Moderate-intensity Exercise Training Research Articles

The effects of exercise training on lipid profile in patients with sarcoidosis

This study aimed to determine the use of lipid profiling to assess the effects of moderate intensity exercise training (ET) on patients with sarcoidosis. Fourteen patients with sarcoidosis (mean age, 46.0 ± 9.6 years) were examined before and after 3-week of ET programme in hospital settings. Symptoms (fatigue: FAS, dyspnoea: MRC), lung function tests and physical function tests (6 MWT, muscle force) were measured before and after ET. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy combined with orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to determine lipid profile before and after ET. Twenty-five NMR signals from lipid compounds were selected for further analysis as well as serum lipid and inflammatory markers. Three weeks of ET results in improvement of symptoms (FAS: 27.5 vs. 21.0; p < 0.001, MRC: 0.86 vs. 0.14; p = 0.002) and physical function (6MWT: 508.43 vs. 547.29; p = 0.039). OPLS-DA analysis of the lipid profiles of patients with sarcoidosis revealed differences among the samples before and after ET, including decreases in fatty acids (p < 0.017), triglycerides (p < 0.022) and total cholesterol (p < 0.020). Other changes included shifts in fatty acids oxidation products and triacylglycerol esters. A short-time, in-hospital exercise training benefits patients with sarcoidosis by enhancing their physical function. Additionally, positive effect on lipid profile was observed also in this study. It is suggested that lipid profiling could become a new prognostic method to assess effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with sarcoidosis.

Impact of Moderate Exercise Training on Heart Rate Variability in Obese Adults

ABSTRACT Background: Exercise has been shown to improve heart rate variability (HRV) at rest in healthy subjects. HRV response during and immediately after acute exercise in obese individuals following aerobic exercise training has not been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 12 weeks of moderate intensity aerobic exercise training on HRV during acute exercise and active postexercise recovery in obese individuals. Methods: Eleven obese individuals (5 men, 6 women; body mass index = 39.2 ± 6.3 kg·m−2] underwent 12 weeks of exercise training at 60% of predicted VO2max, determined via a submaximal treadmill test. Body composition was assessed with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. HRV was measured during the final minute in each exercise stage and in recovery and analyzed with Kubios HRV software. Results: Predicted VO2max (baseline: 28.2 ± 3.5 mL·kg−1·min−1 and posttraining: 27.4 mL·kg−1·min−1, P &amp;gt; 0.05) was unchanged and body fat % decreased (46.2% ± 2.2 vs 45.5% ± 7.2, respectively). Initial stage heart rate and postexercise recovery heart rate was lower after training. The high frequency component was greater during the initial exercise stage after training. The low frequency component and the standard deviation of instantaneous beat-to-beat variability were greater during the final exercise stage after training. During cooldown, the root-mean-square of differences between adjacent RR intervals and high frequency normalized units were greater after training. Conclusion: HRV markers were improved during acute exercise stage and active recovery in obese individuals following 12 weeks of moderate intensity exercise training. These results suggest improvements in autonomic function can be seen with reductions in adiposity, independent of cardiorespiratory fitness changes in obese adults.

Exercise training decreases whole-body and tissue iron storage in adults with obesity.

What is the central question of this study? Does exercise training modify tissue iron storage in adults with obesity? What is the main finding and its importance? Twelve weeks of moderate-intensity exercise or high-intensity interval training lowered whole-body iron stores, decreased the abundance of the key iron storage protein in skeletal muscle (ferritin) and tended to lower hepatic iron content. These findings show that exercise training can reduce tissue iron storage in adults with obesity and might have important implications for obese individuals with dysregulated iron homeostasis. The regulation of iron storage is crucial to human health, because both excess and deficient iron storage have adverse consequences. Recent studies suggest altered iron storage in adults with obesity, with increased iron accumulation in their liver and skeletal muscle. Exercise training increases iron use for processes such as red blood cell production and can lower whole-body iron stores in humans. However, the effects of exercise training on liver and muscle iron stores in adults with obesity have not been assessed. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 12weeks of exercise training on whole-body iron stores, liver iron content and the abundance of ferritin (the key iron storage protein) in skeletal muscle in adults with obesity. Twenty-two inactive adults (11 women and 11 men; age, 31±6years; body mass index, 33±3kg/m2 ) completed 12weeks (four sessions/week) of either moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; 45min at 70% of maximal heart rate; n=11) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT; 10×1min at 90% of maximal heart rate, interspersed with 1min active recovery; n=11). Whole-body iron stores were lower after training, as indicated by decreased plasma concentrations of ferritin (P=3×10-5 ) and hepcidin (P=0.02), without any change in C-reactive protein. Hepatic R2*, an index of liver iron content, was 6% lower after training (P=0.06). Training reduced the skeletal muscle abundance of ferritin by 10% (P=0.03), suggesting lower muscle iron storage. Interestingly, these adaptations were similar in MICT and HIIT groups. Our findings indicate that exercise training decreased iron storage in adults with obesity, which might have important implications for obese individuals with dysregulated iron homeostasis.

