Moderate Smokers Research Articles

Peri-implant clinical profile and subgingival yeasts carriage among cigarette-smokers with peri-implant mucositis

BackgroundThe present observational clinical investigation is based on the hypothesis that subgingival yeast carriage (SYC) is higher in cigarette-smokers with peri-implant mucositis (PM) than non-smokers with and without PM.ObjectiveThe aim was to assess peri-implant clinical profile and SYC among cigarette-smokers with PM.MethodologyParticipants were divided into four groups: Group-1—Cigarette-smokers with PM; Group-2—Cigarette-smokers without PM; Group-3—Non-smokers with PM; and Group-4—Non-smokers without PM. Information on duration and daily frequency of cigarette smoking (pack years), age, gender, familial history of smoking and most recent visit to a dentist and/or dental hygienist was collected. The following information was retrieved from healthcare records: implant dimensions, implant insertion torque, depth of insertion (credidastal or subcrestal), implant abutment connection, jaw location, implant surface characteristic, and mode of implant prosthesis retention. Peri-implant modified plaque and gingival indices (mPI and mGI), probing depth (PD) and crestal bone loss were recorded. Subgingival biofilm samples were collected, and SYC was recorded in colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml). P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsEighty male individuals (20, 19, 21 and 20 individuals were included in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively) were included. The mPI was higher in Group-1 than groups 2 (P < 0.05) and 4 (P < 0.05). The mPI was higher in Group-3 than groups 2 (P < 0.05) and 4 (P < 0.05). The mGI was higher in Group-3 than groups 1 (P < 0.05), 2 (P < 0.05) and 4 (P < 0.05). The PD was higher in Group-1 than groups 2 (P < 0.05) and 4 (P < 0.05). The PD was higher in Group-3 than Groups 2 (P < 0.05) and 4 (P < 0.05). The CFU/ml were higher in Group-1 than groups 2 (P < 0.05) and 4 (P < 0.05). The CFU/ml were higher in Group-3 than groups 2 (P < 0.05) and 4 (P < 0.05).ConclusionPeri-implant soft-tissue inflammatory parameters are worse and SYC is higher in moderate smokers than light smokers with PM and non-smokers without PM.

Score-2 in heavy smokers: are we underestimating the risk?

Abstract Background The shared diagnostic decision-making process in patients with atypical chest pain is challenging, especially when functional tests are negative. SCORE2 (1) can help in making decisions. In this score, the risk is assessed based on geographical origin, age, sex, current smoking, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol values. However, it does not take into account the quantity of cigarettes smoked but only the current binary value, yes or no. In our study we wanted to evaluate the impact of smoking on prognosis, considering the number of cigarettes smoked and in particular focusing on heavy smokers. Methods In the last 15 years we evaluated 3,588 outpatients aged &amp;gt;35 years (average 64±9, women 55%) for the presence of stable chest pain. We excluded 290 patients who had ECG changes compatible with recent ischemia, history of myocardial infarction or any other major cardiovascular event, evidence of heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or cardiomyopathies. In the other 3,298 cases we applied the traditional classification of typical, atypical angina and non-anginal pain. A functional test was performed in all patients. In 2,774 patients with atypical chest pain and negative functional test we evaluated the extent of cardiovascular risk based on SCORE2 and the number of cigarettes currently smoked. One year follow-up was carried out to evaluate vital status and any fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events. Results Table 1 shows the events in patients classified according to the degree of cardiovascular risk of SCORE2 and in heavy smokers (≥ 20 cigarettes per day) aged &amp;lt;70 years as a cathegory in itself. In moderate smokers (&amp;lt;20 cigarettes/day) of any age, the risk was considered binary as in the conventional assessment. Tables 2 and 3 show the risk stratification in male and female patients. SCORE2 is unable to intercept the extremely high risk of heavy smokers aged &amp;lt;70 years. This happens both in males, considered at moderate risk in 76% of cases but with a rate of fatal events of 2.4% and as many non-fatal events, both in women with a risk considered moderate in 80% of cases but with a 12% rate of fatal events (as seen in Table 1). Conclusions SCORE2 does not consider the quantity of cigarettes smoked per day, so if we rely on it heavy smokers seem to have a moderate risk. On the contrary, based on our analysis, they all have an extremely high risk, regardless of other risk factors, and in any case higher than non-smoking or moderately smoking patients. Especially heavy smoking women aged &amp;lt;70 years with atypical chest pain and negative functional tests have an extreme risk of fatal cardiac events (12% at one year). Probably these patients (male and female), regardless of the outcome of functional tests, should be sent for an anatomical evaluation for the detection of high-risk stenosis, as well as firmly urged to improve lifestyles and treat risk factors .

