Moderate-intensity Exercise Group Research Articles

Decreased nitric oxide production is a novel therapeutic target for salt-induced nocturnal polyuria in aging

Nocturnal polyuria is a major cause of nocturia, which affects quality of life. Aging-related decreases in nitric oxide production have been reported to contribute to salt-induced nocturnal polyuria. We posited that enhanced nitric oxide production from exercise could mitigate salt-induced nocturnal polyuria. To validate, we assessed the impact of 4 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise on intrarenal renin-angiotensin system activity and salt-induced polyuria during inactive periods in 80-week-old mice. The moderate-intensity exercise group (Mod-Ex) had increased nitric oxide production and suppressed intrarenal renin-angiotensin system compared to the sedentary group (Sed) (renal angiotensinogen level: Sed vs. Mod-Ex, 1.101 ± 0.077 vs. 0.630 ± 0.048 arbitrary unit, P = 0.002). This exercise also alleviated salt-induced polyuria during inactive periods (diurnal polyuria index: Sed vs. Mod-Ex, 0.292 ± 0.027 vs. 0.193 ± 0.023, P = 0.018). These effects were neutralized by suppression of nitric oxide production by oral administration of Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride, an nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor. These findings indicate that exercise-induced improvements in salt-induced polyuria during inactive periods are caused by increases in nitric oxide production. In summary, increasing nitric oxide production may serve as a treatment method for salt-induced nocturnal polyuria in older adults.

Comparative Effects of Different Exercise Types on Cardiovascular Health and Executive Function in Sedentary Young Individuals.

The present study aimed to compare the impacts of different exercise types on cardiovascular health and executive function in sedentary young individuals, and to determine the associations between cardiovascular function and executive function (EF) after exercise. Sixty-three sedentary participants were randomly divided into high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), resistance exercise (RE), and control groups. Macro- and microvascular endothelial function were assessed using brachial artery flow-mediated dilation and fingertip reactive hyperemia index, respectively. Arterial stiffness was evaluated through carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, ankle-brachial index, and augmentation index. EF performance was evaluated using the Stroop and N-back tasks. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy was employed to measure cortical activation and real-time oxyhemoglobin concentration (Oxy-Hb) changes in different cerebral regions. Key circulating biomarkers for vascular and cognitive function, including BDNF, irisin, VEGF, IGF-1, and TNF-α, were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Eight weeks of HIIT, MICT, and RE effectively improved macro- and microvascular endothelial function while reducing arterial stiffness in sedentary young individuals. Furthermore, exercise-induced increase in BDNF level was correlated with enhanced macrovascular endothelial function, while increase in IGF-1 level was associated with enhanced microvascular endothelial function and reduced arterial stiffness. Notably, both HIIT and MICT, but not RE, efficiently enhanced Oxy-Hb level in certain brain regions, such as the FPA and DLPFC, leading to the improvement in EF performance. Exercise-induced increase in Oxy-Hb level and EF performance were correlated with enhanced BDNF level and endothelial function and reduced arterial stiffness. Our study demonstrated that 8 weeks of HIIT, MICT, and RE effectively improved endothelial function in both macro- and microvessels, and arterial stiffness among sedentary young individuals. However, HIIT and MICT, but not RE, notably increased blood oxygen level in the FPA and DLPFC brain regions and improved EF performance. Due to the efficiency and time-saving features of HIIT, the present study highlights HIIT as an effective exercise prescription for promoting vascular and EF in sedentary young individuals. Importantly, the observed improvements in cardiovascular function following exercise training is pivotal in improving EF, and elevated circulating levels of biomarkers like BDNF and IGF-1, induced by exercise, are involved in the regulatory mechanisms.

Effects of weekend-focused exercise on obesity-related hormones and metabolic syndrome markers in male high school students.