Improved metabolic fitness, but no cardiovascular health effects, of a low-frequency short-term combined exercise programme in 50–70-year-olds with low fitness: A randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT We evaluated the cardiometabolic effects of a 15-week combined exercise programme, implemented in sports clubs, for 50–70-year-olds with low aerobic fitness. In a randomized controlled trial, 45 participants (26 women) with low fitness were randomly assigned (2:1-ratio) to a training group (TG, n = 30) or inactive control group (CG, n = 15). TG had 15 weeks with one weekly 90-min supervised group-based session in a recreational sports club with combined aerobic exercise and strength training and were encouraged to perform home-based training 30 min/wk. Evaluations of relative VO2max (mLO2/min/kg), blood pressure, resting heart rate (HR), echocardiography, peripheral arterial tonometry, body composition, lipid profile and HbA1c were performed at 0 and 15 wks. Average HR during supervised training was 113 ± 13 bpm (68.6 ± 7.0%HRmax), with 4.3 ± 6.6% spent >90%HRmax. At 15-wk follow-up, intention-to-treat analyses revealed no between-group difference for VO2max/kg (0.4 mLO2/min/kg, 95%CI −0.8–1.5, P = 0.519; −3 mL/min, 95%CI −123–118, P = 0.966) or other cardiovascular outcomes (all P > 0.05). Compared to CG, total fat mass (−1.9 kg; 95%CI −3.2 to −0.5, P = 0.005), total fat percentage (−1.3%, 95%CI −2.2 to −0.3, P = 0.01) and total/HDL cholesterol ratio (P = 0.032) decreased in TG. Regular adherence to supervised training was high (81%), but 0% for home-based exercise. In conclusion, the group-based supervised training was associated with high adherence and moderate exercise intensity, whereas insufficiently supported home-based training was not feasible. Together, 15 wks of combined exercise training did not improve aerobic fitness or affected cardiovascular function in 50–70-yr-olds with low aerobic fitness, whereas some positive effects were observed in metabolic parameters. Highlights Combined exercise training implemented in a sports club elicited moderate aerobic intensity in 50-70-year-old untrained individuals. Supervised group-based training had high adherence whereas unsupported home-based training had very low adherence. 15 weeks of low-frequency combined moderate intensity exercise training improved lipid profile and fat mass, but had no effect on cardiovascular fitness.

Randomized Trial Examining the Effect of a 12-wk Exercise Program on Hedonic Eating.

This efficacy trial tests the hypothesis that exercise training favorably affects hedonic eating (i.e., overeating, stress-induced overeating, disinhibited eating, eating when tempted), in a sample of women who are overweight or obese. Participants were inactive at baseline, self-identified as "stress eaters," and were randomized to 12 wk of moderate-intensity exercise training (EX; combination of supervised and objectively confirmed unsupervised sessions) or to a no-exercise control condition (CON). EX participants were given an exercise goal of 200 min·wk-1. No dietary instructions or weight control strategies were provided. Assessments occurred at baseline and 12 wk. Overeating episodes, stress-induced overeating, and dietary temptations were measured over 14 d at each assessment using ecological momentary assessment. Disinhibition and dietary restraint were assessed via a questionnaire. Forty-nine participants (age, 40.4 ± 10.8 yr; body mass index, 32.4 ± 4.1 kg·m-2) enrolled, and 39 completed this study. Adherence to the exercise intervention was high (99.4% of all prescribed exercise). At week 12, the proportion of eating episodes that were characterized as overeating episodes was lower in EX versus CON (21.98% in EX vs 26.62% in control; P = 0.001). Disinhibition decreased in EX but not in CON (P = 0.02) and was driven by internal factors. There was a trend such that CON was more likely to give into dietary temptations (P = 0.08). Stress-induced overeating was low and did not differ between conditions (P = 0.61). Exercise training reduced the likelihood of overeating and eating in response to internal cues in women who self-identified as stress eaters. This may be one pathway by which exercise affects body weight.

