Moderate Movement Research Articles

The political and theological boundaries of Islamist moderation after the Arab Spring

This paper explores the repercussions of the apparent failure of Islamist experimentations with democracy during the Arab Spring in terms of the moderation hypotheses with a specific focus on the Egyptian case. I build on the existing arguments that repression may paradoxically moderate mainstream Islamist movements with certain caveats: when Islamists eventually come to power, their ideological vision also matters within the nexus of their strategic commitments and the on-going power struggles with other Islamist contenders. The prospects of democratisation, then, may also depend on the theoretical and political success of an Islamist political theology that accords better with rights and freedoms than a simplistic procedural democracy. Repression may indeed lead to moderation of the well-entrenched mainstream Islamist groups. However, such analyses focus only on those who remain within the fold of the mother organisation, rather than the splinter groups that break away with their more radicalised views. Under the post-Arab Spring conditions and given the Salafi factor, current views on the repression–moderation cycle must also account for the defection among certain Islamist constituencies towards jihadi or vigilante Salafism.

World climate suitability projections to 2050 and 2100 for growing oil palm

SUMMARYPalm oil (PO) is a very important commodity used as food, in pharmaceuticals, for cooking and as biodiesel: PO is a major contributor to the economies of many countries, especially Indonesia and Malaysia. Novel tropical regions are being explored increasingly to grow oil palm as current land decreases, whilst recent published modelling studies by the current authors for Malaysia and Indonesia indicate that the climate will become less suitable. Countries that grow the crop commercially include those in Latin America, Africa and Asia. How will climate change (CC) affect the ability to grow oil palm in these countries? Worldwide projections for apt climate were made using Climex software in the present paper and the global area with unsuitable climate was assessed to increase by 6%, whilst highly suitable climate (HSC) decreased by 22% by 2050. The suitability decreases are dramatic by 2100 suggesting regions totally unsuitable for growing OP, which are currently appropriate: the global area with unsuitable climate increased from 154 to 169 million km2 and HSC decreased from 17 to 4 million km2. This second assessment of Indonesia and Malaysia confirmed the original findings by the current authors of large decreases in suitability. Many parts of Latin America and Africa were dramatically decreased: reductions in HSC for Brazil, Columbia and Nigeria are projected to be 119 000, 35 and 1 from 5 000 000, 219 and 69 km2, respectively. However, increases in aptness were observed in 2050 for Paraguay and Madagascar (HSC increases were 90 and 41%, respectively), which were maintained until 2100 (95 and 45%, respectively). Lesser or transient increases were seen for a few other countries. Hot, dry and cold climate stresses upon oil palm for all regions are also provided. These results have negative implications for growing oil palm in countries as: (a) alternatives to Malaysia and Indonesia or (b) economic resources per se. The inability to grow oil palm may assist in amelioration of CC, although the situation is complex. Data suggest a moderate movement of apposite climate towards the poles as previously predicted.

Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion influences Lateral Step Down Test scores in individuals with chronic ankle instability

ObjectivesTo determine differences in ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) between three groups of individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) based on Lateral Step Down Test quality of movement. The secondary purpose was to quantify the relationship between ankle dorsiflexion ROM and Lateral Step Down Test scores. DesignDescriptive laboratory study. SettingUniversity research laboratory. ParticipantsFifty-nine participants with CAI. Main outcome measuresDifferences in ankle dorsiflexion ROM between three Lateral Step Down Test movement quality groups (good, moderate, poor) was determined using an analysis of variance. The relationship between outcome variables was determined using a Spearman rank correlation coefficient. ResultsSignificantly less ankle dorsiflexion ROM was observed in individuals with poor movement quality (36.0 ± 6.6°) compared to good (42.3 ± 6.4°). Individuals with moderate movement quality did not have ankle dorsiflexion ROM (39.1 ± 6.2°) that was significantly different from either group. There was a negative correlation (r = −0.39) between ankle dorsiflexion ROM and Lateral Step Down Test scores. ConclusionsParticipants in the poor movement quality group had 6° less ankle dorsiflexion ROM than participants in the good movement quality group. While ankle dorsiflexion ROM is associated with Lateral Step Down Test scores additional factors likely contribute to movement dysfunction in individuals with CAI. Trial registryThis trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01438905).

