Moderate-intensity Continuous Exercise Research Articles

Senolytic effects of exercise in human muscles require acute inflammation.

Higher intensity exercise, despite causing more tissue damage, improved aging conditions. We previously observed decreased p16INK4a mRNA in human skeletal muscle after high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), with no change following equivalent work in moderate-intensity continuous exercise. This raises the question of whether the observed senolytic effect of exercise is mediated by inflammation, an immune response induced by muscle damage. In this study, inflammation was blocked using a multiple dose of ibuprofen (total dose: 1200 mg), a commonly consumed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), in a placebo-controlled, counterbalanced crossover trial. Twelve men aged 20-26 consumed ibuprofen or placebo before and after HIIE at 120% maximum aerobic power. Multiple muscle biopsies were taken for tissue analysis before and after HIIE. p16INK4a+ cells were located surrounding myofibers in muscle tissues. The maximum decrease in p16INK4a mRNA levels within muscle tissues occurred at 3 h post-exercise (-82%, p < 0.01), gradually recovering over the next 3-24 h. A concurrent reduction pattern in CD11b mRNA (-87%, p < 0.01) was also found within the same time frame. Ibuprofen treatment attenuated the post-exercise reduction in both p16INK4a mRNA and CD11b mRNA. The strong correlation (r = 0.88, p < 0.01) between p16INK4a mRNA and CD11b mRNA in muscle tissues suggests a connection between the markers of tissue aging and pro-inflammatory myeloid differentiation. In conclusion, our results suggest that the senolytic effect of high-intensity exercise on human skeletal muscle is mediated by acute inflammation.

THE ACUTE EXERCISE-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS

INTRODUCTION &amp; AIMS Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), are characterised by intestinal inflammation that presents severe symptoms and continued complications throughout the lifespan. These gastrointestinal (GI) disorders have a growing prevalence worldwide with no known cure. Management strategies often require a ‘trial and error’ process before an effective pharmacal/s is established; the successful interim varies considerably with prevalent adverse side-effects and gradual decline in the effectiveness of medication. Accordingly, alternative mechanisms to complement management options, reduce side-effects, and improve well-being warrant investigation. Physical activity is known to be beneficial for a variety of inflammatory conditions; the advantageous effects are associated with the exercise-induced inflammatory response directly from active muscle tissue. Despite this knowledge, minimal studies have attempted to quantify the inflammatory effect of exercise. This study investigates the inflammatory response of acute exercise. METHODS Participants were allocated into one of two groups: GI disorders (IBD &amp; IBS; n = 11) or apparently healthy control (AHC; n = 11). All participants completed three sessions: 1) initial familiarisation: questionnaires, anthropometry measures, DEXA scan, and a graded exercise test; 2) protocol 1: moderate-intensity continuous exercise; and 3) protocol 2: alternating high- and low-intensity exercise. Participants were randomly allocated to the acute exercise protocols. Each protocol had a fasted pre-exercise venous blood sample, 35-minutes cycle, fasted blood sample immediately post-, 2hrs post-, and 24hr post-exercise. RESULTS Significant differences were observed between groups in body mass index, waist and hip circumstances, percentage of fat mass, and VO2peak (p &amp;lt; .05). Analyses of venous blood samples will be presented. CONCLUSION With no known cure, lifestyle management is important for those with GI disorders. Exercise hosts several benefits; however, given the inflammatory nature of the condition, the acute responses of exercise are important for clinicians working with IBD/IBS patients.

Effects of 12 Weeks of Moderate-intensity Continuous Exercise and High-intensity Interval Exercise on Cognitive Function in Elderly Subjects

OBJECTIVES This study analyzed the possibility of brain function activation after exercise training of high-intensity interval exercise and moderate-intensity continuous exercise in elderly people.METHODS The subjects of the study were elderly female people aged 65 years or older and were divided into three groups : control group, moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Changes of body composition, physical fitness, cognitive function, and cognitive function-related blood variables were compared between before and after 12 weeks of exercise training.RESULTS Body weight, BMI (body mass index), and WHR (waist hip ratio) of body composition in HIIT group decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) after exercise training, and there was no significant difference in MICT group and the control group. HIIT group significantly (p&lt;0.05) improved in grip strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, balance, cardiorespiratory endurance, and walking ability after exercise training, while MICT group showed significant (p&lt;0.05) improvements only in flexibility, balance, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Regarding blood variables, HIIT group showed significant (p&lt;0.05) differences in BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), irisin, and β-amyloid after exercise training, MICT group showed significant (p&lt;0.05) differences only in β-amyloid. Cognitive function in HIIT group and MICT group significantly (p&lt;0.05) improved in terms of temporal and spatial orientation, memory, and total scores after exercise training. During the recovery phase after one session of high-intensity interval exercise, blood lactic acid concentration increased significantly.CONCLUSIONS This study was confirmed the possibility of giving that high-intensity interval exercise for the elderly not only produces positive changes in body composition and improves physical fitness and cognitive function, but also frequently stimulates lactate production, helping to activate brain function through changes in BDNF and irisin in the blood.

