Moderate Running Training Research Articles

EFEITO DA CORRIDA MODERADA NA REABILITAÇÃO DE LESÕES ESPORTIVAS

ABSTRACT Introduction Running has become one of the most popular sports and fitness methods for low cost, convenience, and easy adherence. This has made the characteristics and rules of running-related sports injuries a key research issue in sports medicine and public health. Objective Evaluate the effects of moderate running on sports injuries rehabilitation. Methods This paper uses mathematical statistics to study some groups that have been running for a long time (n=369). The causes of sports injuries analyses and risks are performed by questionnaire. Results Relaxation after exercise is a protective factor for sports injuries. The time of maintenance of the running habit and the previous sport’s history are factors influencing the risk for a sport’s injury. Conclusion Amateur runners have a high rate of running injuries. The knee is the area with the highest injury incidence. Weight-loss running increases the risk of injury. An individually moderate running training plan can reduce the risk of running injuries. Evidence level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the results.

Does endurance training improve red blood cell aging and hemorheology in moderate-trained healthy individuals?

ObjectiveTo examine the impact of a 6-week endurance training on red blood cell (RBC) aging and deformability of healthy participants to detect possible improved hemorheological and performance-related adaptations. MethodsA total of 31 participants (17 females and 14 males) performed a 6-week moderate training protocol (three 1-h running sessions per week at 70% of maximal heart rate). Blood was sampled before and after the training. RBCs from each participant were fractioned according to density and age into 4 RBC subfractions. Subfractions were examined for changes of RBC properties, including aging distribution, RBC deformability, RBC microparticles, and phosphatidylserine concentrations. RBC and plasma nitrite levels were measured as indicators of nitric oxide metabolism. ResultsAerobic performance, peak oxygen consumption, ventilatory thresholds, velocity at the aerobic–anaerobic threshold, and lactate at exhaustion improved after training. The relative amount of both young RBCs and old RBCs increased, and the amount of the main RBC fraction decreased. Phosphatidylserine externalization and RBC-derived microparticles decreased. Overall deformability expressed as shear stress required to achieve half-maximum deformation to theoretical maximal elongation index at infinite shear stress improved in unfractioned RBCs (p < 0.001). Nitrite decreased in total (p = 0.001), young (p < 0.001), main (p < 0.001), and old (p = 0.020) aged RBCs and in plasma (p = 0.002), but not in very old RBCs. ConclusionThese results indicate that non-endurance-trained healthy participants benefit from a regular moderate running training program because performance-related parameters improve and a younger RBC population with improved RBC properties is induced, which might support oxygen supply in the microcirculation.

Effect of moderate running training and Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on immune system and quality of life in women with breast cancer receiving aromatase inhibitors

Effect of moderate running training and Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on immune system and quality of life in women with breast cancer receiving aromatase inhibitors

Moderate Running and Plyometric Training During Off-Season Did Not Show a Significant Difference on Soccer-Related High-Intensity Performances Compared with No-Training Controls

Several investigators have reported the effects of reduced training and interrupted training on athletic performance, but few reports are available for soccer players. The purpose of this study was to examine, using the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 2 (YoYoIR2) test and sprint performance, the effects on soccer players of a reduced training program consisting of either moderate running training, plyometric training. After the completion of a competitive season, 29 male soccer players were divided into 3 groups: the running group (n = 13), the plyometric group (n = 11), and the control group (n = 5). Both training groups completed either running or plyometric training sessions 2 d·wk(-1) for 3 weeks, whereas the control group was not allowed to perform any training. The subjects performed YoYoIR2 and 20-m sprint tests before (pre) and after (post) the experimental period. Neither training group showed any significant training effects on the YoYoIR2 performance or 20-m sprint times compared with the control group. This study suggests that neither endurance running nor plyometric training 2 d·wk(-1) for 3 weeks has a significant effect on high-intensity performance compared with a nontraining regimen. However, our results do not support complete inactivity. These results may have important implications for the management of training cessation for a few weeks.

