Moderate-intensity Exercise Training Research Articles

Aerobic exercise training engages the canonical wnt pathway to improve pulmonary function and inflammation in COPD

BackgroundWe studied whether the exercise improves cigarette smoke (CS) induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in mice through inhibition of inflammation mediated by Wnt/β-catenin-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ signaling.MethodsFirstly, we observed the effect of exercise on pulmonary inflammation, lung function, and Wnt/β-catenin-PPARγ. A total of 30 male C57BL/6J mice were divided into the control group (CG), smoke group (SG), low-intensity exercise group (LEG), moderate-intensity exercise group (MEG), and high-intensity exercise group (HEG). All the groups, except for CG, underwent whole-body progressive exposure to CS for 25 weeks. Then, we assessed the maximal exercise capacity of mice from the LEG, MEG, and HEG, and performed an 8-week treadmill exercise intervention. Then, we used LiCl (Wnt/β-catenin agonist) and XAV939 (Wnt/β-catenin antagonist) to investigate whether Wnt/β-catenin-PPARγ pathway played a role in the improvement of COPD via exercise. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6 per group): CG, SG, LiCl group, LiCl and exercise group, XAV939 group, and XAV939 and exercise group. Mice except those in the CG were exposed to CS, and those in the exercise groups were subjected to moderate-intensity exercise training. All the mice were subjected to lung function test, lung histological assessment, and analysis of inflammatory markers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, as well as detection of Wnt1, β-catenin and PPARγ proteins in the lung tissue.ResultsExercise of various intensities alleviated lung structural changes, pulmonary function and inflammation in COPD, with moderate-intensity exercise exhibiting significant and comprehensive effects on the alleviation of pulmonary inflammation and improvement of lung function. Low-, moderate-, and high-intensity exercise decreased β-catenin levels and increased those of PPARγ significantly, and only moderate-intensity exercise reduced the level of Wnt1 protein. Moderate-intensity exercise relieved the inflammation aggravated by Wnt agonist. Wnt antagonist combined with moderate-intensity exercise increased the levels of PPARγ, which may explain the highest improvement of pulmonary function observed in this group.ConclusionsExercise effectively decreases COPD pulmonary inflammation and improves pulmonary function. The beneficial role of exercise may be exerted through Wnt/β-catenin-PPARγ pathway.

Effects of short-term moderate intensity exercise on the serum metabolome in older adults: a pilot randomized controlled trial

BackgroundWe previously reported changes in the serum metabolome associated with impaired myocardial relaxation in an asymptomatic older community cohort. In this prospective parallel-group randomized control pilot trial, we subjected community adults without cardiovascular disease to exercise intervention and evaluated the effects on serum metabolomics.MethodsBetween February 2019 to November 2019, thirty (83% females) middle-aged adults (53 ± 4 years) were randomized with sex stratification to either twelve weeks of moderate-intensity exercise training (Intervention) (n = 15) or Control (n = 15). The Intervention group underwent once-weekly aerobic and strength training sessions for 60 min each in a dedicated cardiac exercise laboratory for twelve weeks (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03617653). Serial measurements were taken pre- and post-intervention, including serum sampling for metabolomic analyses.ResultsTwenty-nine adults completed the study (Intervention n = 14; Control n = 15). Long-chain acylcarnitine C20:2-OH/C18:2-DC was reduced in the Intervention group by a magnitude of 0.714 but increased in the Control group by a magnitude of 1.742 (mean difference −1.028 age-adjusted p = 0.004). Among Controls, alanine correlated with left ventricular mass index (r = 0.529, age-adjusted p = 0.018) while aspartate correlated with Lateral e’ (r = −764, age-adjusted p = 0.016). C20:3 correlated with E/e’ ratio fold-change in the Intervention group (r = −0.653, age-adjusted p = 0.004). Among Controls, C20:2/C18:2 (r = 0.795, age-adjusted p = 0.005) and C20:2-OH/C18:2-DC fold-change (r = 0.742, age-adjusted p = 0.030) correlated with change in E/A ratio.ConclusionsCorresponding relationships between serum metabolites and cardiac function in response to exercise intervention provided pilot observations. Future investigations into cellular fuel oxidation or central carbon metabolism pathways that jointly impact the heart and related metabolic systems may be critical in preventive trials.