To examine the changes in obesity-related hormones and metabolic syndrome markers in male high school students with obesity following a weekend-focused moderate- or high-intensity exercise program at the recommended weekly physical activity level, or a program of regular exercise 3 times a week at moderate intensity, over a 10-week period. Forty-eight male high school students who were obese with a body fat percentage of ≥25% were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a regular moderate-intensity exercise group (n=17) that freely selected and performed moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance training exercises, every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, for a total of 150-300 min/wk; a weekend-focused moderate-intensity exercise group (n=15) that freely selected and performed aerobic and resistance training exercises every Saturday for 150-300 min; and a week-end-focused high-intensity exercise group (n=16) that freely selected and performed aerobic and resistance training exercises every Sunday for 75-150 min. Insulin and leptin levels significantly decreased in all the groups, with the greatest reduction in the regular exercise group. Abdominal circumference and triglyceride levels significantly decreased in all the groups. Fasting glucose decreased only in the regular exercise group. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly increased in both the regular and weekend-focused moderate-intensity exercise groups. No significant differences in adiponectin levels, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were observed between the groups. A weekend-focused exercise program has health effects similar to those of regular exercise, highlighting the importance of meeting the recommended weekly physical activity levels.

Effect of low- and moderate-intensity endurance exercise on physical functioning among breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial.

Compare the effects of low-intensity and moderate-intensity exercise on physical functioning in breast cancer survivors. Women aged 50 + years and post-primary treatment for stage 0 to III breast cancer were randomly assigned to a 6-month low-intensity (LIG) or moderate-intensity (MIG) exercise group. Participants were instructed to walk (low- or moderate-intensity) for 30min five days a week, followed by flexibility exercises, and do strengthening and balance exercises twice weekly. Exercise adherence was facilitated with seven individual counseling sessions tapered over six months and a Theory of Planned Behavior-based booklet. Assessments occurred at baseline, 6months (post-intervention), and 12months. Primary measures were PROMIS Physical Functioning, PROMIS Global Health, and six-minute walk test (6MWT). Of 101 women randomized, 65 (64.4%) completed the study. No statistically significant between-group differences occurred at post-intervention or 12months. Compared to baseline, within-group improvements in PROMIS physical functioning occurred (LIG increased from 45.87 ± 7.58 to 48.37 ± 7.13 post-intervention (p = 0.01); MIG increased from 45.26 ± 7.27 to 49.53 ± 8.80 post-intervention (p = 0.002) and 48.91 ± 9.29 at 12months (p = 0.02)). Similarly, Global Health physical health improved (LIG increased from 46.04 ± 5.00 to 49.19 ± 5.76 post-intervention (p = 0.001); MIG increased from 45.06 ± 6.59 to 48.20 ± 7.33 post-intervention (p = 0.005) and 48.49 ± 7.89 at 12months (p = 0.007)). 6MWT improved between post-intervention and 12months for the LIG (469.99 ± 64.69m to 492.19 ± 68.64m, p = 0.008) and between baseline and post-intervention for the MIG (471.01 ± 62.69m to 495.88 ± 66.64m, p = 0.006). Both low and moderate-intensity exercise led to significant improvement in physical functioning. When feasible and acceptable, prescribing low-intensity exercise can yield important benefits. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02982564.

Effect of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on bladder TGF-β1 and type I collagen expressions in diabetic rat model.

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and type I collagen play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of diabetic bladder disease (DBD). Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise increases antioxidant activity to help manage DBD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on the expression of TGF-β1 and type I collagen in the detrusor and lamina propria of the bladder in a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rat model. A true experimental design with a post-test-only control group design was conducted with white rats (Rattus norvegicus), divided into three groups: a T2DM model group sacrificed after T2DM induction and diagnosed with T2D from a fasting blood glucose (FBC) test (Group C), a T2DM model group that did not receive exercise (Group NE), and a T2DM model group that received moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (Group E). Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise was conducted over six weeks, with a frequency of five days per week for 60 minutes per session. The findings revealed a significant reduction in TGF-β1 expression in the lamina propria in Group E compared to Group C (p = 0.004) Additionally, both Group E (p = 0.002) and Group NE (p = 0.028) showed a significant reduction in type I collagen expression in the lamina propria compared to Group C. These findings provide a basis for further investigation regarding the mechanism of non-pharmacologic DBD management by employing moderate- intensity exercise.