Twelve-Weeks of Bench-Step Exercise Training Ameliorates Cardiopulmonary Fitness and Mood State in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study.

Background and objectives: Unhealthy, physically inactive lifestyles increase the risk of future cardiovascular events and impaired physical fitness in individuals with schizophrenia. Insufficient literature exists to provide fundamental information about appropriate exercise training modality for this population. This pilot study preliminarily investigated the effects of a 12-week moderate-intensity bench-step exercise training (BSET) program on cardiopulmonary fitness, mood state, and cognition in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Twenty-eight patients with schizophrenia completed this study. The participants were allocated into either bench-step exercise-training (BSET; N = 14) or control (CTRL; N = 14) groups according to their preferences. The BSET group received a 12-week bench-step intervention, whereas the CTRL group did not participate in any training. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), 6-min walk test (6MWD), and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) were assessed at baseline (PRE) and at the end of the intervention (POST) to determine mood state, endurance fitness, and attention, respectively. Results: After a 12-week BSET intervention, the 6MWD was significantly increased in the BSET (p = 0.007) but not in the CTRL (p > 0.05). The participants with BSET intervention showed a significant decrease in BDI-II at the end of the intervention (p = 0.03). However, SDMT scores were not different in both BSET and CTRL (p > 0.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the 12-week intervention of moderate-intensity bench-step exercise training (frequency: 1 session/week; each session of 30 min; step cadence: 96 beats/min) might effectively enhance cardiopulmonary fitness and mood state in patients with schizophrenia. However, attention did not change after the bench-step exercise intervention.

Interindividual variation in cardiometabolic health outcomes following 6months of endurance training in youth at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

This study determined the interindividual variation in the cardiometabolic response to 6months of moderate or vigorous intensity exercise training (ET) among youth at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Youth were randomized to moderate intensity ET (45-55% heart rate reserve; n = 31), vigorous intensity ET (70-85% heart rate reserve; n = 37), or control (n = 36). Only those attending ≥70% of ET sessions were included. Cardiometabolic measures included insulin sensitivity, hepatic triglyceride content, visceral adipose area, and cardiorespiratory fitness. The contribution of ET to interindividual variation was determined using the standard deviation of individual responses (SDIR) and considered meaningful if the SDIR surpassed the smallest worthwhile difference (SWD), calculated as 0.2× the standard deviation of the control group baseline values. ET meaningfully contributed to the interindividual variation among changes in peak oxygen uptake following moderate (SDIR: 2.04) and vigorous (SDIR: 3.43) ET (SWD: 1.17 mL·kgfat free mass-1·min-1), body fat percentage and hepatic triglyceride content following moderate-intensity ET (SDIR: 1.64, SWD: 1.05%; SDIR: 10.08, SWD: 1.06%, respectively), and visceral fat mass following vigorous ET (SDIR: 11.06, SWD: 7.13 cm2). Variation in the changes in insulin sensitivity were not influenced by ET. The contribution of ET to interindividual variation appears to be influenced by the desired outcome and prescribed intensity. Trial registration at ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier no.: NCT00755547). Novelty: The contribution of exercise to interindividual variation following training depends on the outcome and exercise intensity. Increasing exercise intensity does not systematically reduce non-response among youth at risk for type 2 diabetes.

Aerobic exercise attenuates ectopic renal sinus adipose tissue accumulation-related renal hypoxia injury in obese mice

AimsWe explored the effect of aerobic exercise on renal sinus adipose (RSA) accumulation and RSA accumulation-related renal injury in obese mice. Main methodsC57BL/6J male mice (n = 30) were evenly divided into three groups: control group (CON, n = 10), obese group (OB, n = 10; given high-fat diet) and obese + aerobic exercise group (OB + E, n = 10; given HFD and 8 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise training). The body weight and kidney weight were measured after sacrificing. Morphological alterations of adipose and renal tissues were measured on hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stained slides. The macrophages surface markers (F4/80, CD68, CD206, CD163), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) were examined by immunohistochemistry assay. Inflammation-related factors (FGF-21, KIM-1, IL-6) were analyzed via serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Key findingsWe found that aerobic exercise significantly reduced body weight, kidney weight, serum FGF-21 and KIM-1 levels, and ameliorated glomerular hypertrophy and RSA size accumulation in OB + E group compared with OB group. Furthermore, HIF-1α in the RSA and renal tissues was significantly increased in the OB group (P < 0.05), but exercise effectively reduced the expression of HIF-1α and ameliorated renal inflammation by reducing MCP-1 and CD68 expression (both P < 0.05), improving the conversion from M1 (CD68) to M2 (CD206, CD163) macrophages (P < 0.05), and finally alleviating the level of IL-6 (P < 0.01). SignificanceAerobic exercise could reduce RSA accumulation-related adipose hypoxia and macrophage infiltration, and subsequently attenuate the progress of renal injury.