Aerobic training reduces microglial activation and TNFα release in the hypothalamus of hypertensive rats

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) exhibit autonomic imbalance and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, a pathophysiological condition that can be corrected by exercise training. Although microglia cells are not part of the structure of the BBB itself, they modulate it function through the synthesis and release of cytokines. In hypertension condition, for instance, microglia are activated releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), which is able to break down different BBB constituents. Therefore, here we hypothesized that the benefit of exercise training to ameliorate BBB integrity of hypertensive rats could be due to the reduction in the release of TNFα by microglia at the hypothalamus level. Thus, our aim is to evaluate whether microglial activation, and consequent TNFα release, in the hypothalamus of SHR can be affected by aerobic exercise training. Wistar and SHR male rats (CEUA ICB/USP #3407080618) aged 90 days were divided into four groups: sedentary (W-S n=6) and trained Wistar (W-T n=6), sedentary (SHR-S n=6) and trained SHR (SHR-T n=6). Exercise trained animals were submitted to moderate intensity of aerobic training on a treadmill (50%-60% of maximum capacity, 1 h/day, 5 days/week, for 4 weeks). At the end of the 4th week of training, the hypothalamus, brainstem, and cortex of all groups were collected and processed for isolation of mononuclear cells, followed by flow cytometry analysis to evaluate the microglial labeling by CD45lowCD11b+, gated for TNFα+. All data as analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-test. Trained animals showed performance gains compared to their control groups (Velocity: W-S: 1.07±0.23km/h vs. W-T: 1.7±0.36km/h, p<0.0001 and SHR-S: 1.25±0.17km/h vs. SHT-T: 1.95±0.16km/h, p<0.0001; Distance: W-S: 85±42m vs. W-T: 218±95m, p=0.0042 and SHR-S: 124±44m vs. SHT-T: 315±21m, p<0.001). Hypertensive animals present an elevated neuroinflammation degree compared to normotensive subjects, by increased microglia activation (W-S: 0.65±0.39% vs. SHR-S: 7.0±1.4%, p<0.0001) and TNFα release (W-S: 33.9±24.6% vs. SHR-S: 95.2±3.6%, p=0.0007). After training, hypertensive rats exhibited a reduction in hypothalamic microglial activation in a similar way to sedentary and trained Wistar (CD45lowCD11b+, SHR-T: 0.55±0.26%: vs. W-S:0.65±0.39% p=0.99; vs. W-T: 0.41±0.28% p=0.98; vs. SHR-S: 7.0±1.4% p<0.0001). TNFα release also reduced in hypothalamus of SHR-T (CD11b+TNFα+, SHR-T: 59.4±17.0%: vs. W-S: 33.9±24.6% p=0.15; vs. W-T: 41.9±4.6% p=0.6; vs. SHR-S: 95.2±3.6% p<0.01). SHR-S exhibit higher microglial activation and TNFα release in brainstem compared to W-S, but 4 weeks of training was not enough to reduce this condition. No difference was observed in cortex. In conclusion, exercise training of moderate intensity is effcient to reduce microglia activation and consequently TNFα release in the hypothalamus of hypertensive animals, which could be one of the causes affecting the integrity of the BBB in hypertensive animals. FAPESP #2018/14544-6; #2022/07465-8. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Comparing high-intensity versus moderate-intensity exercise training in coronary artery disease patients: a randomized controlled trial with 6- and 12-month follow-up

Abstract Aim This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of two exercise-based CR programs on physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, physical fitness, quality of life (QoL), and mental health in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Subject and methods Seventy-two CAD participants were randomized (1:1:1) into HIIT, MICT, and control groups. Both training programs spanned 6 weeks with three supervised treadmill exercise sessions per week. MICT targeted ≈70–75% of peak heart rate (HR), while HIIT aimed for ≈85–95% of peak HR. The control group adhered to standard medical recommendations. Assessments at 6- and 12-months post-intervention included body composition, aerobic capacity, muscle strength, PA, SB, QoL, anxiety, and depression. Results Over the 6- and 12-month follow-up periods, both exercise groups maintained the levels of aerobic capacity (HIIT ≈ 19.6 ml kg−1 min−1, MICT ≈ 17.8 ml kg−1 min−1), QoL, and PA compared to baseline (p < .001). Symptoms of anxiety and depression remained lower than baseline (p < .001). The HIIT group demonstrated a significant decreasing trend in waist circumference (∆m3−m2% −2 cm, p = .033) compared to MICT (p = .016) and control (p = .001) at 6 months of follow-up. It was maintained at 12 months of follow-up with significant differences to MICT (p = .018) and control (p = .001). In contrast, the control group experienced deteriorations in body composition, SB, symptoms of anxiety, and depression, along with a decline in aerobic capacity over time. Conclusion Encouraging CAD patients to maintain elevated PA levels can promote cardiovascular, WC, and mental health. CR exercise programs can reduce cardiovascular risk factors and induce favorable lifestyle changes. Notably, HIIT demonstrated sustained improvements surpassing those of MICT. These findings underscore the importance of structured exercise-based CR programs in optimizing long-term outcomes for CAD patients. Trial Registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03538119 on May 25, 2018.