Impact of physical activity on life satisfaction among middle-aged and older adults in China: A longitudinal national study.

This study examined the impact of physical activity on life satisfaction in middle-aged and older adults in China. Utilizing longitudinal data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) conducted in 2015 and 2018, a total of 6484 participants aged 45 or older were included in the analysis. Data were collected on sociodemographic, health, and lifestyle variables, physical activity, and life satisfaction. Physical activity was categorized into 3 levels: low (71%), moderate (25%), and high (4%). Ordinal logistic regression and subgroup analysis were used to examine the effect of baseline physical activity on life satisfaction, including the examination of interaction effects. After adjusting for age, gender, education, marriage, residence, smoking, alcohol use, depressive symptoms, and self-rated health at baseline (2015), compared to the moderate-intensity physical exercise group, those in the low-intensity group experienced significantly lower levels of life satisfaction on follow-up (2018). In the subgroup analyses, a significant negative effect of low-intensity physical activity on life satisfaction was found in all groups regardless of age, education, marital status, smoking, alcohol use, sleep duration, weight, presence of chronic diseases, or self-rated health. These results support the promotion of physical exercise to enhance life satisfaction among middle-aged and older adults in China.

Acute Aerobic Exercise Intensity on Working Memory and Vigilance After Nap Deprivation: Effects of Low-Intensity Deserve Attention.

Napping deprivation in habitual nappers leads to cognitive impairment. The ameliorative effect of acute aerobic exercise has been demonstrated for this post-cognitive impairment. However, it is still unclear which intensity of aerobic exercise is the most effective and how long this improvement can be sustained. Fifty-eight healthy adults with a chronic napping habit were randomly assigned to four intervention groups after undergoing nap deprivation: a sedentary control group, a low-intensity exercise group (50-59% maximum heart rate, HRmax), a moderate-intensity exercise group (60-69% HRmax), and a high-intensity exercise group (70-79% HRmax). Working memory (N-back task), vigilance (Psychomotor Vigilance Task, PVT), and response inhibitory capacity (Go/NoGo task) were measured. Regression analyses showed a quadratic trend between exercise intensity and working memory reaction time and accuracy (F =3.297-5.769, p < 0.05, R2 =10.7-18.9%). The effects of exercise were optimal at low-intensity. There was a significant quadratic trend between exercise intensity and PVT lapse (F =4.314, p =0.042, R² =7.2%). The effect of exercise increased with higher intensity. Prolonged observation found that the effect of low-intensity exercise on working memory was maintained for 2 hours. The effect of low-intensity exercise might be underestimated. Low-intensity exercise significantly improved working memory performance, and the effects could be maintained throughout the afternoon. In contrast, the effects of high-intensity exercise were unlikely to be maintained and might even have negative effects. Future researchers can broaden the categories of participants to enhance the external validity and collect diverse physiological indicators to explore related physiological mechanisms.

Engaging in Short-Term Moderate-Intensity Exercise Increases Growth Hormone Levels in Individuals with Obesity

Objectives. This study aimed to analyze the effect of a four-week moderate-intensity exercise regimen on increasing growth hormone (GH) levels in individuals with obesity. Materials and methods. A total of 25 female individuals aged 20-25 years, with a body mass index (BMI) of 27.50-37.00 kg/m², were involved in the study and randomly divided into two groups, namely the control group (CON; n = 12) and the moderate-intensity exercise group (MIE; n = 13). The moderate-intensity exercise regimen (treadmill exercise for 30 minutes at 60-70% of HRmax, and resistance exercise for 30 minutes at 60-70% of 1RM) was conducted 3 times per week for a period of 4 weeks. Blood samples from participants were collected pre- and post-exercise sessions, and GH levels were analyzed using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay method. Data analysis techniques used the paired sample t-test with a significance level of 5 %. Results. The paired sample t-test results of GH levels between the pre-exercise and post-exercise sessions in the CON group showed a change from (1291.79 ± 383.76 to 1151.53 ± 484.80 pg/mL; p = 0.694), while the MIE group demonstrated the following dynamics of change — from (1161.79 ± 133.72 to 2103.83 ± 357.09 pg/mL; p = 0.006). Conclusions. The main findings of this study revealed that after implementing a four-week moderate-intensity exercise intervention, a significant increase in GH levels was observed in obese females.