Effectiveness of Exercises in Glycaemic Control and Maternal Outcome among Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus- A Pilot study

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a common medical problem that is very often seen in pregnancy in the present era. Pregnant women should keep in mind their health and lifestyle considerations or else pregnancy will end up with many complications. Pre-existing factors and pregnancy factors will be contributing and make pregnancy more complicated. Exercises are recommended as a healthy practice which prevents many diseases and provides a healthy life. Aim: To evaluate the glycaemic level by focusing on exercises to improve the maternal outcome. Materials and Methods: A Pilot study with Quasi-experimental pre-post control group design with 30 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) women (15 in each group) were selected who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study was conducted in tertiary care Hospital between June 2019 and December 2019. Based on the convenience sampling technique, the setting was selected and a simple random technique was adopted to select the subjects. The 15 subjects were included in each groups, both intervention and control group. Exercises were taught for the interventional group of women for 12 weeks. Regular treatment was continued for both groups which include medication, diet and regular walking. Pre-test and post-test glycaemic scores were done for both the groups. Mann-whitney test, ANOVA, post-hoc test, paired Eta square were also used and IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 was used. Results: The study shows there was a significant difference in the pre-Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and post FBS values in the intervention group p-value &lt;0.027. The paired Eta square value was 0.303 which showed a moderate effect of the exercise on the glycaemic value in the interventional group. There was a significant difference in the pre glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and post HbA1c values in both the intervention and control group was p-value &lt;0.023 and p-value &lt;0.025, respectively. The maternal outcome shows increased severity of the complications in the control group while comparing with the intervention group such as pre-eclampsia, operative interference, and preterm deliveries. But there was no significant difference in the maternal outcome observed between intervention and control group p-value &gt;0.05. Conclusion: Regular moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance exercise training during pregnancy is associated with lower blood glucose level. Thus, study concluded that exercise has a moderate effect on glycaemic control.

Continuous Aerobic Exercise Prevents Detrimental Remodeling and Right Heart Myocyte Contraction and Calcium Cycling Dysfunction in Pulmonary Artery Hypertension.

Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) imposes right heart and lung detrimental remodeling which impairs cardiac contractility, physical effort tolerance, and survival. The effects of an early moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise training on the right ventricle and lung structure, and on contractility and the calcium (Ca2+) transient in isolated myocytes from rats with severe PAH induced by monocrotaline were analyzed. Rats were divided into control sedentary (CS), control exercise (CE), monocrotaline sedentary (MS), and monocrotaline exercise (ME) groups. Animals from control exercise and ME groups underwent a moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on a treadmill (60 min/d; 60% intensity) for 32 days, after a monocrotaline (60 mg/kg body weight i.p.) or saline injection. The pulmonary artery resistance was higher in MS than in control sedentary (1.36-fold) and was reduced by 39.39% in ME compared with MS. Compared with MS, the ME group presented reduced alveolus (17%) and blood vessel (46%) wall, fibrosis (25.37%) and type I collagen content (55.78%), and increased alveolus (52.96%) and blood vessel (146.97%) lumen. In the right ventricle, the ME group exhibited diminished hypertrophy index (25.53%) and type I collagen content (40.42%) and improved myocyte contraction [ie, reduced times to peak (29.27%) and to 50% relax (13.79%)] and intracellular Ca2+ transient [ie, decreased times to peak (16.06%) and to 50% decay (7.41%)] compared with MS. Thus, early moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise prevents detrimental remodeling in the right heart and lung increases in the pulmonary artery resistance and dysfunction in single myocyte contraction and Ca2+ cycling in this model.

