Moderate Tone Research Articles

Association of Electrical Resistance of Vaginal Mucus (ERVM) with Follicle Diameter and Conception Rate in Crossbred Dairy Cows

Background: Estrus detection by observing behavioral signs are time consuming and ineffective method that causes approximately 21 days loss with a significant financial consequence. This study highlights the value of electrical resistance of vaginal mucus (ERVM) during estrus and its association with genital changes, follicle diameter and first service conception rate (FSCR) in crossbred cows. Methods: A total of 400 cows were selected from different states of North-East, India, out of which 200 numbers of cows were examined to determine the ERVM value prior to artificial insemination (AI) by using Draminski estrus detector.The remaining 200 number of animals were examined for studying the association of ERVM with genital changes, follicle diameter and FSCR.The ERVM value obtained prior to AI was divided into three groups such as 150-200 (Group I), 201-250(Group II) and 251-290 (Group III) ohm, comprising 50 animals in each group. A control groups comprising 50 animals were kept in the study.The genital changes were recorded by transrectal palpation and follicle diameters were recorded by using transrectal ultrasonographic (USG) probe. Result: The mean ERVM value prior to AI was 196.26±1.25 ohm.The lowest ERVM value (150-200 and 201-250 ohm) was closely associated with free flowing vaginal discharge, open cervix, moderate tone of uterus and mature graffian follicle.The follicles diameters were differed significantly between groups. The FSCR was found to be higher when the cows were inseminated at ERVM value from 201-250 ohm. The result suggested that, ERVM value can be consider as a suitable tool for detection of proper time of AI in cows.

The Content of Tweets and the Usefulness of YouTube and Instagram in Corporate Communication

This study examines the content of corporate tweets related to earnings announcements and the incremental usefulness of YouTube and Instagram in disseminating earnings news. Textual analysis of tweets reveals that investors react more strongly to a firm’s communication on Twitter when it (i) includes financial information, (ii) mentions the CEO or the CFO, (iii) includes a visual element, and (iv) posts are written in a moderate tone. Tweets related to earnings announcements are particularly useful when retail ownership is high. Incrementally to Twitter, YouTube videos and Instagram posts do not have, on average, positive incremental effects on the price response to earnings news.

Antiwar campaign of the British Labour Party in the early World War I

This article is dedicated to the protest campaign of Labour Party of Great Britain, which unfolded in the early World War I. Based on the range of sources, such as socialist workers’ press of Great Britain, party documents, parliamentary debated, the author sets a goal to examine the key arguments of the opponents, namely activists of the Independent Workers’ Party, which became a stronghold of antiwar sentiment of the Labours. Special attention is given to such publicists as R. MacDonald and K. Hardy. The article also traces the evolution of antiwar campaign and reveals the reasons. Research methodology is based on the systematic approach towards analysis of public speeches of British activists printed in the workers' socialist publications of antiwar orientation. It is demonstrated how in the space of a few days, in August 1914, the moods of majority of the British workers changed dramatically, from unreserved condemnation of the war expressed in the slogans of the Second International towards support of the government in the fight against militaristic Germany. The conclusion is drawn that in the initial months of war, the antiwar campaign has experienced significant transformation. If in the early period it was characterized mostly by the emotional and somewhat sarcastic rhetoric, then later on the background of tremendous human losses, the campaign adopted a rather moderate tone. Attempts of the publicists to grasp on causes of war and focus the need to rebuild society after its completion comes to the forefront.

Imagem e poder

Esse artigo analisa a simbologia por trás da imagem do vereador Carlos Bolsonaro (PSC-RJ), filho do presidente Jair Bolsonaro, na posse de seu pai como presidente da República em 1 de janeiro de 2019. O vereador desfilou no rolls-royce numa explicitação do complexo jogo de relações que define seu sentido, muito além da mera imagem do dia da posse. Analisamos a imagem fotográfica do dia da posse em comparação com todas as posses dos presidentes eleitos desde a redemocratização do país, em 1985. Entendemos que o filho do presidente cumpre um papel importante nessa lógica de guerra cultural, típica das redes sociais. Há coisas duras que um presidente não pode dizer. É útil ter quem diga por ele. Assim, o presidente se preserva (ou deveria), adotando tom mais moderado (deveria), como pede o cargo, mas tem um aliado estratégico.Como referencial teórico utilizamos Jacques Rancière e Maria Helena Weber.

