Moderate Position Research Articles

Context and Neural Function

Abstract The debate over context and neural function pits contextualists, who maintain that neural functions vary by context, against invariantists, who maintain that they do not. In this article, I defend a moderate position that permits some context sensitive yet invariant functions. I distinguish performance from competence as well as different types of contexts, accounting for many cases of variability by context. The discussion suggests changes in networks can sometimes change the competences of parts. I conclude that some context sensitivity of function is consistent with invariant functions whereas other changes in context imply changes in the competence to perform functions.

Rural residency, rural resentment, and attitudes toward public land management in the United States

ABSTRACT Disparate urban and rural lived experiences contribute to the geographic divide in American politics. We expect this to be especially true for environmental politics because of urban-rural differences in exposure to natural resources. We demonstrate that Americans are broadly supportive of public lands and that ruralites are slightly more supportive of public land management compared to the non-rural. However, a crucial exception to general rural attitudes is highly resentful ruralites are uniquely and dramatically unsupportive of public lands and direct their resentment at the federal government especially. This research clarifies the nationalized nature of the urban-rural divide by highlighting that the preferences of resentful rural Americans are in stark contrast to the rest of society, even the rest of rural America. Nevertheless, when a minority’s unpopular opinions on the management of America’s natural resources overshadow more moderate and modal positions it fuels fringe movements like the Sagebrush Rebellion.

De patriotas y traidores: la odisea ideológica de José Fernando Ramírez (1804–1871) y su relevancia para reflexionar sobre el México contemporáneo

When in contemporary Mexico terms like “patriots” or “traitors,” more fitting for other eras, are used in a banal, dangerous, and irresponsible manner, it is history that must provide perspective on the dynamic events of the present. With this objective, aiming to distance itself from the dichotomies in which current Mexican society seems to be sinking, this article delves into the complex figure of José Fernando Ramírez, who lived and participated in the turbulent times of Mexico’s nation-building during the 19th century. As a historian, jurist, and politician, Ramírez had a distinguished public career, serving multiple times as a minister and even as a justice of the Supreme Court. However, his political trajectory paralleled a complex ideological journey that took José Fernando Ramírez from radical liberalism to more moderate positions, eventually leading him to collaborate with the Second Mexican Empire. Thus, this article seeks to analyze the particular circumstances of Ramírez, with the primary aim of providing an explanatory answer to the ideological odyssey undertaken by numerous Mexican liberals of his generation, which led them from being considered patriots to being labeled as traitors. Additionally, from a historical perspective and through the analysis of Ramírez’s case, it aims to contribute to a reflection that reduces the exclusionary dichotomous political practices present today, where self-proclaimed immaculate patriots deny this status to former political rivals, classifying them as enemies to be defeated or simply as traitors to the homeland.

The Substance View and Cases of Complicated Multifetal Pregnancy.

I consider cases of multifetal pregnancy in which one fetus with a fatal birth defect poses a risk to the survival of another healthy fetus to show that the substance view anti-abortion position leads to a contradiction. In cases of complicated multifetal pregnancy, if intervention by selective abortion to terminate the defective fetus is not performed, both fetuses will die due to the conditions created by the defective fetus's fatal birth defect. Because abortion is wrong on the anti-abortion position, and a moderate anti-abortion position cannot make an exception for selective abortion in cases of complicated multifetal pregnancy if it operates on the substance view, choosing selective abortion must be wrong, so one must let both fetuses die. However, the substance view anti-abortion position must take letting both fetuses die to be wrong, otherwise it will undermine itself as an anti-abortion position. Further, the substance view provides grounds for why letting fetuses die would be wrong anyway. Thus, the substance view anti-abortion position must take both having an abortion and not having an abortion to be wrong, which is a contradiction. Therefore, cases of complicated multifetal pregnancy show that the substance view anti-abortion position is false.