Efficacy of various exercise interventions for migraine treatment: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

To compare various exercise modalities' efficacy on migraine frequency, intensity, duration, and disability. Exercise has been shown to be an effective intervention to reduce migraine symptoms and disability; however, no clear evidence exists regarding the most effective exercise modalities for migraine treatment. A systematic review was performed in PubMed, PEDro, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Clinical trials that analyzed the efficacy of various exercise modalities in addressing the frequency, intensity, duration, and disability of patients with migraine were included. Eight network meta-analyses based on frequentist (F) and Bayesian (B) models were developed to estimate the direct and indirect evidence of various exercise modalities. Standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence (CI) and credible intervals (CrI) were calculated for each treatment effect based on Hedge's g and p scores to rank the modalities. We included 28 studies with 1501 migraine participants. Yoga (F: SMD -1.30; 95% CI -2.09, -0.51; B: SMD -1.33; 95% CrI -2.21, -0.45), high-intensity aerobic exercise (F: SMD -1.30; 95% CI -2.21, -0.39; B: SMD -1.17; 95% CrI -2.20, -0.20) and moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise (F: SMD -1.01; 95% CI -1.63, -0.39; B: SMD -1.06; 95% CrI -1.74, -0.38) were significantly superior to pharmacological treatment alone for decreasing migraine frequency based on both models. Only yoga (F: SMD -1.40; 95% CI -2.41, -0.39; B: SMD -1.41; 95% CrI -2.54, -0.27) was significantly superior to pharmacological treatment alone for reducing migraine intensity. For diminishing migraine duration, high-intensity aerobic exercise (F: SMD -1.64; 95% CI -2.43, -0.85; B: SMD -1.56; 95% CrI -2.59, -0.63) and moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise (SMD -0.96; 95% CI -1.50, -0.41; B: SMD -1.00; 95% CrI -1.71, -0.31) were superior to pharmacological treatment alone. Very low-quality evidence showed that yoga, high- and moderate-intensity aerobic exercises were the best interventions for reducing migraine frequency and intensity; high- and moderate-intensity aerobic exercises were best for decreasing migraine duration; and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise was best for diminishing disability.

Cardiac Biomarker Responses Following High-Intensity Interval and Continuous Exercise: The Influence of ACE-I/D Gene Polymorphism and Training Status in Men.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between pre and post-exercise cardiac biomarker release according to athletic status (trained vs. untrained); and to establish whether the I/D polymorphism in the ACE gene had an influence on cardiac biomarkers release with specific regard on the influence of the training state. We determined cTnI and NT-proBNP in 29 trained and 27 untrained male soccer players before and after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) running tests. Trained soccer players had higher pre (trained: 0.014±0.007 ng/mL; untrained: 0.010±0.005 ng/mL) and post HIIE (trained: 0.031±0.008 ng/mL; untrained: 0.0179±0.007) and MICE (trained: 0.030±0.007 ng/mL; untrained: 0.018±0.007) cTnI values than untrained subjects, but the change with exercise (ΔcTnI) was similar between groups. There was no significant difference in baseline and post-exercise NT-proBNP between groups. NT-proBNP levels were elevated after both HIIE and MICE. Considering three ACE genotypes, the mean pre-exercise cTnI values of trained group (DD: 0.015±0.008 ng/mL; ID: 0.015±0.007 ng/mL; II: 0.014±0.008 ng/mL) and their untrained counterparts (DD: 0.010±0.004 ng/mL; ID: 0.011±0.004 ng/mL; II: 0.010±0.006 ng/mL) did not show any significant difference. To sum up, noticeable difference in baseline cTnI was observed which was related to athletic status, but not ACE genotypes. Neither athletic status nor ACE genotypes seem to affect the changes in cardiac biomarkers in response to HIIE and MICE, indicating that the ACE gene does not play a significant role in the release of exercise-induced cardiac biomarkers indicative of cardiac damage in Iranian soccer players.