Politics of Oil and Natural Gas vis-à-vis the Foreign Policy of Iran

:This study discusses the relationship of Iran’s oil and gas resources with its foreign policy. Because these resources play a major role in government power, they serve as a major focus of Iran’s governmental policy and relations with other countries. Our review led us to conclude that despite Iran’s abundant reserves – the world’s fourth-largest crude oil and largest natural gas reserves-international powers influenced the country’s foreign policy sufficiently for Iran to decrease its oil production. The authors will demonstrate how fluctuations in oil and natural gas production were the outcome of a globalized structure that affected instability in Iran’s foreign policy in specific ways. Our conceptual investigation of energy politics after the 1979 revolution revealed different policies that caused numerous concerns for the new government. While Iran’s politicians strove to retain the Islamic Republic above all, both doctrine and foreign policy revolved circuitously from a radical 1979 Revolution position to renewed radical position in 2005 with two intermediate shifts in position. One was pragmatic shift in the late 1980s, and the second took a more moderate tone in late 1990s by focusing almost entirely on the production of oil and natural gas.

Born of Conviction: White Methodists and Mississippi's Closed Society and One Mississippi, Two Mississippi: Methodists, Murder, and the Struggle for Racial Justice in Neshoba County

Born of Conviction: White Methodists and Mississippi's Closed Society and One Mississippi, Two Mississippi: Methodists, Murder, and the Struggle for Racial Justice in Neshoba County

Relationships between preferences of sensibility expression factors for utilized fabrics and preferences of fashion images

This study investigated the preference of sensibility expression factors regarding fashion materials, such as the color, pattern and texture of fabric. Moreover, this study analyzed the relationship between the preference of sensibility expression factors and the preference of fashion images by identifying the preference of fashion images. The survey subjects were 312 women ranging in age from 20 to 40 years old. This study utilized a questionnaire as a measurement tool. First, this study performed a factorial analysis on the preference of sensibility expression factors of fashion materials. In regards to color preference, this study considered color depth such as light tone color, moderate tone color, dark tone color and vivid tone color. In regards to pattern preference, this study examined: geometric pattern, floral pattern, animal skins pattern, check pattern and symbolical pattern. In regard to preference of the texture, this study assessed: roughness, luster, flatness and lightness. Second, this study performed a factorial analysis on the preference of fashion images. This study examined five factors: dignity, uniqueness, femininity, activity and simplicity. Third, this study analyzed the effects of the preference of sensibility expression factors of fashion materials on the preference of fashion images. As a result, the color preference was related to the image preference associated with dignity, femininity and simplicity, whereas the pattern preference was related to the images of uniqueness, femininity, activity and simplicity. Moreover, the preference of texture image was related to the images of dignity, uniqueness, femininity and activity.

Book Review: In Love with Defeat: The Making of a Southern Liberal, by H. Brandt Ayers

In Love with Defeat: The Making of a Southern Liberal. H. Brandt Ayers. Montgomery, AL: NewSouth Books, 2013. 350 pp. $29.95 hbk.H. Brandt Ayers, editor and publisher of The Anniston (AL) Star, presents an eyewitness account of the social and political transformations the South experienced during the last seventy years. Despite the book's title, the story is not a tale of how Ayers changed, but a reflection on how he saw the South around him change.Born in 1935 into one of Alabama's leading newspaper families, Ayers notes that his father, Harry M. (Colonel) Ayers, and his mother, Edel Y. Ayers, were not typical small-town southerners. They traveled the world and filled their home with books, Asian treasures, an expectation of achievement, and an air of adventure beyond the confining limits of Anniston, he says.Ayers did not undergo a Saul-like transformation recognizing the evils of southern racism, but rather he inherited much of his liberal world view from his father, who as publisher of the Anniston Star championed equal opportunities for blacks, albeit within a segregated society.In the South of Ayers's youth, racial, and class lines were fixed; despite their liberal leanings, his family employed a number of black servants, including a chauffeur, maid, and nurse. Ayers writes that he began to learn of the world outside of what he calls his cocoon when his parents enrolled him at Wooster School, a Connecticut prep school. Ayers proudly recalls how he and his friends integrated Wooster when they allowed his family's black chauffeur to stay in their dorm suite after he was refused accommodations in a local hotel.But, for the most part, Ayers says he paid little attention to the stirrings of the civil rights movement during his youth. Although he was attending the University of Alabama in 1956 when Autherine Lucy attempted to enroll there, Ayers acknowledges that he was much more interested in partying with his fraternity brothers than in noticing the struggles to desegregate the school.Upon graduating from college, Ayers followed in his family's footsteps and embarked on a journalism career, working as a reporter at the Raleigh Times, which was owned by old family friends. Ayers writes that he was struck by the moderate tone of North Carolina politics compared with that in Alabama. While demagogues in Alabama were attempting to erect barriers to court-ordered school desegregation, politicians in North Carolina went about building industry and education.Ayers further distanced himself from his native land when he landed a job as a Washington correspondent writing for a number of southern newspapers, including the Jackson, Mississippi, Clarion-Ledger. He recalls he quickly learned that southern conservatives demanded different sorts of stories than those wanted by North Carolina liberals.The medieval nature of Mississippi politics and the Clarion-Ledger's ethics, shocking even by the Deep South standards of that day, said to me that if those qualities define Southern conservatives, then I am the opposite, Ayers writes. …