Cumulative effect of lifetime smoking history on arterial stiffness and subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with arterial hypertension

Abstract Introduction Although the effect of smoking status on blood pressure (BP) changes is well known an adverse association between cumulative smoke exposure (by pack-years) and functional and structural changes in arteries of patients with high BP has not been consistently demonstrated. Aim of the study was to explore the contributions of cumulative smoke exposure to the vascular consequences of arterial hypertension. Methods Indices of vascular function and structure including carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx) and carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) were measured in 485 adults aged less than 60 years old without a history of cardiovascular disease. The cohort was divided into three groups according to office systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP): normal (SBP &amp;lt;130 and DBP &amp;lt;85 mmHg, n=242), high normal (130≤SBP&amp;lt;140 or DBP 85≤DBP&amp;lt;90mmHg, n=96), and hypertension (SBP≥140 or DBP≥90mmHg, n=147). The cohort was subdivided according to pack-years of smoking history as never smokers (0.0 pack-years), light smokers (&amp;lt;20 pack-years), moderate smokers (20-40 pack-years), and heavy smokers (&amp;gt; 40 pack-years). Results The three BP groups had similar age and metabolic parameters (body mass index, fasting blood glucose and LDL-C). Figure shows PWV, AIx and carotid IMT by smoking exposure, stratified by BP level. The lowest PWV level was observed in never smokers with normal BP; whereas heavy smokers with hypertension exhibited the highest PWV. Also of note, heavy smokers with normal BP exhibited comparable PWV to light and never smokers with hypertension. Furthermore, in smokers with more than 20 pack-years tobacco exposure, PWV was higher among patients with high normal BP compared to subjects with normal BP (all P&amp;lt;0.01). In contrast to the monotonic increases in PWV and AIx by BP and pack-years smoking history, carotid IMT was generally similar among BP groups on the basis of cumulative exposure category. This finding may indicate a plateau in subclinical atherosclerotic burden over cumulative tobacco exposure for all BP categories. Conclusion Tobacco cumulative exposure adversely modify the effect of BP on arterial stiffness. Given that most adults who smoke start before the age 18 years, efforts to promote smoking cessation should continue to target younger adults with high BP.BP, tobacco exposure-vascular changes

Risk of malignancy in patients with Reinke's Edema: evaluation of long-term follow-up results.

Reinke's edema is a benign lesion affecting the subepithelial layer of the vocal cords, often associated with moderate or heavy smoking. Smoking is the most significant risk factor for dysplastic laryngeal lesions, laryngeal carcinomas, and Reinke's edema. Thus, Reinke's edema could potentially be a predisposing factor for laryngeal malignancy in the long term. This study aimed to determine the rate of dysplasia and invasive carcinoma development in the larynx during long-term follow-up of histopathologically confirmed Reinke's edema. Between 2010 and 2019, 28 patients diagnosed with Reinke's edema via microlaryngoscopy and histopathological confirmation were included in this study. Their clinical and pathological data were examined to identify the development of laryngeal dysplasia and malignancy during long-term follow-up. Among the 28 patients, 16 (57%) were female and 12 (43%) were male. A history of smoking was present in 24 (85%) patients. No new pathology was found during long-term follow-up in 21 (75%) patients. None of the patients developed dysplasia or malignancy histopathologically. Seven (25%) patients underwent repeated biopsies during follow-up, and minimal dysplasia was detected in 1 (4%) patient. No invasive carcinoma developed in any patient during long-term follow-up. Despite the high rate of smoking among patients with Reinke's edema, no malignancy developed during long-term follow-up, though there was a low incidence of dysplasia. Therefore, close monitoring of these patients is recommended.