Maternal Cardiovascular and Birth Outcome Responses to At-Home vs. In-person Prenatal Exercise during COVID-19 Pandemic

Background. The COVID-19 pandemic led to decreased physical activity, as well as increased stress, especially for pregnant women. Exercise is effective for decreasing stress and improving overall maternal and infant health. To date, research has not determined whether an at-home exercise program during pregnancy elicits similar results to in-person exercise. Objective. To examine the effect of in-person vs at-home moderate-intensity exercise training during pregnancy on maternal cardiovascular and birth outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. Pregnant women were recruited between 13-16 weeks’ gestation and randomized to either an exercise or control group. No control subjects were included in this analysis; exercisers were asked to complete at least 50-minutes of moderate-intensity activity 3 times each week either in-person (n=20) or at-home (n-17). Both groups were provided individualized exercise prescriptions including a 5-minute warm-up, 50-minutes of exercise related to group allocation, and a cool-down period. Maternal resting heart rate and blood pressure (BP) were recorded at 16- and 36-weeks' gestation. Gestational weight gain and birth outcomes were obtained via electronic health record at delivery. Results. From enrollment to late pregnancy, at-home exercisers have significant increases in systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP, p&lt;0.001 and 0.0003, respectively) whereas the in-person group did not (p=0.30 and 0.78, respectively). In-person exercisers had lower SBP and DBP in late pregnancy (p=0.04 and 0.01, respectively) relative to at-home exercisers. At-home exercise was correlated with higher late pregnancy SBP (r=-0.34, p=0.04), DBP (r=-0.42,p=0.01), and SBP change (r=-0.496, p=0.002). Group allocation was a predictor for late pregnancy DBP (p=0.007) and SBP change (0.036). There were no differences in infant birth outcomes. Conclusion. Supervised in-person exercise training with the proper precautions has similar birth outcomes and may be more beneficial for maternal cardiovascular health relative to at-home training.

Establishment of a murine, lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis model for testing anaerobic exercise thresholds and early mobilization

BackgroundSeveral methods have been proposed to prevent post intensive care syndrome after sepsis, including early mobilization, but controversy remains in mechanisms and outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this study is to establish a septic mouse model and classify exercise intensities during the acute phase of sepsis to generate a murine sepsis rehabilitation model. MethodsAdult, male C57/B6 mice received lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections (20 mg/kg). We recorded survival rates and metabolic changes, such as resting energy expenditure (REE), compared with controls up to 72 h after LPS administration. We also observed vital signs (rectal temperature and weight change), inflammation (TNF-α and IL-6), and exercise intensity via metabolic monitoring treadmill. We analyzed the anaerobic threshold (AT) by the V-Slope method. ResultAround 30% of the mice survived 72 h after LPS induction with the lowest REE at around 22–24 h later (REE at 22 h: 2.26 ± 0.34 kcal/day p < 0.05 vs. baseline). Blood concentrations of TNF-α were highest at the 12 h timepoint (41.23 ± 24.39 pg/mL, p < 0.05 vs. baseline) and IL-6 was highest at 24 h after LPS induction (1476.5 ± 274.7 pg/mL, p < 0.05 vs. baseline). With V-Slope, we observed the AT at each timepoint (6 h:14 m/min,12 h: 9 m/min, 24 h:4 m/min,36 h:10 m/min, 48 h:16 m/min, 60 h:20 m/min, 72 h:22 m/min) and classified these into very low intensity exercise training, low intensity exercise training, or moderate intensity exercise training at each timepoint. ConclusionWe classified exercise intensities out to 72 h after sepsis recovery using a mouse model. These data may serve as a bridge to clinical studies to fill gaps in best practice for sepsis rehabilitation.

Commentaries on Viewpoint: The interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 may have consequences for skeletal muscle viral susceptibility and myopathies.

Commentaries on Viewpoint: The interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 may have consequences for skeletal muscle viral susceptibility and myopathies.

The effects of an exercise training on steroid hormones in preadolescent children – a moderator for enhanced cognition?