The vacuum shouts back: postpublication peer review on social media.

Social media has created new pathways for postpublication peer review, which regularly leads to corrections. Such online discussions are often resisted by authors and editors, however, and efforts to formalize postpublication peer review have not yet resonated with scientific communities.

Minority Political Representation: Muslim Councilors in Newham and Hackney

Scholars have long been intrigued by the role of minority elected officials in representing the interests of their communities. There is an on-going debate on whether distinctive minority agendas exist and whether the existence of minority representatives (descriptive representation) is a necessary condition to secure the representation of minority interests (substantive representation). This article analyzes original interview data to examine these issues through a case study of Muslim city councilors and the dynamics of local government in the Newham and Hackney Borough Councils of London. It finds that the exceptionally high ethnic diversity of Newham with no dominant ethnic group, the lack of racial or religious divides among neighborhoods, and low racial tensions shapes the political culture of the Council, as well as the Muslim councilors, and yields high responsiveness for all minorities. It also finds that non-Muslim councilors play a significant role in the substantive representation of minority interests, including Muslim interests. In contrast, the case study of the Hackney Council reveals that beyond high party fragmentation, ethnicity and religiosity of the Muslim councilors vary widely and hinder effective representation. In addition, their political incorporation is low, and the leadership positions they hold seem to have symbolic rather than substantive impact. The political behavior and representative styles of Muslim councilors reveal a balancing perspective, whereby they advocate for group interests with a more moderate tone. These factors account for the low government responsiveness to Muslim interests in Hackney.

Role of the Endothelium and Smooth Muscle Tone in the Dilator Response of the Rabbit Coeliac Artery to Histamine

The role of the endothelium and vascular tone was studied on histamine-induced relaxation and contraction of the rabbit coeliac artery. Histamine contracted the tissue via the release of noradrenaline (NA), an action blocked by prazosin and mepyramine but not influenced by endothelial removal. Tachyphylaxis readily developed to histamine-induced contractions. After a moderate tone (40-55%) was induced with NA, histamine relaxed the tissues concentration-dependently. This relaxation was absent when the endothelium was removed indicating that the receptors involved are located on the endothelium. When the tone was increased to 80-85% with NA, relaxation could only be demonstrated after blocking H1-receptors. Removal of the endothelium did not influence this response. The relaxant effect of histamine in both preparations, however, was blocked by metiamide indicating that it is H2-receptor mediated. In the rabbit coeliac artery, endothelial H2-receptors are readily activated at moderate tone while muscular H2-receptors are stimulated at high tone after blocking H1-receptors. The predominance of H2-receptors in this artery may serve the physiological function of vasodilation in the blood vessels of the stomach.

Le préjugé antisémite entre « bon sens » et humour gaulois

Clement Vautel (1876-1954) the successful writer of Mon Cure, and the most popular newspaper man between the two wars, has been forgotten. A conservative and xenophobe, reknown for his exagerated antifeminism and the saucy tone of his writings, the novelist met with a considerable success, to the point that he was considered as the symbol of some kind of «French wit » and the archetype of the reactionary observer. During the thirties, the economic crisis, the political instability and the questions about the international situation led him to express more and more caustic judgements. In his daily chronicle in Le Journal he attacks, as the famous demagogic common sense man he pretended to be, the foreigners, always suspected to be self-interested, unfaithful, trying to take advantage in any case, and he systematically reduces the importance of the antisemitic persecutions in nazi Germany. In fact, through a witful and moderate tone, Clement Vautel helps to the spreading of the most harmful themes of antisemitism among the general public. - Article disponible sur CAIRN http://www.cairn.info/revue-archives-juives-2010-1-page-23.htm consulte le 06/01/2011.