Effect of Smoking on Red Blood Cell Parameters: A Cross-sectional Study in a Divisional City of Bangladesh

Background: Several metabolic and biochemical processes, hormone secretion, and the haematological system are all affected by smoking. Numerous studies have found that smoking is associated with higher levels of haemoglobin concentration (Hb%), total red blood cell count (RBC), and red cell distribution width (RDW). Objectives: To study the RBC parameters in healthy male smokers and non-smokers among adults. Methodology: This research was carried out in the Department of Physiology of Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, from July, 2021 to June, 2022. A total of 200 participants were included with healthy adult smokers and age-matched healthy adult non-smokers. History and physical examinations were used to evaluate each individual. We measured height and weight, and calculated body mass index of the subjects. Calculations were made on cigarette smoking intensity and duration. Blood was collected to determine RBC parameters, such as total RBC count, haemoglobin level, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and red cell distribution width (RDW) by using Sysmex 500i automatic haematology analyzer (Japan). Results: Among the 200 participants, 100 were adult smokers and another 100 age-matched healthy adult non-smokers. The RBC indices were significantly elevated in smokers compared to non-smokers group: mean haemoglobin concentration (g/dl)+ standard deviation (SD) were 14.17 ± 2.13 versus 13.27 ± 1.39 respectively with p&lt;0.001, mean haematocrit (HCT) (percent)+ SD were 41.60 ± 6.88 versus 39.13 ± 5.46 respectively with p=0.005, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (fl) + SD 91.13 ± 8.86 versus 88.33 ± 5.58 respectively with p=0.033, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) (pg) + SD 31.16 ± 3.26 versus 30.05 ± 3.0 respectively with p=0.016 and mean red cell distribution width (RDW) (percent)+ SD 14.74 ± 1.63 versus 14.00 ± 1.57 respectively with p=0.001. However, RBC count (×106/μl) (4.60 ± 0.80 versus 4.46 ± 0.60; p=0.143) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (g/dl) (34.23 ± 2.11 versus 34.11 ± 2.32; p=0.707) did not differ significantly between smoker and non-smoker groups. There was no statistical difference between mild, moderate, and severe smokers, according to the study's variables. Conclusion: MCV, MCH, RDW, haematocrit, and haemoglobin concentration were all significantly higher in smokers. Journal of Monno Medical College December, 2023; 9 (2):41-46

A Study on Serum Hepatic Enzymes in Smokers and Nonsmoker’s Adult Male

Background: Cigarette smoking is one of the greatest indirect causes of global death and disease. Cigarette smoke consists of many chemicals, including cytotoxic, carcinogenic and free radicals, therefore it affects many organs including liver either directly or indirectly. Objective: The aim of this study was to find out level of serum hepatic enzymes in smokers and non-smokers adult male. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January 2019 to December 2019. Total study subjects were one hundred and twenty with age ranging from 20 to 50 years of male gender, selected from attendance of admitted patients and third &amp; forth class employees of Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka. Study subjects were grouped smokers as Group A and age and gender matched, nonsmokers as Group B. Group A smokers again divided into three groups. Group A1- heavy smokers (who consume 20 cigarette sticks or more per day) consist of thirty study subjects, Group A2- moderate smokers (who consume 11-19 cigarette sticks per day) consist of thirty study subjects and Group A3- light smokers (who consume 1-10 cigarette sticks per day) consist of thirty study subjects. Serum Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level of all study subjects were estimated and recorded. Results: Mean age of the study subjects in group A1, A2, A3 &amp; B were 33.88 years, 34.60 years, 34.60 years and 29.80 years. There was a significant increase in serum ALT, AST and ALP level in heavy, moderate and light smokers when compared to nonsmokers, but the increase was more significant in heavy smokers when compared to moderate smokers, also moderate smokers when compared to light smokers. Conclusion: This study revealed that significantly higher level of serum hepatic enzymes with smokers when compared to that of non smokers. This significantly higher level was also seen in heavy smokers in comparison to moderate smokers, moderate smokers in comparison to light smokers.

Effect of Degree of Smoking Based on Brinkman Index on Hemoglobin Levels in Adults

Cigarette consumption is the main cause of death in the world because it affects various physiological conditions in the body. Various ingredients in cigarette smoke such as tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, and others can cause health problems, especially in the O2 transportation system. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to all tissues. The carbon monoxide contained in cigarette smoke is competitive with O2 in binding to hemoglobin so that the oxygen distributed to the tissues is reduced. The body will compensate for peripheral hypoxia that occurs by increasing hemoglobin levels in the body so that oxygen transport to the tissues can be maintained. Research regarding the relationship between the degree of smoking and hemoglobin levels is still controversial. Analytical research with cross-sectional design. A total of 184 respondents were taken using purposive sampling and it was found that the majority (94%) were men who worked as security officers, cleaners, parking attendants, or technicians. Based on the Brinkman Index, 73.9% of respondents were classified as light smokers, only 1.6% were classified as heavy smokers and 50.5% of respondents had low hemoglobin levels. Analysis showed that the majority of respondents in the light smoker group had normal hemoglobin levels (58.1%), while moderate and heavy smokers had lower hemoglobin levels. In statistical analysis, a significant p-value (0.001) was found between the degree of smoking and hemoglobin levels.