ObjectiveResearch demonstrates a variety of cognitive benefits induced by different chronic physiological stressors (e.g. motor vs. cardiovascular exercise training) and acute exercise to affect steroid hormone secretion, the present study aims to investigate 1.) motor vs. cardiovascular exercise training and their impact on salivary Testosterone, Estradiol and Progesterone and 2.) whether alterations in steroid hormones might moderate exercise-induced cognitive benefits. MethodsIn a randomized control trial, 71 preadolescent children (39 girls) at the age of 9–10 years were randomly assigned to a cardiovascular exercise group (CE), a motor exercise group (ME) as well as a control group (CON) in which students were attending assisted homework. The participants attended their program three times per week, for a total of 10 weeks. Steroid hormones in the saliva, working memory performance and state-trait anxiety levels were determined before and after the intervention. ResultsStatistical analysis showed no chronic changes in hormones through the interventions. Stepwise hierarchical regression revealed the Testosterone*ME-interaction to be a significant moderator for working memory performance post-intervention (β = 0.48, p = 0.014). Within the ME, increases of Testosterone from t1 to t2 were predicting higher working memory performance post-intervention (β = 0.45, R2 = 0.16, p = 0.038). ConclusionOur findings suggest 1.) that motor-exercise-induced cognitive benefits are moderated by changes in Testosterone and 2.) that a 10-week exercise training of moderate intensity and with a motor demanding vs a cardiovascular character does not affect the chronic concentration of salivary Testosterone, Estradiol and Progesterone nor anxiety levels in preadolescent children.

Similar effects of three endurance exercise protocols in women with metabolic syndrome: Interest of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training with a pedometer

The aim of this study was to show the effects of different intensities and durations of aerobic exercise on weight, abdominal obesity, metabolic, and hormonal responses in women with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Sixty women with MetS were randomly assigned to one of the three training groups: high-intensity exercise group (HIE) ( n = 20), moderate-intensity exercise group (MIE) ( n = 20) and moderate-intensity pedometer group (ECE PEDO) ( n = 20). HIE group exercised 20 minutes a day, 3 days a week at %70 VO 2 max, while MIE and ECE PEDO groups exercised 5 days a week, 30 minutes a day at %50 VO 2 max. The primary outcome measures were anthropometric measurements including abdominal fat, VO 2 max measurements, lipid profile, adrenaline, noradrenaline, free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, and oxyntomodulin parameter. A total of 51 women completed the 12-week exercise program. Anthropometric measurements such as weight, BMI, waist circumference (WC), visceral fat (VF) and trunk fat percentage were all decreased significantly at week 12 in all groups ( P < 0.017). The median VF was decreased from 17 (14.9–20.05) to 15.1 (11.2–16.75), from 17.75 (15.5–21.87) to 16.65 (13.9–20.9) and from 18.5 (17.5–20.45) to 16.65 (15.25–18.5) for HIE, MIE and ECE PEDO groups respectively at 12th week ( P < 0.017). The median oxyntomodulin increased from 61.65 (48.32–70.50) to 120.11 (63.37–157.35) only in MIE group ( P < 0.017). No significant differences were seen between the groups for all outcome measures ( P > 0.05). Moderate aerobic exercises performed 5 days a week as supervised treadmill exercise or home-based pedometer walking were not significantly different from high-intensity supervised treadmill exercise made 3 days a week for weight, VF, exercise capacity and metabolic parameters in women with MetS. Increasing oxyntomodulin levels with moderate-intensity exercise may have beneficial metabolic effects in patients with MetS. NCT03445741 . L’objectif de cette étude était de montrer les effets de différentes intensités et durées d’exercices aérobies sur le poids, l’obésité abdominale, les réponses métaboliques et hormonales chez les femmes atteintes du syndrome métabolique (MetS). Soixante femmes atteintes de MetS ont été réparties au hasard dans l’un des trois groupes d’entraînement : groupe d’exercices à haute intensité (HIE) ( n = 20), groupe d’exercices à intensité modérée (MIE) ( n = 20) et groupe de podomètre à intensité modérée (ECE PEDO) ( n = 20). Le groupe HIE a fait 20 minutes d’exercice par jour, 3 jours par semaine à %70 VO 2 max, tandis que les groupes MIE et ECE PEDO ont fait de l’exercice 5 jours par semaine, 30 minutes par jour à %50 VO 2 max. Les principales mesures des résultats étaient des mesures anthropométriques, notamment la graisse abdominale, les mesures VO 2 max, le profil lipidique, l’adrénaline, la noradrénaline, les acides gras libres (AGL), le glycérol et le paramètre de l’oxyntomoduline. Au total, 51 femmes ont suivi le programme d’exercice de 12 semaines. Les mesures anthropométriques telles que le poids, l’IMC, le tour de taille (WC), la graisse viscérale (VF) et le pourcentage de graisse du tronc ont toutes diminué de manière significative à la semaine 12 dans tous les groupes ( p < 0,017). Le tour de taille médian a diminué de 17 (14,9–20,05) à 15,1 (11,2–16,75), de 17,75 (15,5–21,87) à 16,65 (13,9–20,9) et de 18,5 (17,5–20,45) à 16,65 (15,25–18,5) pour les groupes HIE, MIE et ECE PEDO respectivement à la 12 e semaine ( p < 0,017). L’oxyntomoduline médiane est passée de 61,65 (48,32–70,50) à 120,11 (63,37–157,35) uniquement dans le groupe MIE ( p < 0,017). Aucune différence significative n’a été observée entre les groupes pour toutes les mesures de résultats ( p > 0,05). Les exercices aérobies modérés effectués 5 jours par semaine, comme les exercices sur tapis roulant supervisés ou la marche sur podomètre à domicile, n’étaient pas significativement différents des exercices sur tapis roulant supervisés de haute intensité effectués 3 jours par semaine pour le poids, la FV, la capacité d’exercice et les paramètres métaboliques chez les femmes atteintes de MIE. L’augmentation des niveaux d’oxyntomoduline avec un exercice d’intensité modérée peut avoir des effets métaboliques bénéfiques chez les patients atteints de MetS. NCT03445741 .