Gut microbiome related to metabolic diseases after moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise

Background/ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to investigate changes in gut microbiota related to metabolic diseases after moderate and high-intensity exercise. A total of 24 participants were divided into three groups: Non-Exercise Group (NEG, n = 8, 28.6 ± 5.3 years, 176.0 ± 7.8 cm, 81.3 ± 14.6 kg), Moderate Intensity Exercise Group (MIEG, n = 8, 26.5 ± 3.3 years, 176.9 ± 5.0 cm, 75.4 ± 9.5 kg), and Vigorous Intensity Exercise Group (VIEG, n = 8, 30.6 ± 5.9 years, 174.2 ± 3.5 cm, 77.8 ± 12.2 kg). MethodsThe participants were selected by assessing physical activity, gut health status, presence of diseases, recent disease diagnoses, and dietary disorders. Those who reported any presence disease or recent disease diagnosis were excluded from the current study. Stool samples were collected after a 10-h fast for gut microbiome analysis. MIEG participants trained at 40–59 % heart rate reserve (HRR) for at least 150 min per week, while VIEG participants trained at ≥ 60 % HRR for at least 90 min per week. After 4 weeks, all participants provided stool samples for gut microbiome analysis.Data analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon test, with statistical significance set at ≤ 0.05. ResultsThe results indicated an increase in Prevotella in MIEG, while Veillonella, Dorea_formicigenerans, and Dorea_longicatena exhibited a decrease (p < 0.05). In VIEG, there was an increase in Bacteroides, Butyricimonas, Odoribacter, and Alistipes (p < 0.05). ConclusionThese modified microbial groups were associated with factors related to metabolic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, colorectal cancer, diabetes, hypertension, metabolic liver diseases, and ischemic heart diseases. Additional research is essential to delve into the relationship between exercise and these alterations in the microbiome.

Effects of different training models and subsequent exercise cessation on adipose tissue and associated variables

BackgroundThe General Adaptation Syndrome and the supercompensation Model are concepts widely applied in exercise science. Considering that fat is essential for tissue and the main energy source during continuous moderate-intensity exercise (MICE), the hypothesis arises that this type of effort may pay off after a detraining period. ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate how different exercise models, followed by a period of detraining, affected adipose tissue cellularity in adult rats. Two specific models were examined: moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIT). Materials and methodsThis is an experimental study in which rats were allocated into three groups: i) Continuous moderate-intensity exercise (MICE); ii) High-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIT); and iii) Control group (GC). Data were collected in three moments, namely: baseline values (T1), after which the animals exercised on a treadmill for eight weeks (T2) and then were followed up for four weeks after interruption of physical exercise (T3). For statistical analysis, a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, with Tukey's post-hoc for the group (GC, MICE, or HIIT) and Bonferroni's for the moment (T1, T2 and T3). ResultsRegarding the periepididymal mass, GC showed an increase of 45% in T3 compared to T2. The HIIT and MICE groups had lower T3 values when compared to the CG. Comparing groups relative to the delta variation between T2 and T3 showed a difference in periepididymal mass (p=0.012), with HIIT showing lower values than CG (p=0.009). Analysis of the number of periepididymal adipocytes showed that HIIT (p<0.001) and GC (p=0.003) captured smaller numbers of cells than MICE. ConclusionIn conclusion, our findings demonstrated positive effects of both interventions (HIIT and MICE) in the control of periepididymal adipose tissue mass of adult rats after 4 weeks of exercise interruption, with less mass gain in HIIT. More adipocytes were observed in MICE compared to HIIT and GC. These results suggest that both exercise models helped control fat accumulation, even after detraining.