Ventilation quality and fiber optic glottic view of AuraGain laryngeal mask in neutral, moderate, and extreme lateral head and neck positions in anesthetized spontaneously breathing children

BackgroundWe investigated the effects of moderate (45°), and extreme (60°) right lateral rotation of the head and neck on the ventilatory performance of Ambu AuraGain Laryngeal mask airway in generally anesthetized spontaneously breathing children. MethodsFifty-two children (aged 2–9 years) were randomized in this open-label observational cohort, to receive Ambu® AuraGain either in moderate (45°) (Group I, n = 26) or extreme (60°) (Group II, n = 26) lateral rotation of the head and neck. The oropharyngeal leak pressure OLP (primary outcome), ventilation score, exhaled tidal volume, and fiberoptic glottic view score, were recorded with the head and neck in a neutral position, then in lateral position after insertion by 1,15,30 and 45 min., and at end of surgery. ResultsThe mean OLP in group I decreased from 23.81 ± 2.87 cmH2O in the neutral position to 23.77±3.78 cmH2O, (P = 0.941) 1 min. after lateral rotation. Whereas, In group II, it increased from 20.38 ± 4.18 cmH2O to 21.88±3.28 cmH2O, (P = 0.002). Afterward, the OLP was maintained decreased in group I and increased in group II (P < 0.05), with no intergroup differences. The ventilation score did not show significant intra or inter-group differences. After lateral rotation, the fiberoptic glottic score showed a trend towards better values in group II than in group I. ConclusionVentilation with AuraGain LMA can efficiently be implemented while the head and neck are in the neutral and laterally rotated positions in anesthetized spontaneously breathing children. Extreme lateral rotation (60°) was better tolerated than the moderate position (45°).

Tetragonal/orthorhombic phase Bi2WO6 homojunction for photoelectrochemical degradation of rhodamine B with high efficiency

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) degradation of organic pollutants to CO2 and H2O is a promising strategy to solve the growing environmental problems. Bismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6) has attracted much attention due to its good chemical stability and moderate conduction band valence band position. However, the PEC activity of Bi2WO6 catalysts is greatly limited due to its rapidly complex electron-hole. This article reports a rational low-cost design that successfully prepares tetragonal/orthorhombic Bi2WO6 homojunction on FTO conductive glass substrates through a simple two-step solvothermal method, significantly enhancing the PEC performance. The study investigated the effectiveness of photoelectrochemical degradation of the recalcitrant organic pollutant Rhodamine B (RhB) and conducted an in-depth exploration of the photoelectrocatalytic reaction process and mechanism. The experimental results indicate that the homojunction achieves a degradation rate of up to 100 % for the recalcitrant organic pollutant RhB within 30 minutes, significantly surpassing that of single-phase Bi2WO6, and at the same time the sample maintains good stability after five cycles of operation. Further analysis of the capture experiments indicates that holes (h+) and superoxide radicals (·O2⁻) are the primary active species responsible for RhB degradation. This study not only provides new insights into the design of high-efficiency photoelectrode, but also offers new solutions for environmental pollution control.

A Gaze into the Eyebrow Standards of Asian Versus Caucasian Women.

Eyebrow position affects perceived facial expression and youthfulness, and its modification is a key component of facial rejuvenation. This investigation aimed to assess the preferred vertical eyebrow position, apex location, and eyebrow shape in Caucasian and Asian individuals and to analyze gaze patterns during aesthetic judgment using eye-tracking technology. The study included 76 Asian and Caucasian volunteers with no medical background. Eye movements were captured with a Tobii Pro Nano eye-tracker. Participants viewed AI-generated images of Caucasian and Asian females with varied eyebrow positions (ratios 1:1.3 to 1:2.5), shapes (angles 8° to 20°), and apex positions. Aesthetic preferences were rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Eye-tracking metrics and aesthetic ratings were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and bivariate correlations. Both genders across ethnicities preferred a moderate eyebrow position ratio of 1:1.6. For eyebrow shapes, a 12° angle received the highest ratings, while extremes were less favored, indicating a preference for moderately curved eyebrows. The most appealing apex position was above the lateral canthus for Asians, and halfway between the lateral limbus and lateral canthus for Caucasians. Eye-tracking revealed longer fixations on unattractive features, suggesting more complex cognitive processing, while attractive features were processed more efficiently. The study revealed that aesthetic preferences for eyebrow features are influenced by both ethnic background and gender, with a general preference toward moderately curved eyebrows and subtle variations in preferred positions. These findings suggest a need for culturally sensitive approaches in facial aesthetic procedures and highlight the potential of eye-tracking technology to enhance surgical planning. Surgeons are advised to adopt a conservative, patient-centered approach when modifying eyebrow features, considering individual and cultural aesthetics to maximize patient satisfaction. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