Influence of Age, Obesity, Smoking, Sleep duration, and Sleep Quality on Concentration, Morphology, and Sperm Motility: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Age, smoking, sleep duration, sleep quality, and obesity are risk factors that can affect the amount of sperm concentration, morphology, and motility. The aim of this study is to assess the lifestyle effects: of age, smoking, sleep duration, sleep quality, and obesity on the amount of concentration, morphology, and motility of sperm. The study utilized an analytical observational approach with a cross-sectional design. The study subjects comprised 70 male partners of infertile couples admitted to the Sekar Fertility Clinic at the Dr. Moewardi General Hospital between March and August 2022. The study assessed variables including age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, sleep duration, sleep quality, sperm concentration, sperm morphology, and sperm motility. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate methods with SPSS 25 software. The research findings demonstrate that obesity is significantly associated with abnormal sperm concentration [odds ratio (OR)=40.07, confidence interval (CI)=3.90-411.67, P=0.002]. Furthermore, moderate or heavy smoking is significantly associated with abnormal sperm concentration (OR=17.45, CI=1.83-166.15, P=0.013) and sleep quality with severe disorders (OR=5.73, CI=1.12-29.21, P=0.036). Moreover, obesity is significantly associated with abnormal sperm motility (OR=12.97, CI=2.66-63.15, P=0.002), while moderate or heavy smoking (OR=5.89, CI=1.23- 28.20, P=0.026) and poor sleep duration (OR=6.21, CI=1.43-26.92, P=0.015) also exhibit significant associations with abnormal sperm motility. However, no significant findings were observed regarding sperm morphology. The findings of this study indicate that obesity, moderate or heavy smoking, and sleep quality have statistically significant effects on sperm concentration, while obesity, moderate or heavy smoking, and sleep duration have statistically significant effects on sperm motility. However, no statistically significant influence was observed on sperm morphology. Further research with larger sample sizes and more diverse populations is needed to validate these findings and explore other potential factors that may impact male fertility.

Exploring the relationship between smoking and poor sleep quality: a cross-sectional study using NHANES.

Sleeping disorders is a high prevalent disorder, and although previous research has suggested a link between smoking and sleep disorders, there is a lack of large-scale, nationally representative studies examining this association across multiple sleep outcomes and exploring dose-response relationships. This study used data from 30,269 participants from the NHANES database (2007-2020). Weighted logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between smoking status (non-smoker, light smoker, moderate smoker, and heavy smoker) and various sleep outcomes, including insufficient sleep duration, reported sleep problems, snoring, snorting, or stopping breathing during sleep, and daytime sleepiness. Dose-response relationships were explored using restricted cubic splines. Compared to non-smokers, heavy smokers had significantly higher odds of experiencing insufficient sleep duration with OR 1.732 (95% CI 1.528-1.963, P <0.001), reported sleep problems with OR 1.990 (95% CI 1.766-2.243, P <0.001), occasional or frequent snoring with OR 1.908 (95% CI 1.164-3.128, P = 0.03), and occasional or frequent snorting or stopping breathing during sleep with OR 1.863 (95% CI 1.183-2.936, P = 0.022), while results for sometimes, often or almost always being overly sleepy during the day with OR 1.257 (95% CI 0.872-1.810, P = 0.115) are not significant. A trend of positive correlation was observed between smoking and all sleep disorder outcomes (P for trend < 0.05). Dose-response analyses revealed that the odds of these sleep outcomes increased with higher smoking levels. Smoking is significantly associated with various sleep disorders, and a dose-response relationship exists between smoking levels and the odds of experiencing these sleep problems. These findings underscore the importance of addressing smoking as a modifiable risk factor for poor sleep health and suggest that reducing smoking, even if complete cessation is not achieved, may have positive effects on sleep outcomes.