Moderate-Intensity and High-Intensity Interval Exercise Training Offer Equal Cardioprotection, with Different Mechanisms, during the Development of Type 2 Diabetes in Rats.

Endurance exercise training is a promising cardioprotective strategy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but the impact of its intensity is not clear. We aimed to investigate whether and how isocaloric moderate-intensity exercise training (MIT) and high-intensity interval exercise training (HIIT) could prevent the adverse cardiac remodeling and dysfunction that develop T2DM in rats. Male rats received a Western diet (WD) to induce T2DM and underwent a sedentary lifestyle (n = 7), MIT (n = 7) or HIIT (n = 8). Insulin resistance was defined as the HOMA-IR value. Cardiac function was assessed with left ventricular (LV) echocardiography and invasive hemodynamics. A qPCR and histology of LV tissue unraveled underlying mechanisms. We found that MIT and HIIT halted T2DM development compared to in sedentary WD rats (p < 0.05). Both interventions prevented increases in LV end-systolic pressure, wall thickness and interstitial collagen content (p < 0.05). In LV tissue, HIIT tended to upregulate the gene expression of an ROS-generating enzyme (NOX4), while both modalities increased proinflammatory macrophage markers and cytokines (CD86, TNF-α, IL-1β; p < 0.05). HIIT promoted antioxidant and dicarbonyl defense systems (SOD2, glyoxalase 1; p < 0.05) whereas MIT elevated anti-inflammatory macrophage marker expression (CD206, CD163; p < 0.01). We conclude that both MIT and HIIT limit WD-induced T2DM with diastolic dysfunction and pathological LV hypertrophy, possibly using different adaptive mechanisms.

Exercise alters molecular rhythms in the central nervous system that negatively correlate with depression-like behavior.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) ranks among the top 10 leading causes of death. However, exercise is known to improve depressive symptoms but the mechanism responsible is still unknown. To date, numerous studies have shown that molecular rhythms and exercise are associated with MDD. Thus, we hypothesized that exercise could affect the expression of central nervous system clock genes to improve depressive symptoms. Ninety adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250 g) were divided into a control Normal Group, an unpredictable chronic mild stress (CMS) treated CMS Group and an Exercise Group, which was intervened by a moderate-intensity exercise training on a treadmill at 2 p.m. every day for 4 weeks after CMS treatment. The open field test, elevated plus maze and forced swim test were employed to test mood-related behaviors. The telemetry recording method recorded voluntary locomotor activity and core body temperature. Expression of core clock genes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was tested by qRT-PCR. Compared with the CMS Group, depressive symptoms were improved in the Exercise Group ( P < 0.05). Moreover, the periodic changes of molecular rhythms in the Exercise Group were close to those of rats in Normal Group. Next, exercise increased oscillations of expression of core clock genes in SCN after CMS treatment, and the amplitudes of core clock gene expression oscillations were negatively correlated with depressive-like behavior. Our findings suggested that exercise could change the expressions of central clock genes in MDD animals, and this effect was positively correlated with the improvement of depressive symptoms by exercise.

Exercise-induced neuroplasticity in autonomic nuclei restores the cardiac vagal tone and baroreflex dysfunction in aged hypertensive rats.

Aging is accompanied by considerable deterioration of homeostatic systems, such as autonomic imbalance characterized by heightened sympathetic activity, lower parasympathetic tone, and depressed heart rate (HR) variability, which are aggravated by hypertension. Here, we hypothesized that these age-related deficits in aged hypertensive rats can be ameliorated by exercise training, with benefits to the cardiovascular system. Therefore, male 22-mo-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and age-matched Wistar Kyoto (WKY) submitted to moderate-intensity exercise training (T) or kept sedentary (S) for 8 wk were evaluated for hemodynamic/autonomic parameters, baroreflex sensitivity, cardiac sympathetic/parasympathetic tone and analysis of dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH+) and oxytocin (OT+) pathways of autonomic brain nuclei. Aged SHR-S versus WKY-S exhibited elevated mean arterial pressure (MAP: +51%) and HR (+20%), augmented pressure/HR variability, no cardiac vagal tone, and depressed reflex control of the heart (HR range, -28%; gain, -49%). SHR-T exhibited a lower resting HR, a partial reduction in the MAP (-14%), in the pressure/HR variabilities, and restored parasympathetic modulation, with improvement of baroreceptor reflex control when compared with SHR-S. Exercise training increased the ascending DBH+ projections conveying peripheral information to the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN), augmented the expression of OT+ neurons, and reduced the density of DBH+ neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of SHR-T. Data indicate that exercise training induces beneficial neuroplasticity in brain autonomic circuitry, and it is highly effective to restore the parasympathetic tone, and attenuation of age-related autonomic imbalance and baroreflex dysfunction, thus conferring long-term benefits for cardiovascular control in aged hypertensive individuals.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exercise training reduces high blood pressure and cardiovascular autonomic modulation in aged hypertensive rats. The dysfunction in the baroreflex sensitivity and impaired parasympathetic tone to the heart of aged hypertensive rats are restored by exercise training. Exercise induces beneficial neuroplasticity in the brain nuclei involved with autonomic control of cardiovascular function of aged hypertensive rats.