Exercise as a protective mechanism against the negative effects of oxidative stress in first-episode psychosis: a biomarker-led study

First-episode psychosis (FEP) is a psychiatric disorder, characterised by positive and negative symptoms, usually emerging during adolescence and early adulthood. FEP represents an early intervention opportunity for intervention in psychosis. Redox disturbance and subsequent oxidative stress have been linked to the pathophysiology of FEP. Exercise training can perturb oxidative stress and rebalance the antioxidant system and thus represents an intervention with the potential to interact with a mechanism of disease. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of exercise on markers of redox status in FEP. Twenty-two young men were recruited from Birmingham Early Intervention services and randomised to either a 12-week exercise programme or treatment as usual (control). Measures of blood and brain glutathione (GSH), markers of oxidative damage, inflammation, neuronal health, symptomology and habitual physical activity were assessed. Exercise training was protective against changes related to continued psychosis. Symptomatically, those in the exercise group showed reductions in positive and general psychopathology, and stable negative symptoms (compared to increased negative symptoms in the control group). Peripheral GSH was increased by 5.6% in the exercise group, compared to a significant decrease (24.4%) (p = 0.04) in the control group. Exercise attenuated negative changes in markers of neuronal function (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), lipid damage (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) and total antioxidant capacity. C-reactive protein and tumour necrosis factor-α also decreased in the exercise group, although protein and DNA oxidation were unchanged. Moderate-intensity exercise training has the ability to elicit changes in markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant concentration, with subsequent improvements in symptoms of psychosis.

Effect of moderate-intensity exercise training on GDNF signaling pathway in testicles of rats after experimental diabetes type 1 induction

AimsThe spermatogenesis failure is reported as the main complication for diabetes and the moderate-intensity exercise (EX) is shown to ameliorate the diabetes-induced impairments both at spermatogenesis and sperm levels. Thus, the current study was done to investigate the possible effect of EX in the sole and simultaneous form with insulin on the network between Sertoli and spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) by focusing on niche factor Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). MethodsFor this purpose, 30 mature male Wistar rats were divided into control and experimental type 1 diabetes (T1D)-induced groups. Then the T1D-induced animals were subdivided to sedentary T1D-induced (ST1D), EX + T1D, insulin (INS) + T1D and EX + INS + T1D groups. The general histological changes of testicles, mRNA and protein contents of GDNF and its special receptors gfrα1 and c-RET were evaluated and compared between groups. ResultsEX in the sole and simultaneous form with INS significantly (p < 0.05) diminished the T1D-induced histological damages, amplified the GDNF expression, and enhanced the gfrα1 and c-RET mRNA and protein contents compared to ST1D group. ConclusionIn conclusion, the EX in the sole form promotes spermatogenesis by up-regulating the GDNF signaling system. Moreover, EX remarkably amplifies the insulin-induced ameliorative effect on spermatogenesis.

Reducing Anxiety and Anxiety Sensitivity With High-Intensity Interval Training in Adults With Asthma.