Hemodynamic and Metabolic Responses to Moderate and Vigorous Cycle Ergometry in Men Who Have Had Transtibial Amputation.

Adults who have had an amputation face barriers to having an active lifestyle which attenuates cardiorespiratory fitness. Prior studies in amputees typically involve treadmill walking or arm ergometry, yet physiological responses to bilateral leg cycling are less understood. This study assessed the hemodynamic and metabolic responses to moderate and vigorous cycle ergometry in men who have had a transtibial amputation (TTA). Five men who had had a unilateral TTA (age = 39 ± 15 yr) and six controls (CONs) without an amputation (age = 31 ± 11 yr) performed two 20 min bouts of cycling differing in intensity. Cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured during moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) using thoracic impedance and indirect calorimetry. In response to MICE and HIIE, the HR and VO2 levels were similar (p > 0.05) between groups. Stroke volume and CO were higher (p < 0.05) in the CONs, which was attributed to their higher body mass. In men with TTAs, HIIE elicited a peak HR = 88%HRmax and substantial blood lactate accumulation, representing vigorous exercise intensity. No adverse events were exhibited in the men with TTAs. The men with TTAs show similar responses to MICE and HIIE versus the CONs.

Influence of disease course and comprehensive management on blood glucose level in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the status of glycemic control, and assess the effects of the disease course and comprehensive management measures on the blood glucose level in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The study collected the clinical data of type 2 diabetes patients in Beijing Children's Hospital from January 2015 to September 2020. Patients were grouped based on the disease course to compare their glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level, islet β-cell function, insulin resistance and comprehensive management measures. Of the 170 participants, the median disease course was 2.0 years (interquartile range [IQR] 1.0-4.0 years). The baseline HbA1c was 11.2% (IQR 9.2-12.4%). According to the grouping by the disease course, the median HbA1c was the lowest (5.7% [IQR 5.3-6.1%]) in the half-year course group and the highest in the 4-year course group (9.0 [IQR 6.8%-11.3%]). Compared with the group with a disease duration <2 years, patients in the >4 years group had a lower proportion of patients with HbA1c <7% (29.2% vs 66.2%), a lower homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function, and a lower proportion with a controlled diet, moderate-intensity exercise, regular follow up and no drug treatment. We deemed HbA1c as the dependent variable, and found that disease duration, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function at follow up, continuous moderate-intensity exercise, regular review and treatment regimen were significant influencing factors for glycemic control. Children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes and a prolonged disease course showed poor glycemic control and decreased islet β-cell function. A good lifestyle, especially moderate-intensity exercise, can help such cases better control their blood glucose level.

Greater glycemic control following low-load, high-repetition resistance exercise compared with moderate-intensity continuous exercise in males and females: a randomized control trial.

Exercise has long been known for its beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity (IS) and glucose handling with both moderate-intensity continuous (MIC) exercise and resistance exercise (RE) inducing beneficial effects. In recent years, low-load, high-repetition (LLHR) RE has emerged as a strategy to increase muscle mass and strength to levels similar to traditional RE; however, the effects of LLHR RE on glucose handling has yet to be investigated. The purpose of this trial was to compare the acute effects of LLHR RE to MIC exercise on post-exercise glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in males and females. Twenty-four (n=12/sex) participants completed acute bouts of MIC exercise (30 min at 65% V̇O₂peak) and LLHR (3 circuits, 6 exercises/circuit, 25-35 repetitions/exercise/circuit) matched for time with muscle biopsies immediately pre and post exercise and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 90 min following exercise. Blood glucose concentrations (p=0.002, ηp 2=0.37), glucose AUC (p=0.002, ηp 2=0.35) and max glucose concentration (p=0.003, ηp 2=0.34) were lower during the post exercise OGTT following LLHR RE compared to MIC exercise. There was a main effect of trial on TBC1D1 Ser237 phosphorylation (p=0.04, ηp 2=0.19) such that it was greater following MIC exercise compared to LLHR RE. Furthermore, phosphorylated ACC Ser79 increased following MIC exercise with no change following LLHR RE (p<0.001, ηp 2=0.50). Phosphorylation of PTEN Ser380 was greater in males than females during LLHR RE (p=0.01, ηp 2=0.27). These findings suggest that LLHR RE is a feasible exercise modality to improve post-exercise glycemic control in both males and females. Trial registration number: NCT06217679.

The Effects of Diet Intervention on the Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review.

