) to model the residents’ support for future sports tourism development, with personality traits as a moderating variable between emotional solidarity and attitude. This study uses random sampling to obtain the response from 1004 residents in Danao City (Philippines)—an emerging destination for sporting events. Furthermore, partial least squares—structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) is utilized to examine the direct relationships among the exogenous and endogenous constructs and the moderating effect of personality traits (i.e., Big Five personality traits). The results revealed that all direct relationships were supported, indicating that those emotional interactions among tourists and residents would affect the latter’s view on their support for sports tourism which would consequently translate to support for future development agenda. However, the moderating effect of the personality traits was not supported. Furthermore, a multigroup analysis was conducted to gain more profound implications on the varying attitudes of the residents towards sports tourism. Based on the study’s findings, insights were drawn for governments to design specific measures for developing sports tourism in view of local support.

THE FACTORS INFLUENCING AGROPRENEURS’ INTENTION USING TPB: A STUDY OF FERTIGATION PROGRAMME IN SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

Malaysia has been continuously practicing the fertigation system, which is applying fertiliser solutions with irrigation water, typically through a micro-sprinkler or a drip system. This system has helped numerous small and medium-scale agropreneurs (agriculture entrepreneur) develop constant business. At a larger scale, fertigation is a means to address food security issues. Many small and medium-scale agropreneurs apply fertigation techniques in their crop cultivation. What are the underlying factors that cause them to continue using these techniques in their cultivation practices? To what extent do their intentions in crop production using fertigation techniques measured? This study sought to investigate the factors that affect small and medium-scale agropreneurs’ intention to continue practicing fertigation techniques in their agricultural activities. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this study examined 319 small and medium-scale agropreneurs’ intentions and the moderating effect of personality traits under Farmer’s Organization Authority (FOA) agency. The results revealed that the interests of FOA participants were determined significantly by subjective norms and personality traits while attitude, perceived behavioral control did not affect their intentions. Household income, number of household, age and education similarly provides significant effect of the agropreneurs’ intention. The findings of this study lead to the success of the fertigation program conducted and can further maximise the application of this technique to the cultivation of diverse crops. Additionally, the framework used can be adapted in various agricultural subsectors such as crop production, animal production, fisheries and agribusiness .Keywords: Intention, personality traits, small and medium scale agropreneurs, agricultural entrepreneurship, attitude, Theory of Planned Behavior

The moderating effect of personality traits on acute tinnitus sensation in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

People may experience tinnitus after sudden hearing impairment. The details of the relationship between tinnitus improvement and hearing recovery are still unclear. Personality traits may play a role in the modulation of tinnitus sensation. We investigated the moderating effect of personality traits on pretreatment and posttreatment tinnitus sensation in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSHL). This prospective longitudinal study enrolled 33 patients diagnosed with unilateral ISSHL and acute tinnitus in 2018-2019 at one institute. Clinical data were collected before and after treatment, including results of pure-tone audiometry (PTA), the Clinical Tinnitus Questionnaire (CTQ), the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), tinnitus loudness and annoyance (Visual Analog Scale; VAS), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Big Five Inventory (BFI)-44. Eighteen men and 15 women with an average age of 48.3 ± 15.8 years were enrolled. The pretreatment hearing threshold and THI score were 58.0 ± 27.4 dB HL and 42.9 ± 26.2 (range: 0-88), respectively; the posttreatment values were 39.8 ± 22.4 dB HL and 20.7 ± 22.5 (range: 0-64), respectively. There were significant differences between pretreatment and posttreatment hearing thresholds as well as THI, VAS, and HADS scores (p < 0.001) but not BFI-44 results. Neuroticism and openness had significant positive and negative correlations, respectively, with acute tinnitus stress before treatment (r = 0.561, p = 0.001; r = -0.359, p = 0.040). After 3 months of follow-up, all patients were analyzed separately by dividing them into recovery (n = 16) and nonrecovery groups (n = 14) according to their hearing improvement status by Siegel's criteria. Neuroticism showed a significant moderating effect on acute tinnitus sensation in the ISSHL recovery group (p < 0.001) but not in the nonrecovery group (p = 0.106). Neuroticism and openness may affect acute tinnitus stress in ISSHL patients. Practitioners should consider personality traits when managing ISSHL patients with bothersome tinnitus.