Aerobic exercise training engages the canonical wnt pathway to improve pulmonary function and inflammation in COPD

BackgroundWe studied whether the exercise improves cigarette smoke (CS) induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in mice through inhibition of inflammation mediated by Wnt/β-catenin-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ signaling.MethodsFirstly, we observed the effect of exercise on pulmonary inflammation, lung function, and Wnt/β-catenin-PPARγ. A total of 30 male C57BL/6J mice were divided into the control group (CG), smoke group (SG), low-intensity exercise group (LEG), moderate-intensity exercise group (MEG), and high-intensity exercise group (HEG). All the groups, except for CG, underwent whole-body progressive exposure to CS for 25 weeks. Then, we assessed the maximal exercise capacity of mice from the LEG, MEG, and HEG, and performed an 8-week treadmill exercise intervention. Then, we used LiCl (Wnt/β-catenin agonist) and XAV939 (Wnt/β-catenin antagonist) to investigate whether Wnt/β-catenin-PPARγ pathway played a role in the improvement of COPD via exercise. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6 per group): CG, SG, LiCl group, LiCl and exercise group, XAV939 group, and XAV939 and exercise group. Mice except those in the CG were exposed to CS, and those in the exercise groups were subjected to moderate-intensity exercise training. All the mice were subjected to lung function test, lung histological assessment, and analysis of inflammatory markers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, as well as detection of Wnt1, β-catenin and PPARγ proteins in the lung tissue.ResultsExercise of various intensities alleviated lung structural changes, pulmonary function and inflammation in COPD, with moderate-intensity exercise exhibiting significant and comprehensive effects on the alleviation of pulmonary inflammation and improvement of lung function. Low-, moderate-, and high-intensity exercise decreased β-catenin levels and increased those of PPARγ significantly, and only moderate-intensity exercise reduced the level of Wnt1 protein. Moderate-intensity exercise relieved the inflammation aggravated by Wnt agonist. Wnt antagonist combined with moderate-intensity exercise increased the levels of PPARγ, which may explain the highest improvement of pulmonary function observed in this group.ConclusionsExercise effectively decreases COPD pulmonary inflammation and improves pulmonary function. The beneficial role of exercise may be exerted through Wnt/β-catenin-PPARγ pathway.

An 8-Week study on the effects of high and Moderate-Intensity interval exercises on mitochondrial MOTS-C changes and their relation to metabolic markers in male diabetic sand rats

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a significant feature of type 2 diabetes. MOTS-C, a peptide derived from mitochondria, has positive effects on metabolism and exercise capacity. This study explored the impact of high and moderate-intensity interval exercises on mitochondrial MOTS-C alterations and their correlation with metabolic markers in male diabetic sand rats. Thirty male sand rats were divided into six groups: control, MIIT, DM + HIIT, DM + MIIT, DM, and HIIT (5 rats each). Diabetes was induced using a high-fat diet (HFD) combined with streptozotocin (STZ). The Wistar sand rats in exercise groups underwent 8 weeks of interval training of varying intensities. Post sample collection, protein expressions of PCG-1a, AMPK, and GLUT4 were assessed through Western blot analysis, while MOTS-C protein expression was determined using ELISA. Both exercise intensity and diabetes significantly affected the levels of PCG-1a, MOTS-C, GLUT4 proteins, and insulin resistance (p < 0.001). The combined effect of diabetes status and exercise intensity on these levels was also significant (p < 0.001). However, the diabetes effect varied when comparing high-intensity to moderate-intensity exercise. The moderate-intensity exercise group with diabetes showed higher levels of PCG-1a, MOTS-C, and GLUT4 proteins and reduced insulin resistance levels (p < 0.001). Exercise intensity (p = 0.022) and diabetes (p = 0.008) significantly influenced AMPK protein levels. The interplay between diabetes status and exercise intensity on AMPK protein levels was noteworthy, with the moderate-intensity diabetes group exhibiting higher AMPK levels than the high-intensity diabetes group (p < 0.001). In conclusion, exercise elevates the levels of PCG-1a, MOTS-C, GLUT4, and AMPK proteins, regulating insulin resistance in diabetic sand rats. Given the AMPK-MOTS-C mitochondrial pathway's mechanisms, interval exercises might enhance the metabolic rates and general health of diabetic rodents.