An Assessment of the Relative Position of Indian Rupee vis-a-vis Selected Asian Currencies

The article aimed to examine the relative position of Indian rupee vis-a-vis those of some otherselected Asian economies (viz., China, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malaysia,Philippines, Myanmar, Japan and Singapore) throughout the period from January 2001 toMarch 2021. These currencies have been estimated using nineteen functional forms and theselection of best-fit functional form was based on minimum value of Akaike’s InformationCriterion (AIC). The coefficients have been derived on the basis of the selected functional formand subsequently relative growth rates have been calculated at different time intervals. Thestudy brings out that the currency of Singapore has been the most-stable one, followed by thatof Japan and then of China. On other extreme, currency of Myanmar has been the most-fragileone, followed by that of Pakistan and then of Sri Lanka. So far as India is concerned, positionof its currency has just been mid-way, with a pooled rank of 5 in the group of 11 currencieswhich indicates moderate position of Indian rupee among the currencies that are most fragileone and most stable one.

Analisis Perbandingan Likuiditas Terhadap Profitabilitas

This study aims to examine the causal relationship between the liquidity ratio as measured using the cash ratio and loans deposit ratio to bank profitability as measured using Return On Assets (ROA). This test was carried out on two banks, namely conventional commercial banks and Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia. The population used in this study are all Conventional Commercial Banks and Islamic Commercial Banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The data used is secondary data. Secondary data is obtained from the financial statements published by the bank during the observation period. The observation period used is 2019-2022. Data at Conventional Banks is not normally distributed, so a relationship analysis is carried out, the relationship between the Cash Ratio and the Loans-Deposit Ratio shows that it is in a moderate position. Relationship Cash Ratio to Return On Assets, shows in a low position Relationship of Loans Deposit Ratio to Return On Assets, shows in a low position at Islamic Banks with correlation results: Relationship Cash Ratio to LoansDeposit Ratio shows in a moderate position. Relationship Cash Ratio to Return On Assets, shows in a strong position. The relationship between Loans Deposit Ratio and Return On Assets is in a moderate position. In Islamic Banks, regression analysis can be carried out because the data is normally distributed, the results of the regression analysis are Cash Ratio which has a significant effect on ROA while LDR does not have a significant effect on ROA. Simultaneously Cash ratio and LDR have a significant effect on ROA. Keywords: Cash ratio, Loan deposit ratio, ROA, Conventional Commercial Banks, Islamic Commercial Banks, not normally distributed, correlation, regression

Between law and economics: about the scientific heritage of R. A. Posner

The author analyzes the life and scientific heritage of the famous American lawyer and federal judge R.A. Posner. The emergence of the scientific direction and academic discipline “economic analysis of law” is associated with his name. Attention is drawn to the ideological, theoretical and methodological foundations of this direction, associated with the extension of the basic postulates of neoclassical economic theory to the law. This is partly due to Posner’s ignorance of traditional legal issues of justice and his disdainful attitude towards the rule of law. Significant attention is paid to the evolution of the scientist’s views in the 21st century, which is clearly insufficiently paid attention to in domestic literature, especially economic literature. This evolution went in the direction of revaluing the role of the influence of the free market on economic processes and law enforcement practice, recognizing the more important role of irrational principles in human behavior. It is noted that modern researchers of the problems of interaction between law and economics, including the son of the hero of the article, Eric Posner, adhere to more moderate positions based on the equal interaction of law and economics.