Evaluation of the Tobii EyeX Eye tracking controller and Matlab toolkit for research

The Tobii Eyex Controller is a new low-cost binocular eye tracker marketed for integration in gaming and consumer applications. The manufacturers claim that the system was conceived for natural eye gaze interaction, does not require continuous recalibration, and allows moderate head movements. The Controller is provided with a SDK to foster the development of new eye tracking applications. We review the characteristics of the device for its possible use in scientific research. We develop and evaluate an open source Matlab Toolkit that can be employed to interface with the EyeX device for gaze recording in behavioral experiments. The Toolkit provides calibration procedures tailored to both binocular and monocular experiments, as well as procedures to evaluate other eye tracking devices. The observed performance of the EyeX (i.e. accuracy < 0.6°, precision < 0.25°, latency < 50 ms and sampling frequency ≈55 Hz), is sufficient for some classes of research application. The device can be successfully employed to measure fixation parameters, saccadic, smooth pursuit and vergence eye movements. However, the relatively low sampling rate and moderate precision limit the suitability of the EyeX for monitoring micro-saccadic eye movements or for real-time gaze-contingent stimulus control. For these applications, research grade, high-cost eye tracking technology may still be necessary. Therefore, despite its limitations with respect to high-end devices, the EyeX has the potential to further the dissemination of eye tracking technology to a broad audience, and could be a valuable asset in consumer and gaming applications as well as a subset of basic and clinical research settings.

Context specificity of Atlantic spotted dolphin acoustic signals in the Canary Islands

The behavioural context provides opportunities for studying the use and characteristics of acoustic signals. We analysed the context-specific use of acoustic signals in a population of Atlantic spotted dolphins around the Canary archipelago. We calculated the whistle diversity, the mean value of whistle stereotypy and the repetition rate of both tonal and burst-pulsed sounds. Eleven parameters of frequency, signal duration and modulation were measured from each whistle. Results showed that whistle diversity and whistle and chirp repetition rates were negatively correlated with group size, but only whistle diversity and the mean number of stereotypy were related to behavioural activity. Whistles were more complexly modulated during high behavioural activity than when engaged in moderate movements. Furthermore, during socialising and feeding, the highest mean value of stereotypy was displayed, and the parameters of non-stereotyped whistles had lower variability. Our results suggest the use of a complex communication system to improve the efficiency of communication through context-specific signal combinations, the usage of different signals and their modulation pattern. Our study produces evidence to support the hypothesis that acoustic plasticity and differences in call characteristics may be indicative of behavioural and social acoustic environment.

‘Days of Rage’ Downunder: Considering American Influences on ‘Home-Grown’ Terrorism and ASIO's response in 1970s Australia

Between late 1969 and mid-1972 there were 176 premeditated and politically motivated attacks against a range of mostly government, military, judicial, diplomatic and commercial targets in Australia. Most were undertaken by radical left-wing actors. Such incidents and the organisations and individuals who carried them out can be examined through the lens of ‘home-grown’ terrorism. This article corrects the popular and historiographical amnesia associated with these events and demonstrates that like the moderate social movements of the ‘long Sixties’ that sustained Australia's ‘Years of Hope’, the home-grown terrorist actors who contributed to Australia's ‘Days of Rage’ were, most especially, influenced by American developments, cultural productions and actors. Further, in its attempts to understand and deal with these new threats, elements of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) were similarly influenced by a range of American ideas and events including social science research methodologies.

Comparison of the Effects of Low-Dose Midazolam, Magnesium Sulfate, Remifentanil and Low-Dose Etomidate on Prevention of Etomidate-Induced Myoclonus in Orthopedic Surgeries.