Black Victorians/Black Victoriana by Gretchen Holbrook Gerzina (review)

230 Reviews Expectations; but these are minor cavils. This book should be read by all those inter? ested in nineteenth-century fiction and in Dickens's novels. University of Reading Nicola Bradbury Black Victorians/Black Victoriana. Ed. by Gretchen Holbrook Gerzina. New Brunswick, NJ, and London: Rutgers University Press. 2003. vii + 222 pp. $62 (pbk $24). ISBN 0-8135-3214-0 (pbk 0-8135-3215-9). The eleven essays collected in this volume gain, more perhaps than most collections, from proximity to each other; and by dividing the book into three sections, Gretchen Holbrook Gerzina ensures a dialogue between the sections, as well as between indi? vidual essays. A number of these focus directly on the experiences of specific black Victorians?the composer Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, and the 'Black Circus Proprietor ' Pablo Fanque, for example?drawing from these experiences representative observations. John M. Turner's essay on Fanque is a revelation, perhaps in part be? cause Turner's own academic career was not as a historian (he is a retired biochemist), and so his account of Fanque is written with an eye for the lay reader; detailed and narratively exciting, this essay makes exemplary use of local historical sources and captures the excitement (and confusion) of the circus world inhabited by Fanque. Jeffrey Green finds in Coleridge-Taylor's early life clues to 'Victorian attitudes to race', and astutely highlights the ways in which 'biological' and 'cultural' inheritance were conflated by Coleridge-Taylor's contemporaries in order both to 'explain' his excellence as a composer?black people have 'natural' rhythm?and to exclude him from the Western musical 'tradition'. The essays in Part 11 are 'transatlantic' in spirit, portraying a Victorian Britain whose racial polity is shown to be under perpetual reconstruction through encoun? ters with external forces. For Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert, Mary Seacole's historical positioning as a sort of black Nemesis to Florence Nightingale is a product of Sea? cole's own text, Seacole's Wonderful Adventures in Many Lands being 'less a travel narrative [. . .] than it is the tale of how the varied subjectivities she has articulated through her travels have led her to a consolidation of a persona'. Nicole King's account of Ida Wells's transatlantic anti-lynching sojourns of the 1890s provides a valuable linkage to recent work on transatlantic abolitionism. Like Frederick Douglass, Wells 'strategically placed America in a subordinate position to the morally powerful England'. By 'their immediate internationalization of lynching ', King convincingly argues, Wells's British visits assaulted the barriers which lynch-mob rule had erected around the American South; and her particular genius lay in turning English Victorian sensibilities about 'womanhood' and 'racial uplift' into a weapon against the brutality of lynch-law. Despite the occasional conflation of 'England' with 'Britain', this is an important essay. Part in focuses on 'Representations, Conceptualizations, and Discourses of Black Victorians'. This is where the majority of the 'Black Victoriana' of the title is to be found: children's magazines, 'black-face' minstrelsy,and so on. The illustrative plates in the book come into their own here, combining photographs and populist illustra? tions. Two very interesting essays conclude the book. The firstis an account of the Lon? don Pan-African Congress of 1900, in which Jonathan Schneer pointedly defends the 'generally moderate tone' of the delegates, and highlights the racism of much antiimperialism , which was directed at 'specific policies' but blithely accepted 'scientific racism' doctrine. The final essay is well chosen, bringing together arguments deployed elsewhere about 'representation' and historical awareness. In a polemical and self-reflective MLR, ioi.i, 2006 231 mode, Douglas Lorimer points up an ironic outcome of much academic research: 'our scholarship has allowed us to colonize the Victorians. Consequently, the Victorians have come to stand forthe racist Other in binary opposition to our implicit nonracist Self. This reconstruction often relies on a limited selection ofsources wherein extreme racist views are presented as representative opinion' (p. 187). Even more damningly, such scholarship 'has no place forcolonial subjects of Asian and African descent who engaged in a campaign of resistance to this racism' (p. 187). Lorimer's revisionist interpretation has 'us' colonizing the Victorians, and recolonizing the 'colonial sub? jects'. This...