Landscape Ecological Risk and Drivers of Land-Use Transition under the Perspective of Differences in Topographic Gradient

Human activities have caused different degrees of land-use change on different topographic gradients, with impacts on the landscape and ecosystem. Effectively preventing and addressing ecological risk (ER) and achieving harmonious coexistence between humans and nature are important aspects of sustainable development. In this study, we used Gansu Province as an example, adopted five periods of land-use data in 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020, and used the geoinformatic Tupu method and the terrain distribution index to study land-use changes under different topographic gradients, and then constructed the landscape ecological risk assessment (LERA) model based on the landscape pattern index to analyze landscape ecological risk (LER) spatiotemporal changes under different topographic gradients, and finally explored the LER driving factors using the geodetector model. The results showed that (1) the dominant land-use types were unused land and grassland, accounting for approximately 74% of the land. The situation of transferring and changing each type was more drastic. The distribution and changes in cropland and built-up land were easily found in low topographic gradient areas with low elevations and small slopes; the distribution and changes in woodland, grassland and water areas were easily found in high topographic gradient areas with high elevations and large slopes. (2) The landscape ecological risk index (LERI) was 0.018, 0.019, 0.019, 0.019 and 0.020, respectively, with spatial expressions of high in the northwest and low in the southeast. Low LER was concentrated in high topographic gradient ecological reserves; high LER was concentrated in low topographic gradient human interference areas and high topographic gradient natural environmental complex areas. (3) Natural factors mainly acted on the LER on moderate and high topographic position gradients; socioeconomic factors mainly acted on the LER on low topographic position gradients. Human interference interacted with natural factors more than human interference alone on LER. This study can provide a scientific basis for ensuring ecological security and sustainable development in areas with complex topography and geomorphology.

The Russian threat and the consolidation of the West: How populism and EU-skepticism shape party support for Ukraine.

Support for Ukraine against Russian aggression has been strong across Europe, but it is far from uniform. An expert survey of the positions taken by political parties in 29 countries conducted mid-2023 reveals that 97 of 269 parties reject one or more of the following: providing weapons, hosting refugees, supporting Ukraine's path to European Union membership, or accepting higher energy costs. Where the perceived threat from Russia is most severe, we find the greatest levels of support for Ukraine. However, ideology appears to be far more influential. The level of a party's populist rhetoric and its European Union skepticism explain the bulk of variation in support for Ukraine despite our finding that many strongly populist and European Union-skeptical parties take moderate pro-Ukraine positions when in government.

Polarization, Partisan Sorting, and the Politics of Education

Drawing on annual, nationally representative survey data from 2007–2022, I demonstrate that partisan gaps—the average differences in public opinion between Democrats and Republicans—have widened on many education issues. This pattern consistently exceeds what would be expected due to the changing demographic compositions of the parties alone. Widening partisan gaps are primarily attributable to sorting (alignment of one's party affiliation and one's issue positions) rather than polarization (increasing support for more extreme positions relative to more moderate positions). However, polarization is also increasing on some of the most divisive issues. Among those who are sorting, individuals are overwhelmingly switching their issue positions to align with their party affiliations rather than switching their party affiliations to align with their issue positions.

External Factors’ Influence on Course of the April 25, 1974 Revolution in Portugal

The article examines the Portuguese Revolution of 1974 from 1974 to 1976, focusing on the influence of external forces. The analysis extensively utilizes documentary materials published by the U.S. State Department during the period under consideration, as well as memoirs by Portuguese and foreign authors. The study explores the process of shaping the United States' new foreign policy towards Portugal after the revolution, comparing American and European approaches to the events in Portugal. The role of the USSR and other socialist countries is also examined. The research findings indicate that the revolution caught the American leadership off guard. Initially, the U.S. response was restrained, but their attitude changed after members of the Communist Party joined the government. The U.S. adopted a policy of exerting political and economic pressure on the Portuguese leadership to exclude communists from the government, supporting all opposition left-wing parties, and exploiting divisions within left-wing forces. The Soviet Union provided relatively modest support to Portuguese communists, while socialist bloc countries showed significantly greater involvement and enthusiasm. U.S. allies in Europe took more moderate positions. European diplomacy made significant efforts to avoid direct confrontation between the U.S. and the USSR, with the greatest challenge being to prevent the U.S. from demonstrating its power on the European continent.