Local food consumption values and attitude formation: the moderating effect of food neophilia and neophobia

PurposeThe local food tourism in Pakistan is increasing rapidly, and it attracts scholars to determine the factors affecting local food tourists' buying choices. Particularly, the authors aim to investigate the role of food consumption values on predicting domestic tourists' attitude toward local food and its effect on the intention to try local food with the moderating effect of personality traits (neophobia and neophilia).Design/methodology/approachThe authors tested the study model on 250 completed responses from local food tourists. They collected the data from three tourism locations (Islamabad, Rawalpindi and Peshawar) in Pakistan. Their study utilizes the consumption value theory within the limits of Pakistan's local food tourism.FindingsThe empirical findings show that consumption values, such as price, emotion, interaction, epistemic value, location value and variety value, effectively explain the domestic tourists' attitude toward local food. The authors further report that food neophilia strengthens the local tourists' positive reception toward the local food. However, food neophobia weakens the direction between local tourists' attitude toward local food and the intention to try local food.Practical implicationsThis study provides insights pertaining to tourists' local food consumption values (LFCVs) to a local destination owner and marketing manager to strategically work on LFCVs that are crucial for domestic tourists to derive their intention to try local food. Practitioners should work on domestic tourists who possess food neophobia trait and enquire them for their rejection or avoidance of a particular local destination. This will enable practitioners to bring innovation and development in the local destination, which ultimately promote local food tourism.Originality/valueThis study is the first to incorporate the variety and local value in tourists' LFCVs to predict local tourists' attitude toward local food. Additionally, the authors contribute to local food tourism by empirically studying the moderating role of personality traits (food neophilia and food neophobia) to examine the direction between local tourists' attitude and intention to local food.

The association between the suicide crisis syndrome and suicidal behaviors: The moderating role of personality traits.

Personality traits have been associated with long-term suicide risk but their relationship with short-term risk is still unknown. Therefore, to address this gap, we explored the moderating effect of personality traits on the relationship between the Suicide Crisis Syndrome (SCS) and short-term suicidal behaviors (SB). Adult participants (N = 459) were administered the Suicide Crisis Inventory (SCI), a validated self-report questionnaire designed to measure the intensity of the Suicidal Crisis Syndrome, the Big Five Inventory for personality traits, and the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale for SB at intake and at a 1-month follow-up. The PROCESS macro in SPSS was used to test the moderation model. Covariates hypothesized to influence the results were added: age, gender, ethnicity, years of education, and depressive symptomatology on the Beck Depression Inventory. This study was a secondary analysis drawn from a larger study on the SCS. SCI total score had a significant positive relationship with SB at the 1-month follow-up for patients with lower levels of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness, respectively. Hence, these four traits were protective against SB. There was an association between SCI and SB for patients with high levels of neuroticism at the 1-month follow-up. High levels of neuroticism served as a risk factor, whereas high levels of the other Big Five traits were protective factors against short-term SB in the context of elevated SCS symptoms. Thus, personality traits play a role in moderating the relationship between the SCS and imminent SB.

Adoption of online streaming services: moderating role of personality traits

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the adoption of online streaming services from the technology acceptance perspective. A conceptual model incorporating personality traits with the technology acceptance model (TAM) is proposed and tested to predict user's intention to use online streaming services. Apart from the direct effects of personality traits on TAM variables, the study also examines the moderating effect of personality traits on TAM relationships.Design/methodology/approachTo test the proposed model, a structured questionnaire was developed by adapting existing scales for the constructs to suit the online streaming services context. The data for the study were collected from online streaming services users in India. The model was tested using structural equation modeling using AMOS 18. Moderation analysis was performed using the PROCESS MACRO.FindingsThe findings suggest that perceived ease of use, subjective norms and technology anxiety affect intention to use online streaming services. Self-efficacy was found to affect perceived ease of use positively, and technology anxiety was found to have a negative effect on perceived usefulness. The results also evidenced the moderating role of self-efficacy and technology anxiety.Originality/valueThe paper explores the adoption of online streaming services from the technology acceptance perspective. Further, very few studies have examined the moderating role of personality traits in technology adoption. This paper attempts to fill this gap. It expands the understanding of technology adoption literature by assessing the direct as well as moderating effect of personality traits.