Neck rejuvenation without face lift

Improvement of the neck without face lift is possible through proper chin projection and adequate debulking or tightening of the submental area. For chin augmentation, the author prefers to insert a wraparound anatomic silicone implant using the "no-touch" technique. Lipoplasty with or without fat excision is often sufficient to correct the neck of patients with a minimal to moderate submental bulge and satisfactory skin tone. For patients with large fatty necks and contour problems, a full neckplasty will achieve excellent results.

Turning speech into music in a two-dimensional space by varying the bandwidth and rate of tone pulses placed along formant tracks

A two-dimensional space is introduced which changes sounds from speech-like to music-like by varying the rate and the bandwidth (decay-time) of individual tones placed along formant contours. At one extreme of a very fast pulse rate and a long decay time, the sounds are equivalent to sine-wave speech. With a more moderate tone rate and a short decay time, the sounds become monotone (at the tone-rate) speech. For tone rates around 10/s with long decay times, individual musical tones are heard at the formant frequencies. Intelligibility is poor for such sounds because of the low sampling rate of the formant contours. Increasing the tone rate and decreasing tone decay time increases intelligibility and makes the sounds less music like. Intelligibility data together with speech-like and music-like ratings of sounds from this space will be presented.

Un debate entre Elías de Nísibe y el visir Ibn 'Alī al-Magribī (417H-1026 d. C.)

This is a translation with commentaries of a debate on the unicity of God and Trinity that took place in the year 1026 between the metropolitan Elias of Nisibis and the muslim visir Abū l-Qāsim Ibn ‘Alī al-Magribī. Such a debate can be highlighted for its moderate tone, the high standards of the reflections, the firm determination of ignoring sterile polemics as well as the desire of making avail of common vocabulary. Both speakers are familiar with the categories used by the opponent.

Upper-limb injections of botulinum toxin-A in children with cerebral palsy: a critical review of the literature and clinical implications for occupational therapists.

This paper provides a review of the research literature that reports on the effectiveness of botulinum toxin-A (BtA) to reduce tone and improve functional use of the upper limbs of children who have cerebral palsy. Evaluation of the findings suggest that injections of BtA have demonstrated promising short-term results by reducing tone and increasing active range of motion in some children. Positive changes in function were also reported, however, only four studies used valid functional outcome measures. Children appropriate for BtA injections may be those with moderate tone, adequate grip strength, some distal voluntary control, intact sensation, and motivation to participate in postinjection training. Future research examining functional outcomes and the effect of repeated injections is needed. Active involvement of occupational therapists in the development and investigation of the most appropriate postinjection upper-limb training may help ensure optimal outcomes for children with cerebral palsy.

The association between moderate drinking and heart rate variability in healthy community-dwelling older women.

The relationships among moderate alcohol use, autonomic tone, and arrhythmogenesis in older adults have not been adequately studied. Knowledge about these relationships is of increasing importance in light of population aging and recent epidemiological findings that associate moderate alcohol use with decreased rates of coronary artery disease. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between moderate drinking and autonomic tone in older women. Fifty-two Caucasian female participants (age 69 +/- 5.2) were enrolled in the study. Autonomic tone was estimated by time-domain and frequency-domain measures of heart rate variability. Multivariate analysis revealed that alcohol consumption rate in the sample accounted for approximately one third of the 24-h variability in the SDNN and the SDANN, measures of variability cycle lengths of 24-h and more than 5-min, respectively. Significant contributions of alcohol consumption rate to the shorter-term time-domain measures rMSSD and ASDNN, all frequency-domain measures, and HR were not confirmed. However, repeated measures ANOVA revealed that, between the hours of 0000 and 0600, women who drank approximately 0.5 to 3 standard drinks per day had significantly lower [log] HF and [log] LF power compared to abstainers and a tendency toward sympathetic predominance during the evening and nighttime hours. The authors discuss the implications of these findings.

Did Mark Antony Contemplate an Alliance with His Political Enemies in July 44 B. C. E.?