BackgroundEtomidate is a potent hypnotic agent with several desirable advantages such as providing a stable cardiovascular profile with minimal respiratory adverse effects and better hemodynamic stability compared with other induction agents. This drug is associated, however, with myoclonic movements which is characterized by a sudden, brief muscle contractions as a disturbing side-effect.ObjectivesThe present study was designed to compare the effectiveness of low- dose midazolam, magnesium sulfate, remifentanil and low-dose etomidate to suppress etomidate-induced myoclonus in orthopedic surgery.Patients and MethodsA double-blind clinical trial study was conducted in an academic hospital from September 2014 to August 2015. Two hundred and eighty-four eligible patients, American society of anesthesiologists class I - II, scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery were randomly allocated into four equal groups (n = 71). They received premedication with intravenous low-dose midazolam 0.015 mg/kg, magnesium sulfate 30 mg/kg, remifentanil 1 μg/kg and low-dose etomidate 0.03 mg/kg two minutes before induction of anesthesia with 0.3 mg/kg intravenous etomidate. Then the incidence and intensity of myoclonus were evaluated on a scale of 0 - 3; 0 = no myoclonus; 1 = mild (movement at wrist); 2 = moderate (movement at arm only, elbow or shoulder); and 3 = severe, generalized response or movement in more than one extremity, within ninety seconds. Any adverse effect due to these premedication agents was recorded.ResultsThe incidence and intensity of myoclonus were significantly lower in the low-dose etomidate group. The incidence rates of myoclonus were 51 (71.85%), 61 (85.9%), 30 (42.3%) and 41 (57.7%), and the percentages of patients who experienced grade III of myoclonus were 30 (58.8%), 32 (52.5%), 9 (30%) and 14 (34.1%) in the midazolam, magnesium sulfate, etomidate and remifentanil groups, respectively. The incidence and intensity of myoclonus were significantly lower in the low-dose etomidate group (P = 0.0001). No notable adverse effect was detected in our patients during the study period.ConclusionsIntravenous etomidate 0.03 mg/kg prior to induction can effectively reduce the incidence and severity of myoclonus linked to etomidate.

Prevention of Withdrawal Movement Associated with the Injection of Rocuronium in Children: Comparison of Paracetamol and Lidocaine.

Pain from rocuronium injection is observed in 50%-80 % of patients. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of pretreatment with paracetamol and lidocaine in preventing pain-induced withdrawal caused by the intravenous injection of rocuronium during the induction of general anaesthesia in paediatric patients. Ninety children were randomized into two groups using a simple drawing from the box method: a paracetamol group (Group P, n=45) and a lidocaine group (Group L, n=45). After anaesthesia induction, venous occlusion was applied by a paediatric cuff inflated to a pressure of 75 mmHg and by 50 mg paracetamol and 0.5 mg kg(-1) lidocaine was injected in Groups P and L, respectively. Venous occlusion was then released, followed by rocuronium injection (0.6 mg kg(-1)). Withdrawal was evaluated using a 4-point scale (1, no response; 2, movement at the wrist only; 3, movement/withdrawal involving arm only (elbow/shoulder) and 4, generalized response, movement/withdrawal in more than one extremity). The incidence of withdrawal movement was 42% and 26% in the Groups P and L, respectively (p=0.120). Although no significant differences were noted in the number of patients who had no withdrawal movement and mild withdrawal movement in Groups P and L, compared with Group L, the incidences of moderate withdrawal movement were significantly higher in Group P (p<0.05). No patient in either group revealed generalized movement. Using a venous occlusion technique, pretreatment with 50 mg paracetamol can prevent withdrawal movement caused by rocuronium injection in children but is not as effective as lidocaine to prevent moderate withdrawal movement.