Effect of Exercise Training on Lipoprotein Subclass Particle Concentrations and Sizes in Older Women: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Evidence suggests that lipoprotein subclass particles are critical markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Older women have increased CVD risk related to age. The purpose of this study was to determine whether low and moderate doses of exercise influence lipoprotein subclasses. Women (60-75 years) were randomized into groups for 16 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise training at a low or moderate dose (33.6 and 58.8 kJ/kg body weight weekly, respectively). Lipoprotein subclasses were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after the training. The average weekly exercise duration was 109 and 164 min, for low- and moderate-dose groups, respectively. In the low-dose group, high-density lipoprotein particle (HDL-P) concentration decreased (Δ = -1.9 ± 3.1 µmol/L, mean ± SD, p = 0.002) and mean HDL-P size increased (Δ = 0.1 ± 0.3 nm, p = 0.028). In the moderate-dose group, mean HDL-P size (Δ = 0.1 ± 0.2 nm; p = 0.024) and low-density lipoprotein particle size increased (Δ = 0.4 ± 3.9 nm; p = 0.007). Baseline body mass index, peak oxygen consumption and age were associated with changes in a few lipoprotein subclasses. In this sample of inactive older women, moderate-intensity exercise training at a dose equivalent to or even lower than the minimally recommended level by public health agencies induced changes in lipoprotein subclasses in line with reduced CVD risk. However, higher doses are encouraged for greater health benefits.

Can In-Task Affect During Interval and Continuous Exercise Predict 12-Month Physical Activity Behavior? Findings from a Randomized Trial.

In-task affective responses to moderate-intensity continuous exercise training (MICT) have been shown to predict future physical activity behavior. However, limited research has investigated whether this affect-behavior relationship is similar for high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and whether it holds true over the longer term. This study aims to determine (1) if in-task affect during 2weeks of supervised MICT and HIIT predicted changes to unsupervised moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) behavior 12months post-intervention and (2) if this predictive relationship was moderated by exercise type (MICT vs. HIIT). Ninety-nine adults (69.7% female; 50.9 ± 9.4years) who were low active and overweight were randomized to 2weeks of exercise training of MICT (n = 52) or HIIT (n = 47), followed by 12months of accelerometry-assessed free-living MVPA. The pooled moderation model was not significant, F(3, 94) = 2.54, p = .07 (R2 = 0.085), with a non-significant group by affect interaction (p = .06). The conditional effect for MICT was significant (B = 17.27, t = 2.17, p = .03), suggesting that 12-month change in MVPA increased by 17.27min/week for every one-point increase in in-task affect. The conditional effect for HIIT was not significant (p = .85), suggesting that in-task affect was not predictive of 12-month change in MVPA. The current findings raise important questions about whether the affect-behavior relationship may vary depending on exercise type. For HIIT-based exercise in particular, additional psychological constructs beyond in-task affect should be considered when attempting to predict future physical activity behavior.

Resistance exercise training benefits pulmonary, cardiac, and muscular structure and function in rats with stable pulmonary artery hypertension