Moderating effect of personality traits on the relationship between risk-taking behaviour and self-injury among first-year university students

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to examine the moderating effect of personality traits on the relationship between risk-taking behaviour and self-injury among first-year university students. Method A correlational survey design was utilised. A multistage sampling procedure was utilised to select the study sample. Three hundred and twelve university first-year students of a South African university consisting of 126 males and 186 females aged between 17 and 19 years participated in the study. Data collected were analysed with SPSS v.24 at 0.05 significant level. Results Agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism significantly correlated with self-injury. Openness to experience significantly moderated the relationship between risk-taking behaviour and self-injury (B = −0.013, SE = .005, p = .012). The relationship was positive and statistically significant at low, average, and high levels of openness to experience. The relationship, was, however, the strongest at low openness to experience point. Discussion It was concluded that the predictive impact of risk-taking behaviour on self-injury of university first-year students is enhanced by openness to experience personality trait. It was recommended that risk assessments and measures aiming to prevent/reduce self-harm among students be embraced by high institutions.

The Impact of Personality Traits on the Burnout promoting Effect of poor Supervisor Support

The skill of supervisors to provide adequate social support is an indispensable prerequisite for the economic success of the organization. The two-way relationship (dyad) between the leader and the led, is in the focus of this investigation. For this research in the field of social support, the moderating effects of personality traits have been considered. The question arises, as to whether they can compensate or moderate inadequate social support from supervisors and its effects on burnout. The sample comprises of managers in middle management (N=338) from different German automotive suppliers. In the examination, the Survey of Perceived Supervisor Support (SPSS), the German version (MBI-D) of the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the 10-Item Big-Five Inventory (BFI-10) were used. It was postulated that &amp;ldquo;neuroticism&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;openness&amp;rdquo; &amp;amp; &amp;ldquo;conscientiousness&amp;rdquo; have no, but &amp;ldquo;extraversion&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;agreeableness&amp;rdquo; have a moderating effect between &amp;ldquo;perceived supervisor support&amp;rdquo; and the three burnout dimensions. After all, no moderating effect for all Big-5 traits was observed. Nonetheless, a negative significant correlation between the personality dimensions &amp;ldquo;openness&amp;rdquo; and the MBI dimensions &amp;ldquo;emotional exhaustion&amp;rdquo; (r=-.245, p&amp;lt;.05) and &amp;ldquo;depersonalization&amp;rdquo; (r=-.301, p&amp;lt;.01) was found. Furthermore, there is a significant connection between &amp;ldquo;neuroticism&amp;rdquo; with the MBI dimension of &amp;ldquo;reduced personal accomplishment&amp;rdquo; (r=.396, p&amp;lt;.01).

Emotional Labor in Health Care: The Moderating Roles of Personality and the Mediating Role of Sleep on Job Performance and Satisfaction.

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of emotional labor on job performance and satisfaction, as well as to examine the mediating effect of sleep problems and the moderating effects of personality traits. A time-lagged study was conducted on 864 health professionals. Scales for emotional labor, sleep, personality traits, and job satisfaction were used and job performance data was obtained from records maintained by human resources. Structural equation modeling was performed to investigate the relations. Sleep problems only partially mediated the relationship between surface acting and job satisfaction but completely mediated the relationship between surface acting and job performance. Several personality traits were shown to moderate the relationship between surface acting and sleep problems. The effects were stronger for people with low agreeableness and high neuroticism. The relationship between high levels of deep acting and low levels of sleep problems was more pronounced in individuals with low extraversion. Supervisors should be conscious of emotional labor in the work context and provide necessary deep acting training to facilitate emotional regulation.