APAP titration in patients with mild to moderate OSAS and periodic limb movement syndrome

1) to evaluate automatic positive airway pressure (APAP) titration in a partially attended setting; 2) to verify whether APAP performance depends on the apnea-hypopnea and periodic limb movement indexes (PLMI). 65 CPAP naïve subjects with a sleep disorder of breathing and daytime sleepiness underwent a standard polysomnography (first night), APAP titration (second night, partially attended), and a standard polysomnography using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) at the effective pressure (Peff) established from the APAP titration (third night) in a sleep disorder laboratory in a 400-bed community hospital. We examined the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), sleep stages, arousals induced by respiratory events (RESPa) and PLM (PLMa), and oxygen saturation during the first and third nights on CPAP at the Peff. Patients were divided into three groups according to their AHI and PLMI. At the Peff defined using APAP on the third night, the mean AHI dropped from 29.6 +/- 21.8 to 3.1 +/- 3.4, and the RESPa index from 16.5 +/- 16.2 to 1.7 +/- 2.6. No differences emerged in sleep stages or spontaneous arousals (first vs third night). Overall, 92% of the patients met the standard for an acceptable outcome of positive pressure titration. Baseline AHI and PLMI did not affect the outcome of titration. In patients with mild to moderate OSAS and PLMS, APAP titration enables the optimal fixed pressure for CPAP home therapy to be determined in at least 90% of patients.

Influence of Visual Input on Behavior of White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to an Auditory Alert Recording

Author(s): Gallagher, George R.; Holloway, Catherine H.; Williams, Kelly L.; Ellenburg, Robyn Y.; Saylors, Brianna M.; Van Der Heiden, Lara; Peters, Sunday O. | Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the importance of visual verification in the behavioral response of white-tailed deer to an auditory alert recording. We utilized a portable, remote-controlled sound system to play recordings of the white-tailed deer alert “blow.” In Phase I, the sound treatment was administered from a single location in a 1.3-ha grass lawn surrounded by wooded areas and roads with limited visibility, to free-ranging white-tailed deer on the Berry College campus during day and night hours. In Phase II, sound treatments were administered from varying locations in open lawn and hay fields. Recordings of deer activity were obtained from a digital camcorder and a FLIR thermal imagery camera. Behavior of white-tailed deer in response to the audio recording was classified as Passive (no altered behavior), Alert (actively observing and/or listening toward the recorded sound), Active (slow to moderate intentional movement toward or away from the recorded sound), or Flight (running away from the recorded sound). Six 10-sec periods of activity were evaluated. The pretreatment period (Pre Treat) began one minute prior to activation of the alert sound. The next four time periods [Sound (T1-T3)] represent the four consecutive 10-sec time frames from initiation of the sound treatment. A post-treatment (Post Trt) period was approximately 60 sec following the T3 period. In both phases, deer exhibited decreased Passive Behavior and increased Alert Behavior and Active Behavior following administration of the sound treatment. In the more confined area (Phase I) at night, deer tended to exhibit Alert and Active Behaviors longer than during the day. In the more open areas (Phase II), the degree of Active Behavior was diminished, with deer in the day tending to seek out the location of the sound. The results indicate that the use of visual verification to the auditory alert influenced behavioral response of white-tailed deer, and may be more critical in the areas where that process is limited compared to more open landscapes.

Housing conditions alter properties of the tibia and humerus during the laying phase in Lohmann white Leghorn hens