Effects of moderate-intensity combination exercise on increase adiponectin levels, muscle mass, and decrease fat mass in obese women

Obesity is reported to be strongly associated with low levels of adiponectin, which may be involved in metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and cancer cell proliferation. Meanwhile, physical exercise has been reported to increase adiponectin levels and decrease insulin resistance in obese individuals. Therefore, this study aimed to prove the effects of four weeks of moderate-intensity combination exercise (aerobic and resistance) on increasing adiponectin levels, skeletal muscle mass (SMM), and decreasing fat mass (FM) in obese women. A total of 14 obese adolescent women aged 20-24 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 27.5-36.5 kg/m2 (based on Asia-Pacific BMI classification) were selected as research subjects and divided into two intervention groups: control (CON) and moderate-intensity combination exercise (MCE) groups. The ELISA kit method was used to analyze pre- and post-exercise adiponectin levels, while the mBCA 554 seca was used to measure BMI, FM, and SMM. Statistical analysis was performed using an independent samples t-test with a 5% significance level. The data showed ∆-BMI between CON and MCE (0.54±0.99 vs -1.31±0.19 kg/m2; p = 0.001), ∆-FM (1.56±3.89 vs -3.60±1.16 kg; p = 0.006), ∆-SMM (-0.85±1.91 vs 3.61±0.74 kg; p = 0.001), ∆-Adiponectin (0.55±2.39 vs 15.45±6.21 ng/mL; p = 0.001). The results demonstrate that a 4-week moderate-intensity combination exercise intervention effectively increases adiponectin levels and skeletal muscle mass and reduces body mass index and fat mass in obese women. Keywords: Obesity, combination exercise, adiponectin levels, body composition.

Effects of Exercise Intensity Differences in Forest Therapy Programs on Immunoglobulin A and Dehydroepiandrosterone Levels in Older Adults

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise intensity and the duration of an exercise-based forest therapy program on physiological changes in older adults. The forest therapy program consisted of 20 sessions over 10 weeks. Forty-one older adults aged 65 years and older were divided into no treatment (daily activity group) and experimental (forest therapy) groups. The experimental group was further divided into the medium-intensity forest exercise group and the high-intensity forest exercise group to analyze physiological changes according to exercise intensity and duration. The physiological changes were analyzed by collecting saliva and measuring changes in the levels of immunoglobulin A and dehydroepiandrosterone, a hormone used to predict aging. Changes within the daily activity group and the forest therapy group after their respective exercises were analyzed using paired t-tests. Saliva testing was performed before and in weeks 5 and 10 of the program and analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance to assess the effects of the forest therapy on the medium-intensity forest exercise group and the high-intensity forest exercise group based on the duration of exercise. As a result of the study, a significant increase in immunoglobulin A was observed in the medium-intensity forest exercise group. The daily activity group and the high-intensity forest exercise group showed an increase, but there was very little change and no significance. Changes in dehydroepiandrosterone decreased in the daily activity group and significantly increased in the moderate-intensity forest exercise group at 5 and 10 weeks, showing that regular moderate-intensity forest exercise has an effect on dehydroepiandrosterone. The high-intensity forest exercise group improved over time, but no significant level of change was observed. This study shows that forest exercise has a beneficial effect on immunoglobulin A and dehydroepiandrosterone levels in older adults.

The influence of baseline sleep on exercise‐induced cognitive change in older adults: A randomised clinical trial