The GI tract hosts a dynamic community known as the gut microbiota, which encompasses thriving bacteria that actively contribute to the physiological functions of the human body. The intricacies of its composition are profoundly influenced by dietary preferences, where the quality, quantity, and frequency of food consumption play a pivotal role in either fostering or impeding specific bacterial strains. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent and deleterious condition that originates from excessive hyperglycemia. Do lifestyle interventions targeting dietary adjustments, nutritional supplements, physical activity, and weight management programs exhibit a significant relationship in altering the composition of the gut microbiome and managing T2DM? This paper aims to evaluate the effects of lifestyle interventions on patients with T2DM and the implications of these changes on disease outcomes and progression. Lifestyle interventions can significantly impact the management of T2DM, especially those targeting dietary adjustments, nutritional supplements, physical activity, and weight management programs. The adoption of a high-fiber diet and increased fruit consumption have shown positive impacts on both insulin sensitivity and the composition of the gut microbiota. Additionally, promising outcomes emerge from supplementing with Omega-3 fatty acids, Vitamin K2 (MK-7), and transglucosidase, which influence insulin levels, glycemic control, and gut microbiota composition. Personalized diet interventions and the transformative effects of the Mediterranean diet present positive outcomes in metabolic control. The intensity of exercise plays a pivotal role in shaping the composition of the gut microbiota, with moderate-intensity continuous exercise displaying positive effects on anti-inflammatory microbes. Chronic exercise showcases favorable impacts on glycemic control and systemic inflammation. Emphasizing the intricate relationship between dietary habits, gut microbiota, and the risk of T2DM underscores the potential of the gut microbiota as a universal biomarker for assessing diabetes risk. Nutritional supplements and exercise interventions provide potential avenues for the management of T2DM, emphasizing the necessity for tailored strategies. Further research is encouraged to delve into the long-term effects and intricate interplay between lifestyle factors and the gut microbiome, enhancing our understanding of T2DM pathophysiology for targeted therapeutic approaches.

Continuous moderate and intermittent high-intensity exercise in youth with type 1 diabetes: Which protection for dysglycemia?

AimFrom an early age, exercise is key to managing type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, hypoglycemia around aerobic exercise is a major barrier to physical activity in children. We explore whether intermittent high-intensity aerobic exercise (IHE), designed to mimic spontaneous childhood physical activity patterns, offers better protection against glycemic drop than continuous moderate-intensity exercise (CME). MethodsFive boys and 7 girls with T1D (9.8 ± 1.4y) performed ergo cycle-based randomized CME and IHE of identical duration and total mechanical load [50 %PWC170vs. 15sec(150 %PWC170)/30 sec passive recovery; both during two 10-min sets, 5 min in-between]. Capillary glycemia during exercise and interstitial glucose during recovery were compared between exercises and an inactive condition, controlling for baseline glycemia, carbohydrate and insulin. ResultsThe exercise-induced decrease in capillary glycemia was attenuated by 1.47 mmol·L−1 for IHE vs. CME (P < 0.05). No symptomatic hypoglycemic episodes occurred during exercises. Post-exercise time in hypoglycemia did not differ between conditions. During early recovery, CME reduced time spent > 16.7 mmol·L−1 compared with inactive days (P < 0.05; CME: 0 %; IHE: 16,7 %; INACTIVE: 41,7 %). ConclusionIHE appeared to limit the glycemic drop compared to CME. Performing 20-min CME or IHE was not associated with increased hypoglycemic risk compared to being inactive. CME appeared even transiently protective against serious hyperglycemia.

High-Intensity Interval Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise Training on Glycemic Control, Beta Cell Function, and Aerobic Fitness in Women with Type 2 Diabetes.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) on glycemic control, beta-cell function, and aerobic fitness in women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Thirty-six women with T2DM were assigned equally to HIIT, MICT, and control (CON) groups. Participants in the exercise cohorts underwent a 12-week training regimen (three sessions per week), while the CON group maintained an inactive lifestyle. Glycaemia variables, beta-cell function, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), lipid profiles, and body composition were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Results: Both HIIT and MICT interventions led to significant improvements in glucose, insulin, HbA1c, and insulin resistance index. Moreover, visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels significantly decreased in the HIIT and MICT groups after 12 weeks. Triglyceride (TG) levels decreased only after MICT, while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels increased after both interventions. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), body mass, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) significantly improved in all exercise groups. Notably, the HIIT group showed greater reductions in body mass compared to MICT. Nevertheless, beta-cell function remained unaltered after these two exercise regimens. Conclusion: Both HIIT and MICT interventions effectively managed T2DM in women, regardless of exercise intensity. The HIIT regimen can be considered for time-efficient lifestyle interventions in people with T2DM.