Osteoporosis in caged hens is one driving factor for the United States egg industry to explore options regarding alternative housing systems for laying hens. The aim of our research was to study the influence of housing systems on tibiae and humeri of 77-week-old Lohmann White hens. Pullets raised in an aviary system were either continued in aviary hen systems (AV) or conventional cages (AC) whereas pullets reared in conventional cages continued in conventional hen cages (CC) or enriched colony cages (EN) at 19 weeks. From each group, 120 hens were randomly euthanized and right and left tibae and humeri were excised for structural and mechanical analysis. Volumetric density of the cortical bone was measured using quantitative computed tomography (QCT). Aviary (AV) hens had greater cortical thickness and density but similar outer dimensions to AC hens (P < 0.05). Hens in EN system had humeri with similar cortical thickness and density but wider outer dimensions than the humeri of CC hens (P < 0.05). Cortical geometry of the tibiae was the same for the EN and CC hens, whereas EN hens had denser tibial cortex than CC hens (P < 0.05). Geometrical changes in the humeri suggest that hens in the AV system were better able to protect their structure from endosteal resorption during the laying phase. Humeri of AV and EN hens had increased second moment of area compared to the AC and CC hens; however, the changes were not observed in tibiae. Mechanical property differences were observed, with bones of AV hens having greater failure moment and stiffness than AC hens and the same difference was observed between the EN and CC hens, (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that movement limitation causes loss of bone mass and density whereas provision of moderate movement increases certain bone quality parameters during adulthood in laying hens.

Can Exercise Positively Influence the Intervertebral Disc?

To better understand what kinds of sports and exercise could be beneficial for the intervertebral disc (IVD), we performed a review to synthesise the literature on IVD adaptation with loading and exercise. The state of the literature did not permit a systematic review; therefore, we performed a narrative review. The majority of the available data come from cell or whole-disc loading models and animal exercise models. However, some studies have examined the impact of specific sports on IVD degeneration in humans and acute exercise on disc size. Based on the data available in the literature, loading types that are likely beneficial to the IVD are dynamic, axial, at slow to moderate movement speeds, and of a magnitude experienced in walking and jogging. Static loading, torsional loading, flexion with compression, rapid loading, high-impact loading and explosive tasks are likely detrimental for the IVD. Reduced physical activity and disuse appear to be detrimental for the IVD. We also consider the impact of genetics and the likelihood of a 'critical period' for the effect of exercise in IVD development. The current review summarises the literature to increase awareness amongst exercise, rehabilitation and ergonomic professionals regarding IVD health and provides recommendations on future directions in research.

Nocifensive behavior-related laser heat-evoked component in the rostral agranular insular cortex revealed using morphine analgesia

The rostral agranular insular cortex (RAIC), an opioid-responsive site, is essential for modulating nociception in rats. Our previous studies have shown that morphine suppressed long latency laser heat-evoked nociceptive responses in the primary somatosensory cortex (SmI). By contrast, morphine significantly attenuated both short and long latency responses in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The present study assessed the effect of morphine on laser heat-evoked responses in the RAIC. Laser heat irradiation applied to the rat forepaws at graded levels was used as a specific noxious stimulus. In the RAIC, the first part of the long latency component (140–250ms) of the laser heat-evoked response was enhanced by intraperitoneal morphine (5mg/kg). When the laser heat-evoked cortical responses were examined for trials showing strong nocifensive movement (paw licking), moderate nocifensive movement (paw lifting), and no nocifensive movement, a 140–250ms period enhancement was observed in the RAIC only for the paw lifting movement. This enhancement was absent in the SmI. Thus, our data suggest that the RAIC has a pain-related behavior-dependent neuronal component. Furthermore, the RAIC, ACC, and SmI are differentially modulated by morphine analgesia.

Head and neck surgery in a tertiary centre: Predictors of difficult airway and anaesthetic management