AimWe tested the effects of low- to moderate-intensity resistance exercise training (RT) on the structure and function of pulmonary, right ventricle (RV), and skeletal muscle tissues in rats with stable pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). Main methodsAfter the first monocrotaline (MCT; 20 mg/kg) injection, male rats were submitted to a RT program (Ladder climbing; 55–65 % intensity), 5 times/week. Seven days later rats received the second MCT dose. Physical effort tolerance test and echocardiographic examination were performed. After euthanasia, lung, heart, and biceps brachii were processed for histological, single myocyte, and biochemical analysis. Key findingsRT improved survival and physical effort tolerance (i.e., maximum carrying load), mitigated the pulmonary artery resistance increase (i.e., TA/TE), and preserved cardiac function (i.e., fractional shortening, ejection fraction, stroke volume and TAPSE). RT counteracted oxidative stress (i.e., CAT, SOD, GST, MDA and NO) and adverse remodeling in lung (i.e., collapsed alveoli) and in biceps brachii (i.e., atrophy and total collagen) tissues. RT delayed RV adverse remodeling (i.e., hypertrophy, extracellular matrix, collagen types I and III, and fibrosis) and impairments in single RV myocyte contractility (i.e., amplitude and velocity to peak and relaxation). RT improved the expression of gene (i.e., miRNA 214) and intracellular Ca2+ cycling regulatory proteins (i.e., PLBser16); and of pathological (i.e., α/β-MHC and Foxo3) and physiological (i.e., Akt, p-Akt, mTOR, p-mTOR, and Bcl-xL) hypertrophy pathways markers in RV tissue. SignificanceLow- to moderate-intensity RT benefits the structure and function of pulmonary, RV, and skeletal muscle tissues in rats with stable pulmonary artery hypertension.

Aerobic exercise training reduces deep-frying oil-induced apoptosis of hippocampal tissue by reducing oxidative stress in male rats

Deep-frying oil (DFO) contains high amounts of free radicals, and consuming foods prepared with this method causes damage to nervous tissue due to oxidative stress (OS). Since moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training (AT) reduces OS, the current search investigated the effects of AT on OS, apoptosis, and neurogenesis markers in the hippocampal tissue of DFO-fed rats. Eighteen Wistar male rats (200–280 gr) were randomly allocated to a control group fed with normal food (Con-ND), a control group receiving DFO (Con-DFO), and a group receiving DFO-aerobic exercise (EX-DFO) (n = 6 in each). DFO was gavaged for four weeks, five days a week, with a dose of 2 ml. AT included running on a treadmill for four weeks and five sessions per week (40 min per session). The expression of genes B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), Protein X associated with Bcl-2 (BAX), Caspase-3 (Casp-3), and Caspase-9 (Casp-9) was measured by PCR method. The ELISA method was used to calculate levels of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). Also, the expression of the proteins Cannabinoid receptor type 1(CB1), Cannabinoid receptor type2 (CB2), Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Neuronal nuclei (NeuN), and DNA fragmentation was evaluated by Immunohistochemical and TUNEL staining. DFO feeding led to a significant increase in apoptotic markers, such as BAX, Casp-3, and Casp-9 gene expression, and DNA fragmentation (p ≤ 0.05) while decreasing BDNF concentration SOD activity (p ≤ 0.05). AT significantly reduced the BAX, Casp-3, Casp-9, MDA, CB1, GFAP, and DNA fragmentation (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, AT can reduce the harmful effects of feeding with DFO on the hippocampal tissue.

Effects of aerobic exercise on depression-like behavior and TLR4/NLRP3 pathway in hippocampus CA1 region of CUMS-depressed mice

Background and purposeThe paper observes regulation of the expression levels of NLRP3 and TLR4 in hippocampal CA1 neurons in CUMS mice by aerobic exercise with constructing CUMS depression mouse model, in order to explore the neuroprotective mechanism of aerobic exercise on the hippocampus of depressed mice. Study design and method24 healthy male 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into CG, MG and ME. Thirteen stress-stimulating factors were randomly formulated into a CUMS stress-stimulating program. The mice were underwent 28 days of CUMS depression model, referenced clinical means for experimental research. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Yichun University (YCUEC IRB number LSK NO.2022.18). After model preparation, ME mice were subjected to moderate-intensity treadmill exercise training for 8 weeks. TST, FST and SPT were used to detect the depression-like behaviors of the mice in each group. Nissl staining was used to compare the cell morphology in the CA1 region of the mouse hippocampus. Immunohistochemical staining and western blot were used to detect the changes in the expression levels of NLRP3, TLR4 and other proteins in the CA1 region of the mouse hippocampus. ResultsThe results of neurobehavioral assessment showed that, the immobility time of TST and FST were significantly increased, and SPT index was significantly decreased of MG mice. Compared with MG, ME mice significantly improved depression-like behaviors such as TST, FST and SPT index. Nissl staining showed that the morphology of neurons in CA1 region of hippocampus of MG mice were mostly vacuolar-like, with severe nuclear pyknosis. Abnormal morphological changes such as vacuolar-like and pyknotic pyknosis of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region of ME mice were significantly reduced. Protein expression test showed that the number of NLRP3, TLR4, IL-1β and IL-10 positive neurons in hippocampal CA1 region of MG mice increased significantly compared with CG, and the proportion of positive cells increased significantly, while NLRP3 and TLR4 positive neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region of ME mice were significantly reduced, the proportion of TLR4 positive cells was significantly reduced. ConclusionSystematic moderate-intensity exercise can effectively improve the depression-like behavior of CUMS depressed mice through the expression of TLR4/NLRP3 inflammatory signaling pathway, and provide an effective experimental basis for the clinical rehabilitation treatment of depression.