Exercise training improves functional post-ischemic recovery in senescent heart

The incidence of ischemic cardiac diseases increases with age and elderly subjects are more vulnerable to myocardial infarction. Endurance exercise (e.g. treadmill training) provides cardioprotection against an ischemia and reperfusion (IR) event in adult heart but such a potential beneficial effect of regular exercise has never been evaluated during aging. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of moderate running training on post-ischemic recovery of contractile function and coronary perfusion in senescent myocardium. Isolated hearts of sedentary (24 mo-sedentary; n = 10) and trained senescent (24 mo-trained; n = 11; moderate running: 1 h/day, 5 days/week for 12 weeks) rats were submitted to 45 min low-flow ischemia (15% of initial coronary flow (CF)) followed by 30 min reperfusion. Active tension (AT) and CF were recorded at baseline and after 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min of reperfusion. Left ventricular protein carbonylation, and both heat-shock-protein 70 (HSP70) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) contents were determined by Oxyblotting and Western blotting, respectively. Regular physical exercise improves impairment of functional post-ischemic recovery (AT and CF) of aged hearts during reperfusion and this cardioprotection is associated to limited protein oxidation and increased HSP70 and eNOS myocardial contents.

APROGRAM OF MODERATE PHYSICAL TRAINING FOR WISTAR RATS BASED ON MAXIMAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION

Moderate physical training is often associated with improved cardiorespiratory fitness in athletes and the general population. In animals, studies are designed to investigate basic physiology that could be invasive and uncomfortable for humans. The standardization of an exercise training protocol for rats based on maximal consumption of oxygen (O2max) is needed. This study validated a program of moderate physical training for Wistar rats based on O2max determined once a week. A 10-stage treadmill running test was developed to measure O2max through an indirect, open circuit calorimeter. Thirty male Wistar rats (210–226 g) were randomly assigned to either a nontrained group or a trained group. The animals were evaluated weekly to follow their O2max during 8 weeks of moderate training and to adjust the intensity of the protocol of training. The soleus muscle was removed for determination of citrate synthase activity. Trained animals maintained their values of O2max during a moderate running training and showed a significant less body weight gain. An increase of 42% in citrate synthase activity of the soleus muscle from trained rats was found after the training program. Our study presents a protocol of moderate physical training for Wistar rats based on O2max. Peripheral adaptations such as the values of citrate synthase activity also responded to the moderate training program imposed as observed for O2max. Other studies can use our protocol of moderate training to study the physiologic adaptations underlying this specific intensity of training. It will provide support for study with humans.

Stress-Induced Downregulation of Macrophage Phagocytic Function Is Attenuated by Exercise Training in Rats

Background/Aims: Acute restraint stress may induce impaired macrophage phagocytic function. Moderate physical training is associated with beneficial effects on immunological functions. We investigated the effects of moderate physical training on phagocytic function of alveolar macrophages in rats submitted to acute restraint stress. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats weighing 210–226 g were randomly divided into 4 groups: nontrained rats (n = 7), nontrained rats submitted to stress (n = 8), trained rats (n = 7) and trained rats submitted to stress (n = 8). Trained rats were submitted to a program of moderate running training over a period of 8 weeks. Rats subjected to restraint stress were kept immobilized in glass cylinders (8 cm in diameter and 24 cm long) during 60 min. Phagocytosis capacity of macrophages was evaluated by either Escherichia coli orzymosan stimuli. Results: Restraint stress induced a decrease in phagocytosis of E. coli and zymosan particle stimulation by macrophages. Neither of these alterations was observed in trained animals submitted to acute restraint stress. Conclusions: Our data confirm that acute restraint stress is associated with impaired function of macrophages. Moreover, moderate physical training attenuates the effects of acute stress by a mechanism that involves an increase in tolerance of macrophages.