Associations between tobacco inhalation and semen parameters in men with primary and secondary infertility: a cross-sectional study.

To examine the impact of tobacco smoking on seminal parameters in men with both primary and secondary infertility. This cross-sectional study analyzed 1938 infertile men from China who were categorized as nonsmokers (n=1,067) and smokers (n=871), with the latter group further divided into moderate smokers (1-10 cigarettes per day) (n=568) and heavy smokers (>10 cigarettes per day) (n=303). We assessed semen volume, concentration, total sperm count, progressive motility, and normal morphology following World Health Organization (WHO 2010) guidelines. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationships between smoking and seminal parameters while also controlling for lifestyle factors. The analysis demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between smoking and adverse seminal parameters in both primary and secondary infertility patients. Specifically, primary infertile men who smoked had a lower semen concentration, with heavy smokers showing a median sperm concentration of 59.2×10^6/ml compared to 68.6×10^6/ml in nonsmokers (P=0.01). The secondary infertile men who smoked exhibited reduced forward sperm motility, with heavy smokers demonstrating a median progressive motility of 44.7%, which was significantly lower than the 48.1% observed in nonsmokers (P=0.04). Smoking is significantly associated with detrimental effects on seminal parameters in infertile men, thus highlighting the need for cessation programs as part of fertility treatment protocols. Encouraging smoking cessation could substantially improve semen quality and fertility outcomes in this population.

The Suicidal Behavior Among Smoker among Medical Students at Alzaiem Alzahari University 2022

Introduction Cigarette smoking is an important factor that responsible of morbidity and mortality. It can cause cancer, cardiovascular problems and even depression. Also, lots of people die out of suicide every year. There is some literature showed relationship between cigarette smoking and suicide-related behavior. Objectives To determine the relationship between smoking status and suicidal behavior. Method of Investigation This study was conducted by observational descriptive cross-sectional design using self- administered questionnaire. Smoking status was determined according to Smoking index. About suicidal behaviors, the Suicide Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R) was used. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25. The relationship was analyzed using Chi- square. P values less than,05 was considered significant. Results A total sample of 284 participants, 56% were female and 44% were male. According to batch, 19.7% of participant’s batch 24, 22.9% of participant’s batch 25, 21.1% of Participant’s batch 26, 18.7% batch 27 and 17.6% batch 28. 89% of participants are non-smoker, 8% are current smoker and 3% are former. According to smoking index, 94% of participants are mild smoker, 3% are moderate smoker and 3% are heavy smoker. 89.1% of participants have low suicidal score and 10.9% have high suicidal score. According to high suicide score, 9.1% are non-smoker while 1.8% are smoker. Conclusion In this study, there was numbers of cigarette smokers and also there was students showing suicidal behaviors but there was no relationship between cigarette smoking and suicidal behavior.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a Marker of Endothelial Dysfunction Confirmed Using Flow Mediated Dilatation in Active Smoker

Background: The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is thought to be the catalyst for endothelial dysfunction caused by smoking. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) is a non-invasive method to identify the development of blood vessel endothelial dysfunction at an early stage. However, several studies have not sufficiently explained how smoking and IL-6 interact. Objective: This study focuses on the role of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the process of endothelial dysfunction confirmed using non-invasive modalities such as Flow Mediated Dilatation (FMD) in smokers related to the risk of cardiovascular disease in the future with the hope of providing insight in education to smokers to quit smoking. Material and Methods: In this study, we gathered 116 male participants, of which 56 were nonsmokers, and 60 were smokers, and we used IL-6 and FMD testing. SPSS for Windows version 23 will be used to analyze the data. Result: According to the analysis of laboratory tests, the average IL-6 level in light smokers was 67.7±3.2 and in moderate smokers it was 95.111.0; with a p-value of 0.009, indicating a significant difference among the groups. The average FMD in the smoking group was 5.4±0.4% (p-value 0.000), whereas the average FMD in the non-smoker samples was 10.9±0.9%. We also looked at the average FMD among light and moderate smokers based on Brinkman Index, which was 5.5±0.4% and 5.00.4%, with a p-value of 0.780, indicating no significant difference between the groups Conclusion: Compared to non-smokers, this study demonstrates a correlation between IL-6 and smoking activity. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the prevalence of endothelial dysfunction and the degree of smoking dependence in this investigation.