Effect of concurrent resistance-aerobic training on inflammatory factors and growth hormones in children with type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled clinical trial

BackgroundExercise training is a major factor in controlling type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children. The present study aimed to assess the effect of concurrent resistance-aerobic training on selected inflammatory factors and hormones related to blood glucose homeostasis in children with T1DM.MethodsIn this randomized controlled clinical trial, 40 children (with the mean age of 11.11 ± 2.29 years) were randomly assigned to an experimental (N = 20) or control group (N = 20). They underwent a 16-week training program, composed of concurrent resistance-aerobic training performed intermittently for 60 min three times a week. Before and after training, blood samples were analyzed for glucose homeostasis, selected inflammatory factors, and growth factors. Data were analyzed by paired t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in IBM SPSS version 22.ResultsThe exercise training intervention reduced fasting blood sugar index (P = 0.002) and glycosylated hemoglobin significantly (P = 0.003). The growth hormone levels were increased significantly only in the experimental group (P = 0.037), whereas no significant difference was noted in the insulin-like growth factor-1 (P = 0.712). It was also found that interleukin-1β and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein did not change in the experimental or control group as compared to the pretest (P > 0.05).ConclusionAs it was shown, it seems that concurrent resistance-aerobic training may improve blood glucose homeostasis and growth hormone. Therefore, these findings may suggest the benefit from exercise training of moderate intensity in children with T1DM. Besides, we recommend undertaking further clinical trials to determine if the exercise training was effective.Trial registrationThis study was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials under the code IRCT20150531022498N30: https://en.irct.ir/trial/41031. Registered on July 26, 2019. All experiments on the participants were following the Declaration of Helsinki.

Amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea risk related to exercise training volume and intensity: Findings from 3705 participants recruited via the STRAVA™ exercise application.

To investigate associations between self-reported exercise training habits and amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea among physically active women. A cross-sectional survey was completed by 3705 women (median age = 40 years [quartile 1, quartile 3: 30, 45], body mass index = 22.1 kg/m2 [20.5, 24.2]) representing multiple nationalities and sports via the STRAVA™ exercise application. Respondents selected the amount of time they participated in low intensity, moderate intensity, and high intensity exercise training per week. Amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea was defined as self-reporting ≤10 menses in the last year. Associations between weekly exercise volume for low intensity training, moderate intensity training, and high intensity training and amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea were modeled with univariate logistic regression models, followed by adjustment for age and body mass index. Amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea prevalence was 16 % (n = 576/3705), with no difference by country of origin or most sport modes. In adjusted models, participating in low intensity training ≥7 h/week or moderate intensity training ≥6 h/week was associated with 1.43 (95 % confidence interval: 1.04-1.96) and 1.46 (1.10-1.95) greater odds of amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea compared to 2 to 3 h/week, respectively. Similarly, high intensity training ≥5 h/week was associated with 1.41 (1.03-1.92) greater odds of amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea compared to 1 to 2 h/week. Participating in low intensity training for ≤30 min/week compared to 2 to 3 h/week was associated with reduced amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea odds (0.65 [0.44-0.94]). Taken together, these associations suggest greater weekly exercise volume, irrespective of intensity, may increase amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea risk among physically active women.

Effect of a moderate-intensity comprehensive exercise program on body composition, muscle strength, and physical performance in elderly females with sarcopenia

ObjectiveThis study aimed at examining an eight-week moderate-intensity comprehensive exercise training program on the parameters of sarcopenia in elderly females. MethodsA total of 49 community-dwelling elderly females with sarcopenia (65.5 ± 2.5) were assigned randomly to an experiment group (EG, n = 25) and a control group (CG, n = 24). In the EG, an eight-week comprehensive exercise training program was implemented, in 1 h, 3 times per week, a total of 24 sessions. The CG only received health public education per two weeks, a total of 4 times. Subsequently, the differences between the two groups were tested through two-way repeated ANOVA. ResultsASM, SMM, and SMI in the EG were significantly improved by 0.26 kg, 0.18 kg, and 0.10 kg/m2, respectively. Group-by-time interactions were significantly different on the ASM [F (1,47) = 6.25, η2 = 0.12] and SMI [F (1,47) = 6.77, η2 = 0.13]. Muscle strength was improved 0.8 kg in the EG. Significant group-by-time interaction differences were reported in the handgrip strength [F (1,47) = 6.8, η2 = 0.13] after the eight-week intervention. Compared with the baseline, gait speed was improved a 0.05 m/s and 5-time chair stand was decreased a 0.27 s in the EG. Group-by-time interactions were significantly different in 5-time chair stand [F (1, 47) = 6.35, η2 = 0.12]. ConclusionsThe moderate-intensity comprehensive exercise was confirmed as a safe and convenient exercise program. Although a load of training intensity is not sufficient to improve the gait speed, this exercise protocol is promising in delaying overall results in community-dwelling sarcopenia elderly females and contributes to the improvement of muscle mass, handgrip strength, and 5TCS.