A Program of Moderate Physical Training for Wistar Rats Based on Maximal Oxygen Consumption

Moderate physical training is often associated with improved cardiorespiratory fitness in athletes and the general population. In animals, studies are designed to investigate basic physiology that could be invasive and uncomfortable for humans. The standardization of an exercise training protocol for rats based on maximal consumption of oxygen (VO(2)max) is needed. This study validated a program of moderate physical training for Wistar rats based on VO(2)max determined once a week. A 10-stage treadmill running test was developed to measure VO(2)max through an indirect, open circuit calorimeter. Thirty male Wistar rats (210-226 g) were randomly assigned to either a nontrained group or a trained group. The animals were evaluated weekly to follow their VO(2)max during 8 weeks of moderate training and to adjust the intensity of the protocol of training. The soleus muscle was removed for determination of citrate synthase activity. Trained animals maintained their values of VO(2)max during a moderate running training and showed a significant less body weight gain. An increase of 42% in citrate synthase activity of the soleus muscle from trained rats was found after the training program. Our study presents a protocol of moderate physical training for Wistar rats based on VO(2)max. Peripheral adaptations such as the values of citrate synthase activity also responded to the moderate training program imposed as observed for VO(2)max. Other studies can use our protocol of moderate training to study the physiologic adaptations underlying this specific intensity of training. It will provide support for study with humans.

Lifelong moderate running training increases the incidence and severity of osteoarthritis in the knee joint of C57BL mice.

Inbred C57BL male mice express a high incidence of spontaneous osteoarthritis of the knee joint at the age of 18 months. We used this strain of mice to find out the effects of life-long, moderate running exercise on the health of articular cartilage and the incidence of osteoarthritis. Male mice (294) were divided into controls and runners. The runners were trained daily between 2 and 18 months of age. The speed was 13.3 m/min and the distance on a flatbelt treadmill was 1,000 m/day. The mice were sacrificed at the ages of 2, 6, 10, 14, and 18 months. The knee joints were sectioned in frontal direction and the osteoarthritic changes were graded using a conventional light microscope. The reproducibility of the grading method was tested by calculating the extended kappa-coefficient for the results of six researchers. The incidence of osteoarthritis at the age of 18 months increased from 72% in controls to 88% in runners in the medial tibial condyles (P < 0.05), and from 80 to 96% in the lateral tibial condyles (P < 0.001). The incidence of the most severe osteoarthritic changes rose from 16% in controls to 36% in runners in the medial tibial condyles, and from 4 to 36% in the lateral tibial condyles. According to our results, the moderate, long-lasting running exercise accelerates the development of osteoarthritis in the knee joints of C57BL mice.

Effect of heavy exercise and forced running training on serum lipid peroxide

The purpose of this present study was to evaluate the effect of heavy exercise (triathlon) on man (Exp. I) and moderate running training in rat (Exp. II) on serum lipid peroxide (SLPO). Subjects in Exp. I were 7 triathletes aged 27 to 39 yrs. Blood samplings were taken before race and immediately after completion of each sports activity. In Exp.II, SLPO was divided into 2 components, i.e., aspirin-inhibiting SLPO and other (non-specific SLPO). Wistar male rats (n= 50) 6 wks of age, were divided into 2 groups, i.e., control (n=25) and training (n=25) groups. Moderate running training was performed on treadmill for 6 wks. At 12 wks of age, exhaustive running (ER) test was performed. Blood samples were collected at rest and immediately after ER in both groups. The results of the present study were as follows : l) SLPO during triathlon race was gradually decreased, but not significant. 2) Although total SLPO at rest in trained rats was significantly increased as compared with control, non-specific SLPO at rest in both groups was not significant. 3) Total SLPO in trained rats was significantly higher than that of control after ER. Total SLPO after ER in both groups was not significantly increased as compared with resting level. 4) Non-specific SLPO after ER in both groups was not significantly different between 2 groups. 5) Non-specific SLPO after ER in both groups was significantly increased as compared with resting level. Increasing rate in control and training rats were 121% and 73%, respectively. 6) Although significant correlation was not observed between total SLPO and blood lactate, a good correlation was found between non-specific SLPO and blood lactate.