GAMBARAN KEBIASAAN MEROKOK DENGAN KEJADIAN PENYAKIT PARU OBSTRUKSI KRONIK (PPOK) DIBALAI BESAR KESEHATAN PARU MASYARAKAT MAKASSAR

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease characterized by airflow obstruction in the airways that is not completely reversible. The airflow obstruction that occurs is progressive, related to the lung's inflammatory response to toxic or dangerous particles or gases. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are often caused by smoking and are included in the COPD group. Based on data from the Makassar Community Lung Health Center, The number of COPD sufferers has decreased over the last three years. In 2019 there were 521 COPD patients. The aim of this study was to determine the description of smoking habits and the incidence of COPD. This research used descriptive research with 38 samples from 129 populations diagnosed with COPD at the Makassar Community Lung Health Center. where the description of smoking habits and the incidence of COPD for each subject/research sample was observed only once. The results of this study showed that of the 38 COPD respondents, 20 people (52.6%) had heavy smoking habits, and 18 people (47.4%) had moderate smoking habits. The conclusion of the research is an overview of smoking habits and the incidence of COPD at the Community Lung Health Center. It is recommended that everyone immediately stop smoking to avoid COPD and health workers are expected to increase education about the dangers of smoking

The Combined Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking on Cancer Risk by Exposure Level: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for cancer, and when combined with smoking, the risk increases. Nevertheless, few studies have comprehensively evaluated the combined effects of alcohol consumption and smoking on the risk of various cancer types. Therefore, to assess these effects, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. We performed a systematic search of five literature databases, focusing on cohort and case-control studies. Considering exposure levels, we quantified the combined effects of alcohol consumption and smoking on cancer risk and assessed multiplicative interaction effects. Of 4,452 studies identified, 24 (4 cohort studies and 20 case-control studies) were included in the meta-analysis. We detected interaction effect of light alcohol and moderate smoking on head and neck cancer risk (relative risk [RR], 4.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.50-7.26; I² = 65%). A synergistic interaction was observed in heavy alcohol and heavy smoking group (RR, 35.24; 95% CI, 23.17-53.58; I² = 69%). In more detailed cancer types, the interaction effect of heavy alcohol and heavy smoking was noticeable on oral (RR, 36.42; 95% CI, 24.62-53.87; I² = 46%) and laryngeal (RR, 38.75; 95% CI, 19.25-78.01; I² = 69%) cancer risk. Our study provided a comprehensive summary of the combined effects of alcohol consumption and smoking on cancers. As their consumption increased, the synergy effect became more pronounced, and the synergy effect was evident especially for head and neck cancer. These findings provide additional evidence for the combined effect of alcohol and smoking in alcohol guidelines for cancer prevention.

Personality traits in patients with multiple sclerosis: their association with nicotine dependence and polypharmacy.

The modifiable risk factor exerting the most substantial influence on the development and disease course of multiple sclerosis (MS) is cigarette smoking. Furthermore, smoking is associated with a higher risk of suffering from one or more comorbidities and potentially contributes to polypharmacy. We aimed to use personality tests to explore health-promoting and harmful patient characteristics. To investigate two important factors influencing the course of MS - the degree of smoking dependence and the status of polypharmacy - in association with personality traits. This is a bicentric, cross-sectional study. We collected sociodemographic, clinical and medical data from patients with MS (n = 375) at two German neurological clinics. The participants were asked to complete the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R). Relationships between variables were examined using correlation analyses, and differences between groups were examined using linear models. Current smokers with MS were also asked to complete the Fagerström questionnaire to categorize them into patients with mild, moderate and severe smoking dependence. In our sample, 67.5% were women, and the mean age was 48.1 years. The patients had a median Expanded Disability Status Scale of 3.0 at a median disease duration of 10 years. Patients with MS with severe smoking dependence had on average a significantly higher neuroticism score in the NEO-FFI compared to those with mild or moderate smoking dependence. Patients with MS and polypharmacy had significantly higher neuroticism scores than those without. In the extraversion scale of the NEO-FFI, patients with MS and polypharmacy had significantly lower scores on average. Significant differences were also found when analysing the TCI-R in patients with MS and heavy smoking dependence, with higher scores for harm avoidance (HA) and lower scores for reward dependence, self-directedness (S-D) and cooperativeness (CO) in various subscales. Polypharmacy in patients with MS was associated with higher scores for HA and self-transcendence. Furthermore, patients with polypharmacy showed lower values than patients without polypharmacy in individual subscales of the dimensions of persistence, S-D and CO. Using the NEO-FFI, we were able to show that neuroticism is a detrimental trait and extraversion a protective trait in patients with MS in relation to nicotine dependence and polypharmacy. In addition, the evaluation of the TCI-R showed that high HA as well as low S-D and CO scores were more common in patients with MS and nicotine dependence or polypharmacy. With this knowledge, the risk of polypharmacy and smoking can be understood in the context of personality characteristics and targeted treatment and counselling can be provided.