Low- and moderate-intensity exercise training has been shown to be effective for reducing general anxiety and anxiety sensitivity among adults with asthma. Exercise frequency and intensity have been shown to play an integral role in reducing anxiety sensitivity; however, less is known about the impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on anxiety in adults with asthma. A 6-week HIIT intervention was conducted with adults with asthma. Participants completed HIIT (10% peak power output for 1min, 90% peak power output for 1min, repeated 10 times) 3 times per week on a cycle ergometer. Preintervention and postintervention assessments included the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 and the Body Sensations Questionnaire. Total Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (PRE: 17.9 [11.8]; POST 12.4 [13], P = .002, Cohen d = 0.4, n = 20) and Body Sensations Questionnaire (PRE: 2.4 [1.0]; POST: 2.0 [0.8], P = .007, Cohen d = 0.3) improved from preintervention to postintervention. A 6-week HIIT intervention leads to improved anxiety among adults with asthma. Future research should determine the impact of HIIT among adults with asthma with clinical anxiety.

High Intensity Exercise Training In Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are excluded from high intensity activities due to perceived fear of sudden cardiac death though data from athletes with HCM suggest competitive sport may be safe for some. Low cardiorespiratory fitness in sedentary HCM patients may confer a greater lifetime cardiovascular event risk than exercise per se. While moderate intensity exercise training in patients with HCM modestly increases fitness, high intensity exercise may be superior. PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of five months of moderate intensity exercise and high intensity exercise training to improve cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇O2max) in patients with HCM. METHODS: Eight patients with HCM (50 ± 7 years, 3 female) were assessed for maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max, Douglas Bag method), cardiac output (Q̇c, acetylene rebreathing), and peripheral oxygen extraction (av-O2 diff, Fick equation) before randomization and after 5 months of moderate or high intensity exercise training. Patients completed 3-4 sessions of moderate intensity exercise each week, while the high intensity group also incorporated a weekly interval training session. RESULTS: Five months of moderate intensity exercise increased absolute V̇O2max by 3% and relative V̇O2max by 4%, while high intensity exercise consistently increased absolute V̇O2max by 6% and relative V̇O2max by 5% (Figure). Maximal Q̇c did not change after moderate intensity exercise (+0.0L [95% CI -2.0 to 1.7]) but increased in all three patients after high intensity exercise (+1.2L [95% CI -1.4 to 3.9]), while maximal av-O2 diff remained stable in both groups (moderate intensity: +0.8mL/100mL [95% CI -1.0 to 2.6]; high intensity: -0.5mL/100mL [95% CI -3.6 to 2.7]). CONCLUSION: Preliminary findings show similar increases in cardiorespiratory fitness following five months of moderate and high intensity exercise training in patients with HCM, although improvements were more consistent after high intensity exercise.

Ethnic Differences In Post-prandial Glycemic Control After Acute Moderate-intensity Continuous Or High-intensity Interval Exercise

PURPOSE: To examine the effects of acute continuous moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (CME) and low-volume high-intensity interval training (LV-HIIT) on glycemic control in white Europeans (WEs) and south Asians (SAs) with impaired glycemic control. METHODS: 23 participants (WE / SA [M/F]: 13[6/7] / 10[7/3]; median (IQR): age 67 (60–68) years, BMI 30.0 (28.4–32.8) kg/m2, waist circumference 100.8 (97.6–109.1) cm, HbA1c 5.9 (5.8–6.1) %) completed three 6 h trials (control [CON], CME, LV-HIIT; randomized order). Participants rested throughout, except for 35 min of CME and 25 min of LV-HIIT (closely matched for external work produced) during corresponding trials. Both CME and LV-HIIT ended at 2 h. Standardized meals were consumed at 0 and 3 h. Plasma glucose and insulin were measured at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 3.5, 4, 5 and 6 h. Data were analysed as post-exercise time-averaged area under the curve (AUCpost), using generalized estimating equations, adjusted for pre-exercise AUC (also time-averaged), sex and age. Main effects of trial and ethnicity were assessed, with an interaction term fitted to explore if ethnicity modulated responses. Insulin resistance index (IRI) was calculated as tAUCglu x tAUCins. RESULTS: Glucose was unaffected (all p ≥ 0.28), but insulin AUCpost was reduced in both exercise trials compared to CON (main effect p < 0.001; Figure 1A). Furthermore, this effect was modulated by ethnicity (p = 0.03), with a greater effect seen in SAs. Notably, insulin AUCpost was similar in both ethnicities during exercise trials, despite being higher in SAs during CON (Figure 1A). Results were similar for IRI (Figure 1B). CONCLUSION: Despite ~30% higher post-prandial insulin responses during prolonged sitting, SAs may benefit more from acute exercise than WEs. Acknowledging that this was an acute-crossover study, these findings warrant further investigation with longer-term exercise training interventions, given the higher cardiometabolic disease risk observed in SAs.