First-principles study on the optoelectronic and photocatalytic properties of the C2h-Janus Al2XY(X/Y[dbnd]S, Se and Te) monolayers

Recently, two-dimensional (2D) new C2h phase of group III monochalcogenides have exhibited great potentials for applications in the field of photoelectric devices because of their outstanding optoelectronic properties. Here, we theoretically predict the C2h phase of aluminum monochalcogenide (C2h-Al2XY) (X/YS, Se and Te; X≠Y) compounds with Janus structure via first-principles calculations. Janus C2h-Al2XY monolayers are found to be thermodynamically, dynamically, energetically, and mechanically stable. The entire Janus C2h-Al2XY monolayers exhibit semiconducting properties, with a band gap ranging from 2.25 to 2.57 eV, as calculated using the HSE06 method. The obvious anisotropic mechanical and optical characteristics are observed. All Janus C2h-Al2XY monolayers present high optical absorption in the ultraviolet and visible regions, suggesting that these monolayers have a favorable efficiency for absorbing solar light. These significant results imply that Janus C2h-Al2XY monolayers can be used in the fields such as nano-electronics and optoelectronics. Specifically, it has been found that the band edge position of Janus C2h-Al2SSe is capable of meeting the redox potential requirements for photocatalytic water splitting. Furthermore, biaxial strain can significantly adjust the band gap of the C2h-Al2SSe and enhance its visible light absorption. Most importantly, within the biaxial strain range of −6%–6 %, the band edge positions of Janus C2h-Al2SSe consistently satisfy the redox potentials required for photocatalytic water splitting. These findings indicate that the Janus C2h-Al2SSe monolayer is promising for photocatalytic water splitting due to its moderate band gap and suitable band edge positions as well as good absorption in the visible region.

Moderasi Teologi Balā’ Dalam Tafsir Al-Amtsal Nashir Makarim Shiraz: Respon Atas Fatalisme Dan Eskapisme

Fatalism and escapism are two human responses to the occurrence of balā' from two conflicting theological perspectives, namely the Ash'ariyah who view balā' as an absolute power of God, and the Mu'tazilah who view it as stemming from the absolute freedom of human action. Therefore, there is a need for a moderate mediating attitude between the two. This research aims to uncover the meaning of bala' in a moderate manner so as to provide a solution between fatalism and escapism. This research is a qualitative research with a thematic method and using a theological approach. The primary source of this article is the interpretation of the verses of balā' from Nasir Makarim Shirazi's perspective in Tafsir Al-Amthal, which tends to be moderate and tries to compromise the fatalist and escapist attitudes in responding to bala'. The research findings are that balā' in Nasir Makarim Shirazi's perspective is a means towards human development and perfection through efforts in his life so that his potentials will be seen and his abilities will be actualised. Balā' in the form of bad and good is a test of Allah. Nasir Makarim Shirazi divides the causes of balā' in humans into two. Firstly, because of God's will (irādah takwīniyah), which is based on the natural system he created. Secondly, it occurs due to the effects of man's actions on nature and his life, because balā' does not occur without man's own will and endeavours. From there, it can be concluded that humans are in a moderate and proportional position by not being fatalistic or escapist in their attitude when facing balā'

Capacity Building Model Strategy for Developing Lecturer Integrity and Competency in Efforts to Fulfill International Standards

This research aims to obtain a lecturer development model to increase the global competitiveness of higher education in the aspects of integrity and competency based on international (global) standards. World Class University (WCU) as a reference for ranking, recognition and assessment of universities on a world scale. In other words, universities are ranked by institutions that have an international reputation. This mixed method research with two quantitative and qualitative stages targeted 650 UPI lecturers who had doctoral qualifications. Next, a sample of 10% or 65 people from the population was taken. This research uses mixed methods with two quantitative and qualitative stages. The data collection stages were carried out first, Preparation for field studies, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was carried out to analyze policy issues for developing the integrity and competence of international standard lecturers, Surveys, interviews and filling out questionnaires, documentation studies within the scope of the Indonesian University of Education (UPI) and finally carried out Analysis of Survey Results Data using descriptive statistical techniques and qualitative data classification techniques. The research results show that integrity, competence and performance are very important components and variables in developing human resources for UPI lecturers to achieve World Class Universities (WCU). The influence between variables according to SEM shows that the direct variable integrity on competence is only 0.458, the influence of integrity on performance is 0.446 and the influence of competence on performance is 0.460. or it can be concluded that everything is in a moderate position.