A dose-response correlation between smoking and severity of acute pancreatitis: a propensity score-matched study.

Acute pancreatitis, among the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorders, exhibits a continual rise in its incidence recent years. This study endeavor to explore the correlation between smoking exposure and the severity of acute pancreatitis (AP). Five hundred and eight patients diagnosed as acute pancreatitis (AP) were included in our data analysis. Patients were categorized based on their smoking pack-years into four groups: light, moderate, heavy, and non-smokers. Outcomes were classified as two: "mild acute pancreatitis (MAP)" and "moderately severe acute pancreatitis (MSAP) or severe acute pancreatitis (SAP)". We conducted propensity score matching (PSM) to adjust confounding factors and multivariable logistic regression analysis to determine adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Additionally, a dose-dependent association analysis between smoking exposure and the incidence rate of "MSAP or SAP" was performed. Smokers exhibited a higher risk of "MSAP or SAP" compared to non-smokers, both before (17.1 vs. 54.9%, p < 0.001) and after (9.4 vs. 24.7%, p < 0.001) PSM. With an area under the ROC curve of 0.708, smoking showed a moderate level of predictive ability. Furthermore, propensity score matching analysis showed that patients who smoked compared to non-smokers had significantly higher risks of "MSAP or SAP" for light smoking (OR 3.76, 95% CI 1.40-10.07, p = 0.008), moderate smoking (OR 4.94, 95% CI 2.23-10.92, p < 0.001), and heavy smoking (OR 8.08, 95% CI 3.39-19.25, p < 0.001). Smoking is an independent risk factor that can raise the severity of pancreatitis. Moreover, the severity of acute pancreatitis escalates in tandem with the accumulation of pack-years of smoking.

Association between smoking and glycated hemoglobin in type II diabetes mellitus male patients visiting outpatient department: A hospital-based study

Background: Smoking is emerging as a public health concern in India, with 30% of the population (majority males) consuming tobacco products. The risk of metabolic syndrome is 1.07–1.66 times higher in smokers. Both smoking and diabetes are expected to rise in India. Aims and Objectives: The association of smoking with glycated hemoglobin (HBA1C) was analyzed in the present study. The effect of tobacco on total leucocyte count (TLC) and HBA1C was also studied. Materials and Methods: The study included 150 male diabetics grouped into smoker and non-smoker categories. Currents were further categorized as per smoking intensity. TLC and HBA1C were evaluated, and the data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests in SPSS 21.0 and Microsoft Excel. A P &lt; 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: HBA1C increased significantly (P &lt; 0.0101) with an increase in intensity of smoking, but the difference was insignificant between non-smokers and mild (P = 0.125) to moderate (P = 0.07) intensity smokers. TLC increased significantly with an increase in smoking intensity compared to non-smokers (P &lt; 0.001). Differences in TLC were insignificant between mild smokers and non-smokers (P = 0.114). HBA1C and TLC were significantly (P &lt; 0.001) raised in current smokers as compared to ex-smokers and non-smokers, but the difference between HBA1C in non-smokers and ex-smokers was insignificant (P = 0.534). TLC increased insignificantly in ex-smokers as compared to non-smokers (P = 0.129). Regression analysis showed that HBA1C was significantly higher in ex-smokers (β = 0.0438, P = 0.021) and current smokers (β = 0.682, P = 0.001) than non-smokers. With the increase in the severity of smoking, HBA1C was higher than in non-smokers, but the association was insignificant. A non-significant positive association was found between TLC and HBA1C in current smokers (r = 0.049, P = 0.781) and ex-smokers (r = 0.036, P = 0.824), and a non-significant (P = 0.745) negative association (r= −0.070) was found between two non-smokers. Conclusion: In smokers, HBA1C and TLC are higher and are further raised with increased smoking intensity.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA PERILAKU MEROKOK DENGAN KEJADIAN SINDROM MATA KERING PADA MASYARAKAT KELURAHAN OESAPA KOTA KUPANG