AbstractBackgroundObservational studies consistently demonstrate that physical activity is associated with enhanced cognitive function and reduced risk for dementia. However, there remains significant heterogeneity in study findings regarding the effect of exercise interventions on cognitive function. Individual variation in sleep behaviours are hypothesized to be a source of this variability in the effectiveness of exercise to influence cognition, however this has not yet been investigated. Thus, the current study aimed to 1) investigate the influence of a 6‐month exercise intervention on sleep pre‐ and post‐intervention and 2) investigate whether baseline sleep measures moderate exercise‐induced cognitive changes.MethodWe utilised data from the Intense Physical Activity and Cognition (IPAC) study (n = 89), a 6‐month moderate intensity and high intensity exercise intervention, in cognitively normal community‐dwelling older adults aged 60‐80 years (68.76 ± 5.32). Exercise was supervised and completed on a stationary exercise bicycle, and cognitive function was measured using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery administered pre‐ and post‐intervention. Sleep was measured using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) to yield measures of sleep duration, efficiency, and sleep latency.ResultThere was no effect of the exercise intervention on any sleep outcomes from pre‐ to post‐intervention. There was a significant moderating effect of baseline sleep efficiency on both episodic memory and global cognition within the moderate intensity exercise group (β = ‐0.024, SE = 0.008, p = .004; β = ‐0.011, SE = 0.005, p = .036), such that those with poorer sleep efficiency at baseline showed greater exercise‐induced cognitive improvements.ConclusionThese results indicate that those with poorer sleep may have the greatest exercise‐induced cognitive benefits and that baseline sleep behaviours may be an important source of heterogeneity in previous exercise interventions targeting cognitive outcomes.

Feasibility and effect of high-intensity training on the progression of motor symptoms in adult individuals with Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To determine the feasibility and effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in individuals with Parkinson's and their effect on symptom modification and progression. We conducted this systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA). All studies were searched in seven databases: MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, Virtual Health Library (VHL) and SCOPUS in September 2020 and updated in June 2023. The risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration tool and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool. We used standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and random effects models, as well as the non-parametric Cochran's Q test and I2 inconsistency test to assess heterogeneity. A total of 15 randomized clinical trials with 654 participants (mean age, 65.4 years). The majority of studies included high intensity training interventions versus moderate intensity, usual care, or control group. The meta-analysis comparing high-intensity exercise versus control group showed an improvement in the disease severity (MD = -4.80 [95%CI, -6.38; -3.21 high evidence certainty); maximum oxygen consumption (MD = 1.81 [95%CI, 0.36; 3.27] very low evidence certainty) and quality of life (MD = -0.54 [95%CI, -0.94; -0.13] moderate evidence certainty). The results showed that high-intensity exercise compared with moderate intensity exercise group showed a improve motor function and functional mobility measured by the TUG test (MD = -0.38 [95%CI, -0.91; 0.16] moderate evidence certainty) with moderate heterogeneity between studies. High-intensity exercise performed in both continuous and interval modes when compared with control groups may provide motor function benefits for individuals with Parkinson's disease. HIIT may be feasible, but the intensity of the exercise may influence individuals with Parkinson's disease. However, there was a lack of evidence comparing high intensity and moderate intensity for this population, as the results showed heterogeneity.

The effect of moderate and low-intensity aerobic exercise on lowering blood sugar

Problems and Purpose. The global prevalence of diabetes is on the rise, alongside other diseases related to obesity, including hypertension, heart disease and dyslipidemia. Exercise is recognized as a method to control blood sugar levels. This study aimed to investigate the impact of low and moderate-intensity sports exercises on blood sugar levels in patients. Materials and Methods. This research was a laboratory experiment following a completely randomized design. Twenty participants were enlisted for the study and divided into two groups: a control group and a moderate-intensity exercise group. The study spanned two months. Results. The results revealed a significant change in the blood sugar levels of patients who underwent low and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise with a p-value of 0.001. Conclusion. This research concludes that there are notable differences in the impact of low and moderate-intensity aerobic exercises on body mass index and blood sugar levels in diabetes patients.

The effect of 4 week-long swimming exercise intervention on increased serotonin levels in male mice (Mus musculus)