What Is God’s Speech (Kalāmullāh): Fakhr Al-Dīn Al-Rāzī’s Philosophical Solution to A Theological Disagreement

Centuries after the miḥnah, the problem of the status of the Qurʿān and God’s speech in general persisted as a crucial theological problem discussed among Muslim theologians. This study examines the solution to this debate suggested by Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606/1210), an Ashʿarite-Shafiʿite theologian, with special reference to his book Khalq al-Qurʾān Bayn al-Muʿtazilah Wa Ahl al-Sunnah. It aims principally to discuss how al-Rāzī responds to the objections from his opponents on the nature of God’s speech, its uniqueness, and its pre-eternity. This research found that despite his affiliation to Ashʿarite school, al-Rāzī took a more moderate position towards the Muʿtazilah compared to his predecessors. He accepts the argument of the Muʿtazilah school that is built on the different conceptions of speech (kalām). We also found that the main key to understanding the debate between the pre-eternity or adventitiousness of God’s speech, including the Qur’ān, derived principally from the definition of speech itself. Rāzī does not reject the createdness of the external dimension of God’s speech, but he defends that its inner dimension (kalām nafs) is eternal. Furthermore, al-Rāzī also does not hesitate to borrow the falsafa theory to solve the problem of the pre-eternity of kalām as God’s attribute.

The Influence of Teacher Asking Skills on Student Learning Outcomes in Class VII B PAI Subjects at SMP Al-Amaanah Matesih Karanganyar

This study aims to find out how much influence the skills of asking questions to the teacher have on student learning outcomes in PAI class VIIB SMP Al-Amaanah Matesih Karanganyar for the 2022/2023 academic year. This research uses a descriptive quantitative method. The population in this study were students of class VIIB SMP Al-Amaanah Matesih Karanganyar. The sampling technique used in this study was simple random sampling. The sample used was 32 students. The prerequisite test calculations in this study used the normality test with a sig. 0.05. Based on the data from the Kolmogorof-Smirnov test, it is known that the asymp sig. (2-tailed) significance value is 0.123 &gt; 0.05, meaning that the residual values are normally distributed. The data analysis method used is simple linear regression analysis with an error rate of 5%. Regression coefficients were obtained for components a = 22.49, and b = 0.249. Then it can be obtained regression Y = 22.49 + 0.249X so that it is known that a positive value at a constant of 22.49 indicates that the teacher's questioning skills have a positive influence on student learning outcomes. The questioning skill teacher at SMP Al-Amaanah Matesih Karanganyar obtained a score of 62.5% with a total of 23 respondents, this shows that the teacher's skill ability is in a moderate position. The value of the coefficient of determination (R-square) is 0.139 or 13.9%. This means that the magnitude of the influence of the teacher's questioning skills on student learning outcomes is only 13.9%, the rest is influenced by other factors. Based on the calculation results of the product-moment correlation analysis, the results obtained are recounted 0.373 &gt; table 0.349 so Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, it is stated that there is an influence of the teacher's questioning skills on student learning outcomes.

On the History of the Monastic Movement for the Paternal Calendar on Mount Athos

The article analyzes events from the history of the Orthodox Church of the last century, which were caused by calendar transformations in the Patriarchate of Constantinople, which led to active apologetic activity in defense of the Julian (“Old”, “Paternal”) calendar by representatives of one of the most important centers of world Orthodoxy - Holy Mount Athos. This movement found wide support among the laity and clergy of the Greek Church, and subsequently caused a wide public outcry throughout the Orthodox world. However, there were many who reacted indifferently to the event, or even supported it at all. The attitude to the calendar reform was also ambiguous within the monastic circles of Mount Athos, one part of which reacted sharply negatively to this innovation, the other took a moderate position. This publication is dedicated to this little-covered episode in the history of the Church. The article shows the significant influence that Athos monasticism had on the course of events caused by the calendar reform. The history of the Orthodox Church in the XX century is filled with many dramatic events, one of which is the church calendar reform, which began in 1924 and led to a split within the Church. The confrontation between reformers and traditionalists within the Orthodox Church first manifested itself acutely in the first half of the XX century. The prerequisites for this were indicated even earlier. Eventually after all the events. Two trends have emerged in connection with innovations in world Orthodoxy, one of which expresses itself in an effort to defend traditional spiritual values, on which Orthodox Teaching is actually based, the second is to introduce novelty, to go for reforms, to harmonize the Teaching of the Church with the spirit of the times.