Introduction: The management of head and neck surgical patients is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and so anticipating the difficult airway is important. Methods: We undertook a prospective survey on consecutive adult patients scheduled on the elective operating lists of four head and neck consultant surgeons. Data were collected over a 36 month period. Data included: patient characteristics; routine predictors of difficulty in airway management (bedside tests of the airway, a history of previous surgery or radiotherapy and the presence of airway symptoms); laryngoscopy grade; method of anaesthesia and airway management; and any airway complications arising during induction of anaesthesia and extubation. Results: The ‘study’ group consisted of 818 patients. The ‘direct laryngoscopy’ group contained 674 patients, that is, patients who had direct laryngoscopy and could therefore be classified as easy or difficult intubation. The prevalence of difficult intubation was 12.6%. Factors or tests that were statistically significantly associated with difficult intubation were: history of difficult airway; previous head or neck radiotherapy treatment; presence of airway symptoms; presence of moderate or severe limited neck movement; and short interdental distance. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive values were: history of difficult airway 16.5%, 98.6% and 63.6%; previous radiotherapy 12.9%, 96.6% and 35.5%; airway symptoms 42.9%, 69.6% and 15.9%; moderate/severe neck limitation 16.7%, 97.2% and 46.7%; Mallampati score 3 or 4, 38.8%, 83.8% and 25.8%; and interdental distance 9.4%, 98.8% and 53.3%, respectively. The Bonfils intubation fibrescope was the most commonly used indirect laryngoscopy device (63.9% of all such cases). Twenty-six patients (3.2%) had complications during their initial airway management after induction of anaesthesia. There was one case of ‘cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate’, which required an emergency tracheostomy. Conclusion: The prevalence of difficult intubation in head and neck surgical patients was higher than in the general population, but predictive tests for difficult intubation have poor to moderate value. In our study, rates of difficult face mask ventilation, failed intubation and complications during induction and extubation were low. However, serious morbidity, although rare, can still be encountered. Head and neck surgical patients can be managed safely in a tertiary centre where there is appropriate surgical and anaesthetic expertise in managing difficult airways.

Dynamic Load Balancing With Handover in Hybrid Li-Fi and Wi-Fi Networks

In this paper, a hybrid network combining light fidelity (Li-Fi) with a radio frequency (RF) wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) network is considered. An additional tier of very small Li-Fi attocells which utilize the visible light spectrum, offers a significant increase in the wireless data throughput in an indoor environment, while at the same time providing room illumination. Importantly, there is no interference between Li-Fi and Wi-Fi. A Li-Fi attocell covers a significantly smaller area than a Wi-Fi access point (AP). This means that even with a moderate user movement a large number of handover between Li-Fi attocells can occur, and this compromises the system throughput. Dynamic load balancing (LB) can mitigate this issue so that the quasi-static users are served by Li-Fi attocells, while moving users are served by a Wi-Fi AP. However, due to the user movement, local overload situations may occur which prevent handover, leading to a lower throughput. This research studies LB in a hybrid Li-Fi/Wi-Fi network by taking into account user mobility and handover signalling overheads. Furthermore, a dynamic LB scheme is proposed, where the utility function considers system throughput and fairness. In order to better understand the handover effect on the LB, the service areas of different APs are studied, and the throughput of each AP by employing the proposed LB scheme is analyzed.

The Pattern of Islamic Moderate Movement in Java under Political Fluctuations in Early 20th Century

The previous studies of Islamization in Java follow a clear distinction of Priyayi-Abangan-Santri thesis, which was gradually developed and incompatible to capture the changing of political preferences of Javanese Muslims. This paper examines what kind of patterns formed on the dynamics of the Islamization process in Java under the influence of socio-political changes. The output of this paper is to show the pattern of Islamization process in Java under the political dynamic changes of Indonesian politics in the early twentieth century. The pattern of Islamization in Java was influenced by ethical policy, the transmission of Middle East Islam, and caused by the politization of Islam by the Colonial government. The ethical policy encouraged the creation of a public space for political contestations that determined the new identity of Indonesian elite. The transmission of Middle Eastern Islam triggered the polarization of Javanese Muslims into two patterns: the modernist Muslim strengthened the pattern of Priyayi-Santri in urban communities with Islamization through modern institutions. In this, the traditionalist Muslim also developed an intellectual genealogy through Pesantren networks scattered in the rural areas created the pattern of Santri-Abangan. Meanwhile the politization of Islam by Colonial government created a benefit to the unification of Islamic institutions.