Previous articleNext article No AccessDid Mark Antony Contemplate an Alliance with His Political Enemies in July 44 B. C. E.?John T. RamseyJohn T. Ramsey Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Classical Philology Volume 96, Number 3Jul., 2001 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/449547 Views: 7Total views on this site Copyright 2001 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Sankarikansa ja kavaltajat. Suomi kolmannen valtakunnan lehdistössä 1940-1944 by Risto s> Peltovuori (review)

550 SEER, 79, 3, 200I Peltovuori,Risto. Sankarikansaja kavaltajat. Suomi kolmannen valtakunnan lehdistdssd I940-I944. Suomalaisen kirjallisuudenseura. Helsinki 2000. 262 pp. Notes. Bibliography.Index. Deutsche Zusammenfassung.FIM I64.00. TRUE to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of I939, Nazi Germany showed no sympathies towards Finland during the Soviet-Finnish Winter War in 1939-40. In the autumn of I940, however, Hitler became interested in Finland and vetoed Soviet aspirations to sovietize the country. FromJune I94 I to September I944 Finland and Germany were co-belligerents, each fighting Stalin's Soviet Union with its own objectives. At the beginning of September I944 Finland made a separate peace with the Soviet Union and turneditsweapons againstGermanyas the armisticeconditions demanded. Risto Peltovuori has studied how this tumultuous companionship was reflectedinthe Germanpress.The bookisa solidpiece ofbasicresearch,based on scrupuloususe of both extensivepressmaterialandof archivalsources. The German press, even during the war years, was not totally unified. In fact it was rather heterogenous: there was regional variation and many journalistswere not even members of the Nazi party. Manyjournalistsknew very little about Finland, but there were also good specialists. Competing institutions, including the Reich Press Director, Goebbels's Ministry of Propaganda,the ForeignMinistryand theWehrmachtwere not alwaysunited in theirFinnishpolicy. Finland was especially interesting for Germany both for its considerable militaryimpact and for the fact that it was a democratic country, which had diplomatic relationswith the USA and until December I941 also with GreatBritain.The relativeimportanceof Finlandis illustratedby the factthat even Hitlerhimselfintervenedto influencejournalismconcerningFinland.As a rule, however, the tone was set by the Reich Press Director's instructions, whichhad theirparallelin theBritishPoliticalWarfareExecutive'sinstructions to the BBC Finnish programme. That is to say, not only the limits of permitted information were marked but also the lines of desirable contents were prescribed. Predictably,the German presswrote very sparinglyabout the WinterWar and mostlykeptechoing the officialSovietviews. Itwas only afterFinlandhad became a co-belligerent on the 25 June I94I that the German press began to express its ample sympathies towards the Finns, even resorting to exalted praise for the 'Hero-nation' (Heldenvolk). The Finnish idea of co-belligerency, which excluded a formal alliance, was eagerly approved and even advertised by the Germans until I943, when the possibility of a separate Finnish-Soviet peace became actual. Behind the scenes, Germany stopped deliveries of grain and weapons to Finland several times in order to exert pressure against a separate peace. In the press, however, the positive image of Finland was preserved. Finnish-German military cooperation did not end abruptly in September 1944: in the beginning both sides tried to avoid conflict and unnecessary losses, when Germany was evacuating its troops from Lapland. This was also reflected in the press. The moderate tone survived even the battle of Suursaari where the Finnish rebuff of the attempted German invasion claimed hundreds of German casualties. REVIEWS 55 I When the Finnish troops -under the political pressureof the Soviets moved into activewarfarefromthe beginning of October, the pressexpressed its indignation and stamped the Finnish policy as unworthy and treasonous. The criticism, however, was directed not against the nation but towards the Finnish leadership, which was said to have sold its people to the enemy. German propaganda still nursed hopes about Finnish pro-Nazi resistance, which proved to be entirelyunfounded. All in all, the Germans behaved in Finland in a civilized way, which was totally differentfrom their policies in the occupied countries. There was no terror or hostage-taking even during the Finnish-German Lapland War in 1944-45, although the Germans destroyed communications and other property very effectively. This exceptional story of a special relationship during World War II was also reflected in the press. Peltovuori'sbook is an interestingcontributionto the historyof the war and itspropagandafront. Renvall Institute TIMOVIHAVAINEN University ofHelsinki Arad, Yitzhak,Gutman, Israeland Margaliot,Abraham(eds).Documents onthe Holocaust. Selected Sources ontheDestruction oftheJews in Germany andAustria, PolandandtheSovietUnion.Eighth edition. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE and London, and Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, I999. xi + 475 pp. Index /38.oo; /i5.. APPEARING in its eighth edition, this book was firstpublished almost twenty years ago. It virtuallystood alone in I98I and for some years afterwards.As the historyof the Holocaust has advanced, so too has this book. Graduallya number of documents have been added to...