Abstract Being overweight can be caused by an imbalance between calorie intake and energy expenditure over a long period, and the brain plays an important role in controlling overeating responses. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter involved in regulating food intake and weight. Being overweight is associated with decreased serotonin levels. Decreased serotonin levels have an impact on increased health disorders and depression. The study aimed to analyse the effect of 4 week-long swimming exercise intervention on increased serotonin levels in male mice (Mus musculus). A total of 18 male mice (20-40 g), aged eight weeks with (Lee index (LI) ≥0.3) randomly assigned to three groups: COG (n = 6; control group without intervention), MEG (n = 6; moderate-intensity morning exercise group), and AEG (n = 6; moderate-intensity afternoon exercise group). Morning and afternoon exercise was carried out with a load of 5% of the total body weight of mice. Four weeks of exercise with a frequency of three times a week and were performed for 70% of the maximum duration per session. Blood collection was done 2 × 24 h after the last intervention. Measurement of serum serotonin levels using ELISA. Data analysis techniques using the one-way ANOVA test with SPSS version 17 software. The average levels of serum serotonin of COG were (56.29 ± 3.59 ng/ml), MEG (86.21 ± 18.44 ng/ml), AEG (82.73 ± 25.15 ng/ml), and (). The results of this study show that moderate-intensity exercises in the morning and afternoon increase serum serotonin levels in male mice. Therefore, moderate-intensity morning and afternoon swimming exercises can be used in controlling and inhibiting the over-eating response mediated by the serotonin.

Effects of Different Intensity Exercises On Bone Structure of Young Male Wistar Rats

Many adolescents have insufficient physical activity. Regular physical activity from young age can improve health and fitness. Getting regular exercise and eating healthy diet should be encouraged among kids and teenagers to prevent various diseases in adulthood and old age, such as osteoporosis and fractures. When exercising, a prescription is needed that is tailored to each individual abilities. The intensity of exercise will be different for each individual in accordance with their age, physiological function, genetics, economic status, and previous comorbid diseases. There is no standardised exercise prescription proven to increase bone mineral density in adolescents. Based on the above description, a study was conducted on the provision of different intensity exercise and its effect on bone morphology and density. In this study, male Wistar rats, aged 15–16 weeks (body weight ± 250-350 grams; n = 20), were split into 4 groups, namely control group, low intensity exercise group, moderate intensity exercise group, and high intensity exercise group. All groups were receiving intervention for 8 weeks. Then, the rats were sacrificed and the femoral bones were isolated. Femur weight and femur length was checked. Bone density was examined using X-Ray and calculated by statistical tests. Research was conducted in the Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran. There were significant differences of femur weight between high intensity exercise group and control and low intensity exercise groups (p 0.05). Moderate and high intensity exercises significantly increased femur length as opposed to control and low intensity exercise groups (p 0.05). Bone density was higher in moderate and high intensity exercise groups (p 0.05). Moderate to high intensity exercise can increase bone health, seen from significances of bone morphology analysis and a higher density compared to low intensity exercise.

Effect of a 24-Week Concurrent Exercise Intervention on Neck Adiposity and Its Distribution in Young Adults: The ACTIBATE Randomized Controlled Trial.

Neck adipose tissue (NAT) accumulation and neck circumference are independent predictors of cardiometabolic risk (CMR) and low-grade chronic inflammation in young adults. The present study examines whether a 24-week concurrent exercise intervention can reduce NAT volume and neck circumference in young adults, and whether any changes in these variables are related to changes in body composition, CMR, and the inflammatory profile. Seventy-four participants (51 women, age 22 ± 2years) were included in the main analyses, after being randomly assigned to either a (a)control (n = 34), (b)moderate-intensity exercise (n = 19), or (c)vigorous-intensity exercise (n = 21) group. Participants in the exercise groups trained 3-4days/week (endurance + resistance exercise training). NAT volume and NAT distribution across different depots were estimated using computed tomography before and after the intervention. Anthropometric variables, body composition (determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and CMR/inflammatory markers were also recorded. The exercise intervention did not reduce the total NAT volume, nor was NAT distribution affected (p > .05). However, it did reduce neck circumference in the vigorous-intensity exercise group compared with the moderate-intensity exercise and control groups (by 0.8 and 1cm, respectively, p ≤ .05). Changes in total NAT and neck circumference were positively, albeit weakly, related (adj. R2: .05-.21, all p ≤ .05) to changes in body weight and adiposity, leptin (only total NAT), and CMR (only neck circumference). Altogether 24weeks of concurrent exercise does not appear to reduce NAT accumulation in young adults, but may slightly reduce neck circumference in those who partake in vigorous exercise.