Is Negative Campaigning a Matter of Taste? Political Attacks, Incivility, and the Moderating Role of Individual Differences

We test how individual differences moderate the attitudinal effects of attack politics in two online experiments among US respondents, surveyed through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk ( N = 1,408 and N = 1,081). Study 1 tests the moderating effect of personality traits (Big Five, Dark Triad) on the effectiveness of character vs. policy attacks. Study 2 investigates the difference between civil and uncivil attacks and explores the moderating effect of Big Five, Dark Triad, tolerance to negativity and conflict avoidance. Results suggest that the effects of negativity and incivility are not uniform across all respondents. For instance, evaluations of the sponsor are more negative after exposure to negative messages for respondents high in conflict avoidance; respondents high in psychopathy are more likely to have a more negative opinion of the target after being exposed to character attacks, whereas incivility worsen the perception of the target for individuals low in conflict avoidance and agreeableness. Harsher campaigns, in other terms, work particularly well for some – and are particularly rejected by others. The implications of these trends are discussed.

Sharing with a stranger: people are more generous with time than money

ABSTRACT With the present study, we tested whether generosity changes dependent on money or time being shared. During the experiment, participants N = 371 (MAge = 37.5 years, 38.8% female) completed questionnaires measuring social value orientation, moral identity centrality, and honesty-humility. The opportunity cost of time spent on a real effort task was measured with an incentivized method. Then, participants played two versions of a dictator game: either in a standard dictator game, where participants could share payoffs from the real effort task; or in a time dictator game, where participants decided how long they want to work for another participant’s payoff. We tested three hypotheses. (a) Time and money are not equivalent, and participants are more generous with time than with money. (b) Giving time results in higher positive affect than giving money. (c) Participants’ social value orientation, moral identity centrality, and honesty-humility explain the difference between the donations of time and money, and personality traits will have a stronger impact on time decisions than on monetary decisions. We found that approximately 50% of participants were more generous when giving time, this effect was not dependent on the opportunity cost of time. We think that our experiment is the first experiment to unambiguously show this effect. Furthermore, generosity was not related to positive affect and we found no moderating effect of personality traits.

Work and depression: The moderating role of personality traits

Background: Some stress theories argue that the effects of stressors are moderated by the individual perception of stressors. Personality traits may thus moderate the relationship between work stressors and depression. Objective and method: This study aims to verify the moderating effect of personality traits on the relationship between work conditions and depression. Multilevel regression analyzes were performed on a sample of 1957 workers employed in 63 Quebec firms. Work variables included skill utilization, decision authority, psychological demands, physical demands, job insecurity, irregular schedule, number of working hours, social support from colleagues and supervisors, and personality traits included self-esteem, locus of control, Big Five. Results and conclusion: Certain specific personality traits (self-esteem, locus of control) and general personality traits (openness, extraversion, and conscientiousness) play a moderating role on the relationship between working conditions (skill utilization, physical demands, support from colleagues, job insecurity) and depression. The results of this study may be useful in some human resource management activities, particularly career management, promotions management, and personnel selection. Additional research will, however, be necessary to gain a more complete understanding of the full range of determinants affecting depression.