Optimal morphokinematics for undulatory swimmers at intermediate Reynolds numbers

Undulatory locomotion is an archetypal mode of propulsion for natural swimmers across scales. Undulatory swimmers convert transverse body oscillations into forward velocity by a complex interplay between their flexural movements, morphological features and the fluid environment. Natural evolution has produced a wide range of morphokinematic examples of undulatory swimmers that often serve as inspiration for engineering devices. It is, however, unknown to what extent natural swimmers are optimized for hydrodynamic performance. In this work, we reverse-engineer the morphology and gait for fast and efficient swimmers by coupling an evolution strategy to three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of flows at intermediate Reynolds numbers. The fastest swimmer is slender with a narrow tail fin and performs a sequence of C-starts to maximize its average velocity. The most efficient swimmer combines moderate transverse movements with a voluminous head, tapering into a streamlined profile via a pronounced inflection point. These optimal solutions outperform anguilliform swimming zebrafish in both efficiency and speed. We investigate the transition between morphokinematic solutions in the speed–energy space, laying the foundations for the design of high-performance artificial swimming devices.

The range of juvenile movements of estuarine and coastal nursery dependent flatfishes: estimation from a meta-analytical approach

The juvenile pleuronectiforms need specific feeding and sheltering conditions in order to succeed in the critical period following their metamorphosis. This dependence to restricted nurseries grounds is the reason why movements are limited along this stage of flatfish development relative to the larval planktonic stage. However, a controversy remains about the home range of young-of-the-year coastal and estuarine-dependent flatfishes: both a limited home range and the capacity of considerable movements are alternatively reported. In the present meta-analysis based on a review of existing literature on pleuronectiforms, we gathered information about young-of-the-year flatfish movements, in order to better understand the scale of their dependence to local habitat (i.e., whether and at which scale they move between different habitats of a nursery area). For this meta-analysis, two different methods were retained to estimate the range of movements: the daily maximal distance of displacement and the minimal distance of segregation between distinct pools of flatfishes (contrasted patterns in natural tracers, growth, and fitness). We analysed patterns in daily movements and distances of segregation with respect to habitat features and to fish life history, accounting for discrepancies linked to methods of estimation. The scale of movements depends on both semi-passive tidal transport, linked to tidal amplitude, and the ability of individuals to move, which is related to body length of the group-0 flatfishes, but remains limited (few 100s meters without tidal cyclic migration). These moderate movements lead to segregation among patches of juvenile fish at small scales in upstream–downstream estuarine gradients (5km), and of moderate scales along the coastline (10km). This meta-analytical approach allowed for the resolution of strong dependence of young of the year flatfishes upon local nursery habitats.

Conversion and the transformation of culture in the Finnish Pentecostal movement

A religious community is composed of and by its members. It both transforms and reflects their styles. This article argues that a crucial aspect of cultural change is the process of identity-making through personal experience. In the development of any evangelical religious movement its second and third generations are especially important as they have a different experience of, and identification with, their religion than does the first generation. The Finnish Pentecostal movement has changed from being a radical to a more moderate movement because it has evolved in step with its members’ socialization. Based on my fieldwork and research I want to emphasise this difference between the experiences of the first and subsequent generations in explaining how a religious movement changes.

Muhafazakârlık Ve Reform Arasında Bir Hareket: Neolog Yahudilik

Neolog Judaism is a moderate reform movement that develeoped in mid-nineteenth century Hungary. With the impact of German Reform Judaism movement on Hungarian Jewry reform tendencies had already appeared in the commity organizations of Hungary from the beginning of the 19th century. Although German Reform provided Hungary Jewry with an ideology and a specific program of religious innovation difference in political and economic conditions in Hungary combined to mold the unique character of Hungarian Neology. Neolog Judaism, whose leading spokesmen there were Aaron Chorin and Leopold Low, pronounced prayer in the vernacular with an uncovered head, approved of the use of an organ on the Sabbath, curtailed the seven-day period of mourning and allowed riding and writing on the Sabbath. Neolog Judaism had separated from Orthodox Judasim at the General Jewish Congress convened in 1868-69, but refrained from introducing drastic reforms and adopted a distinctly moderate orientation.