Moderate-intensity endurance training improves late phase β-cell function in adults with type 2 diabetes

Physical activity is important for type 2 diabetes treatment, yet the underlying mechanisms for these beneficial effects of exercise are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effects of exercise training on biphasic β-cell insulin secretory function, a key factor regulating blood glucose. Adults with type 2 diabetes (7F/3M, age 49± 5 years, BMI 30± 3kg/m2) completed a 10-week moderate-intensity exercise program and multiple components of glucose homeostasis were measured. Training improved glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and processing of proinsulin-to-insulin. Training increased late phase β-cell function by 38% (p= 0.01), which was correlated with changes in VO2peak suggesting training response-dependent effects. Ras-Responsive Element Binding Protein 1 (RREB1) concentrations, a protein postulated to increase type 2 diabetes risk, were inversely correlated with increases in training-induced late-phase disposition index, consistent with an inhibitory role of RREB1 on insulin secretion. Moderate-intensity exercise training improves late-phase β-cell function and glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Endurance Exercise Training Attenuates the Waterpipe Smoke Inhaling-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats: Role of Neurotrophic Factors and Apoptotic System.

The increasing prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) and its detrimental effects on memory function have been reported. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of moderate-intensity endurance exercise on the detrimental effects of WTS on learning and spatial memory in rats. Animals were divided into the Control group (CTL), the exercise group (Ex) which trained for 8 weeks, the WTS group (Wp) exposed to smoke inhalation (30 minutes per day, 5 days each week, and for 8 weeks), and the group that did exercise training and received waterpipe smoke together (Ex + Wp). Thereafter, learning and spatial memory were assessed by the Morris water maze test and hippocampal molecular measurements were done. Waterpipe smoke significantly impaired learning and spatial memory, decreased expression of neurotrophic factors IGF-1 and BDNF (p < .01 and p < .05 vs. CTL group, respectively), increased BAX to BCL-2 ratio (p < .001 vs. CTL group) in hippocampal tissue, and increased the percent of damaged neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area (p < .05 vs. CTL group). Combination of exercise training with WTS prevented learning and spatial memory disturbances and recovered expression of neurotrophic factors IGF-1 (p < .05 vs. Wp group), decreased BAX to BCL-2 ratio (p < .001 vs. Wp group), and reduced percentage of damaged neurons (p < .05 vs. Wp group). Findings suggest that moderate-intensity endurance exercise training can ameliorate learning and memory impairment caused by waterpipe smoke in rats. This effect partly results from increasing the expression of neurotrophic factors BDNF and IGF-1 and correcting pro/anti-apoptotic proteins balance in the hippocampal tissue. The popularity of WTS especially among youth is increasing. We assessed the effect of hookah smoke with/without exercise on learning and memory. Hookah smoke leads to CA1-neural injury and impairs learning and memory in rats. A combination of exercise training with hookah smoke attenuates these complications. This positive effect of exercise is partially mediated by the balancing of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and also the BAX to BCL-2 ratio, a significant predictor of cell susceptibility to apoptosis. Extrapolation of these positive findings to humans needs complementary studies.

579-P: Exercise Upregulates Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) Proteins Involved in Immunomodulatory and Mitochondrial Pathways in Human Subjects