Direct and moderating effects of personality on stigma towards mental illness

BackgroundWhile many studies have explored the concept and correlates of stigma towards individuals with mental illness, few have investigated the role of personality in this process. In the current study, we firstly examined the relationship between personality and stigma towards mental illness; and then explored the moderating effects of personality traits on the relationship between contact experience/s and stigma.MethodsParticipants were recruited from public medical (N = 502) and nursing schools (N = 500) from April to September 2016 in Singapore for this cross-sectional survey, and they were randomly assigned to a vignette describing one of the following mental disorders: major depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, alcohol abuse, schizophrenia, and dementia. Stigma was measured by the ‘Personal and Perceived scales of the Depression Stigma Scale’ and the ‘Social Distance Scale’. These scales together had a 3-factor structure based on a previous national study in Singapore, namely ‘weak-not-sick’, ‘dangerous/unpredictable’ and ‘social distance’. Personality was measured by the 20-item short form of the International Personality Item Pool-five factor model measure.ResultsRegression suggested agreeableness and openness to experience were negatively associated with all three domains of stigma. ‘Weak-not-sick’ and extraversion were positively associated; and ‘social distance’ was positively associated with higher scores on conscientiousness and neuroticism. Both close- and non-close contact were associated with more positive attitudes towards mental illness among the participants. Openness to experience moderated the relationships of close contact experience with ‘weak-not-sick’ and ‘dangerous/unpredictable’, but in different directions. The association between close contact and ‘social distance’ were moderated by agreeableness.ConclusionsUnlike non-close contact experience, close contact with people with mental illness worked differently on stigma for individuals with different personality traits. Future studies are needed to further explore the underlying mechanisms for such differences.

Examining the moderating role of personality traits in the relationship between brand trust and brand loyalty

PurposeThe purpose of this empirical study is to investigate both the relationships among brand satisfaction, trust and loyalty and the moderating effects of personality traits, namely, consumer innovativeness, variety-seeking and relationship proneness, in the context of fast-moving consumer goods.Design/methodology/approachData were collected using a survey of 443 consumers. Structural equation modeling, specifically partial least squares regression, was used to test the theoretical model.FindingsThe findings indicate that brand loyalty is the most affected (both directly and indirectly) by satisfaction through the mediation of brand trust in both product categories studied. Moreover, variety-seeking behavior negatively moderates the relationship between brand trust and brand loyalty for fruit juices.Research limitations/implicationsThis research was conducted in the context of fast-moving consumer goods within a limited geographical region. Future research could apply this model to different contexts and countries.Practical implicationsCompanies that produce fast-moving consumer goods are advised to consider the important role of satisfaction in the generation of trust, which leads to brand loyalty.Originality/valueThis study proposes and tests a theoretical model that is more comprehensive than the models used in previous studies because it investigates the relationships among satisfaction, trust, loyalty and personality traits. It is the first attempt to examine the moderating effects of consumer innovativeness, variety-seeking and relationship proneness on the relationship between brand trust and loyalty.

Perceptions of transformational leadership and job satisfaction: The roles of personality traits and psychological empowerment

AbstractThrough two studies, this paper investigates the moderating effects of personality traits (i.e., extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness and neuroticism) and the mediating effect of psychological empowerment on the relationship between perceived transformational leadership and job satisfaction. Study 1 searches whether personality traits moderate the effects of perceived transformational leadership on followers’ job satisfaction. Using a sample of 221 R&amp;D employees employed by information technology organizations, the results of Study 1 indicate that the more conscientious the employee, the stronger the relationship between perceived transformational leadership and job satisfaction. Study 2 explores whether psychological empowerment mediates the effects of perceived transformational leadership on followers’ job satisfaction. Based on data from 348 academics, the results support the mediating role of psychological empowerment on job satisfaction, in that when employees perceive their leader as transformational they feel more psychologically empowered, which in turn increases job satisfaction levels. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Addressing Differences Between Inbound and Outbound Agents for Effective Call Center Management

To contribute to the management of blended call centers, researchers explored the moderating effects of personality traits and organizational identification on the turnover intention of inbound and outbound agents in a Canadian call center. The results reveal that the level of organizational identification among inbound agents is lower than it is among outbound agents. Contrary to previous research, however, turnover intention among inbound employees was found to be lower than that among outbound employees. The results also illustrate that openness to experience, which serves to reduce turnover intention, is a trait common to both types of call center agents. The finding that two personality traits—conscientiousness and emotional stability—have a positive impact on organizational identification for both inbound and outbound call center agents can be used to improve recruitment selection processes at call centers of all types.