Cigarette smoke can damage the lipid layer and cause tear hyperosmolarity that may lead to dry eye syndrome symptoms. This study aim to determine the relationship between smoking behavior and dry eye syndrome in the community of Oesapa Ward, Kupang City. This research is an observational analytic study with a cross sectional design. Data was conducted by filling out the Smoking Behavior questionnaire and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire. Sampling was done by using stratified random sampling technique and the result was analyzed univariate and bivariate using Spearman Rank correlation test. Data from the 110 respondents, 96.4% had high smoking behavior, 3.6% had moderate smoking behavior and none had low smoking behavior. For dry eye, 49.1% had normal eyes, 21.8% had severe dry eyes, 19.1% had mild dry eye syndrome and 10.0% had moderate dry eye syndrome. The bivariate analysis with the Spearman Rank correlation test showed the results of p = 0.952 (p&gt;0.05). The conclusion is there is no significant relationship between smoking behavior and dry eye syndrome in the community of Oesapa Ward, Kupang City.

Changes in smoking, alcohol consumption, and the risk of Parkinson's disease.

There have been no studies on the association between changes in smoking and alcohol consumption or combined changes in smoking and alcohol consumption frequencies and PD risk. To assess the influence of changes in smoking and alcohol consumption on the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database between January 2009 to December 2011 was analyzed. A total of 3,931,741 patients were included. Study participants were followed up for the incidence of PD until December 2017. Compared to the sustained non-smokers, sustained light smokers (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75-0.85), sustained moderate smokers (aHR 0.54, 95% CI 0.47-0.61), and sustained heavy smokers (aHR 0.49, 95% CI 0.44-0.55) had a lower risk of PD. Compared to those who sustained non-drinking, sustained light drinkers (aHR 0.85 95% CI 0.89-0.91), sustained moderate drinkers (aHR 0.68, 95% CI 0.60-0.78), and sustained heavy drinkers (aHR 0.77, 95% CI 0.68-0.87) showed decreased risk of PD. Among non-drinkers, those who started drinking to a light level were at decreased risk of PD (aHR 0.84, 95% CI 0.77-0.91). Among non-smoking and non-drinking participants, those who initiated smoking only (aHR 0.78, 95% CI 0.70-0.86), drinking only (aHR 0.77, 95% CI 0.68-0.87), and both smoking and drinking (aHR 0.69, 95% CI 0.58-0.82) showed decreased risk of PD. Smoking is associated with decreased risk of PD with a dose-response relationship. Alcohol consumption at a light level may also be associated with decreased risk of PD. Further studies are warranted to find the possible mechanisms for the protective effects of smoking and drinking on PD, which may present insights into the etiology of PD.

Combinations of lifestyle behaviors and cancer risk among Korean adults

Combinations of lifestyle behaviors may lead to different cancer risks. This study aimed to identify the latent classes based on lifestyle behavior trajectories and to investigate the association between these latent classes and cancer risk. Participants in the 2002–2003 National Health Insurance Service general health examination were included. Data on smoking, alcohol drinking, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity measured four times between 2002 and 2009 were analyzed. Incident cancer cases were tracked from 2010 to 2018. Patterns of alcohol drinking, smoking, BMI, and physical activity and latent classes based on trajectories of smoking, alcohol drinking, BMI, and physical activity were identified. Among 2,735,110 adults (1,787,486 men and 947,624 women), 111,218 (69,089 men and 42,129 women) developed incident cancer. Six latent classes of lifestyle behavior were identified, with Class 1 (healthy class) involving only 0.2% of men and 0.5% of women. The highest risk class in males tended to be steady light drinkers and steady moderate smokers, have steady low frequency of physical activity, and be obese. This class showed a 1.47 times higher (95% CI = 1.29–1.69) risk of all cancers than did the healthy class. Among women, there was only an association between the highest risk class (tendency to be non-drinkers, light smokers) and colorectal cancer (HR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.02–2.83). Only a small percentage of participants maintained a long-term healthy lifestyle. Identifying classes of behavior combinations and their links to cancer development is therefore critical for cancer prevention.