Emerging data suggest that single bouts of exercise increase circulating hormones, cytokines, and EVs, and that these circulating factors may play a fundamental role in the beneficial effects of exercise on health. Here, we identify circulating factors in response to both acute exercise and exercise training and determine the effects of nutritional status on these responses. Blood samples were first collected before and immediately after an acute bout of maximal exercise in healthy, lean subjects (N=8, 3M/5F; age=27±2, V̇O2peak=28.4±1.2ml/kg/min). Subjects then completed a 10 wk moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training program (up to 65-70% VO2peak, 4x/week) with the same post-training sample collection. Proteomics (SOMAscan) quantified 1,310 circulating factors. In the untrained state, acute exercise upregulated 196 proteins and after training exercise upregulated only 65 proteins, with 47 proteins simultaneously upregulated in both the untrained and trained state. Interestingly, cellular component analysis showed that 1/3 of these shared proteins are localized in EVs. Next, we determined the baseline effects of exercise training in the fed and fasted state in the absence of acute exercise. Training upregulated 220 and 178 proteins in fed and fasted state, respectively. Exercise training commonly upregulated 120 proteins in the fed and fasted state with 1/3 localized in EVs. Integration using Vesiclepedia of the upregulated proteins in all 4 comparison groups showed 3 upregulated proteins in both acute exercise and training regardless of nutritional status: PPIF, PTPN6, and CLEC1B. These proteins are found in macrophages and neutrophils, and mediate immunomodulatory effects, promote tissue remodeling, and mitochondrial function. As EVs deliver molecules to cells altering their metabolism, they may play an important role in mediating the beneficial effects of exercise and warrant further mechanistic studies. Disclosure M.Vamvini: None. P.Nigro: None. L.Goodyear: None. R.J.W.Middelbeek: Research Support; Novo Nordisk. Funding Daiichi Sankyo; National Institutes of Health (R01DK099511 to L.G.), (5P30DK36836), (F32DK126432), (K23DK114550 to R.J.W.M.); Joslin Diabetes Center (to M.V.); Boston Area Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center (to R.J.W.M.)

595-P: Exercise Training Improves Cardiorespiratory Parameters but Not VO2peak in People with Type 2 Diabetes

Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2peak), a measure of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), is a strong predictor of mortality. People with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have lower VO2peak compared to healthy controls, and unfortunately, studies suggest that training has limited effects to improve VO2peak in T2D. Although VO2peak is a key component, additional respiratory functions may also be important markers of cardio-metabolic fitness. Here, we determined the effects of a 10-week moderate-intensity exercise training program on VO2peak, power (indicator of muscle strength), VO2/work (index of the body’s efficiency at producing work), OUES (protective in heart failure), and ventilatory threshold (marker of aerobic endurance) in lean, obese, and T2D subjects. Training improved VO2peak in lean and obese, but not in T2D (Table 1). Likewise, training increased power, and tended to increase OUES in lean and obese, but not T2D. However, training was effective in increasing ventilatory threshold (VT) and VO2/Work in T2D, and also improved glycemic control (HbA1c). We hypothesize that the increased VT functions to improve training-induced muscular efficiency and capillary delivery, contributing to improved glycemic control. In conclusion, despite no change in VO2peak, exercise training increases multiple CRF and metabolic parameters in people with T2D, and should continue to be a mainstay in treatment of T2D. Disclosure R.Middelbeek: Research Support; Novo Nordisk. L.Simpson: None. G.A.Hansbury: None. N.P.Carbone: None. P.Nigro: None. S.J.Lessard: None. M.Vamvini: None. L.Goodyear: None. Funding National Institutes of Health (K23DK114550 to R.M.), (R01DK112283 to L.G.); Joslin Diabetes Center (T32DK07260-038, 5P30DK36836)

Food readjustment plus exercise training improves cardiovascular autonomic control and baroreflex sensitivity in high-fat diet-fed ovariectomized mice.

Despite consensus on the benefits of food readjustment and/or moderate-intensity continuous exercise in the treatment of cardiometabolic risk factors, there is little evidence of the association between these two cardiovascular risk management strategies after menopause. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of food readjustment and/or exercise training on metabolic, hemodynamic, autonomic, and inflammatory parameters in a model of loss of ovarian function with diet-induced obesity. Forty C57BL/6J ovariectomized mice were divided into the following groups: high-fat diet-fed - 60% lipids throughout the protocol (HF), food readjustment - 60% lipids for 5 weeks, readjusted to 10% for the next 5 weeks (FR), high-fat diet-fed undergoing moderate-intensity exercise training (HFT), and food readjustment associated with moderate-intensity exercise training (FRT). Blood glucose evaluations and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed. Blood pressure was assessed by direct intra-arterial measurement. Baroreflex sensitivity was tested using heart rate phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside induced blood pressure changes. Cardiovascular autonomic modulation was evaluated in time and frequency domains. Inflammatory profile was evaluated by IL-6, IL-10 cytokines, and TNF-alpha measurements. Only the exercise training associated with food readjustment strategy induced improved functional capacity, body composition, metabolic parameters, inflammatory profile, and resting bradycardia, while positively changing cardiovascular autonomic modulation and increasing baroreflex sensitivity. Our findings demonstrate that the association of these strategies seems to be effective in the management of cardiometabolic risk in a model of loss of ovarian function with diet-induced obesity.