Interval training and cardiometabolic health in reproductive-aged females.

Physical activity and exercise training are especially important for reproductive-aged females as exercise-induced health benefits can also affect their infants. However, levels of physical inactivity remain high among females in this age group, before, during, and after pregnancy. There is a great need for practical and feasible exercise modes to increase adherence to exercise in this population, and interval training may be a time-efficient training modality. Interval training is a form of exercise involving intermittent bouts of intense effort interspersed with recovery periods of rest or lower-intensity exercise. A substantial amount of research indicates that interval training induces superior cardiometabolic health benefits compared with iso-energetic moderate-intensity continuous exercise. This review provides a comprehensive overview of research on interval training interventions in reproductive-aged females across various life stages, focusing on the cardiometabolic health benefits. We discuss the potential role of interval training in premenopausal females with overweight/obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome, and subfertility, as well as the potential influence of oral contraceptives on cardiometabolic adaptations to interval training. Furthermore, this review also highlights recent findings supporting the beneficial role of high-intensity interval training for cardiometabolic health outcomes during pregnancy. In summary, the existing evidence suggests that interval training can improve several cardiometabolic and reproductive outcomes in females spanning different life stages. However, more research is needed to further strengthen the evidence-base for physical activity recommendations for females in their reproductive years of life.

Histomorphometric Adaptations of Superior and Inferior Vena Cavae after Moderate Intensity Continuous Exercise - A Preclinical Trial

Objective: This study was aimed at evaluation of effects of Moderate Intensity Continuous Training(MICT) on the histomorphometric parameters of superior vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava(IVC) in Sprague Dawley rats. Methods: Twenty-four male healthy Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups.Group A (n=12) was assigned to the Moderate Intensity Continuous Training whereas Group B (n=12)was the control group with no exercise. The exercise intervention was workout on treadmill at 70%Maximal exercise intensity for 22-24 mins for 5 consecutive days/week for four weeks. The animalswere sacrificed after completion of exercise protocol for histomorphometry of the Inferior Vena Cavaand Superior Vena Cava. H&amp;E stained slides were examined under Nikon Ts2R-FL inverted micro-scope and images were taken. Images were analyzed and morphometry was performed by using Im-age J software. Luminal area, wall thickness and wall to lumen ratio were evaluated. Statisticalanalysis was performed on SPSS version 23. Results: Histomorphometric evaluation of the luminal area, wall thickness and wall to lumen ratio ofboth large veins showed statistically significant difference between control and the exercise groups.The luminal area, wall thickness and wall to lumen ratio of the IVC was significantly increased in theexercise group with p values 0.003, 0.04 and &lt;0.001 respectively. There was statistically significant in-crease in luminal area and wall thickness of SVC in the exercise group (p&lt;0.0001) and (p = 0.0001),whereas wall to lumen ratio was found to be reduced significantly p&lt;0.001. Conclusion: Our study has revealed that moderate intensity continuous exercise of four weeks duration has profound effects on the histomorphometry of superior and inferior vena cava. The findings ofour study highlight that the venous morphological adaptations to meet the heightened demands generated after moderate intensity continuous exercise are as prevalent as cardiac and arterial adapta-tions

Effects of accumulated exercise on the stiffness and hemodynamics of the common carotid artery.

Purpose: This research aims to study and compare the effects of moderate-intensity continuous exercise and accumulated exercise with different number of bouts on common carotid arterial stiffness and hemodynamic variables. Methods: Thirty healthy male adults were recruited to complete four trials in a randomized crossover design: no-exercise (CON); continuous exercise (CE, 30-min cycling); accumulated exercise including two or three bouts with 10-min rest intervals (AE15, 2 × 15-min cycling; AE10, 3 × 10-min cycling). The intensity in all the exercise trials was set at 45%-55% heart rate reserve. Blood pressure, right common carotid artery center-line velocity, and arterial inner diameter waveforms were measured at baseline and immediately after exercise (0min), 10 min, and 20 min. Results: 1) The arterial stiffness index and pressure-strain elastic modulus of the CE and AE15 groups increased significantly at 0min, arterial diameters decreased in AE15 and AE10, and all indicators recovered at 10min. 2) The mean blood flow rate and carotid artery center-line velocity increased in all trials at 0min, and only the mean blood flow rate of AE10 did not recover at 10min. 3) At 0min, the blood pressure in all trials was found to be increased, and the wall shear stress and oscillatory shear index of AE10 were different from those in CE and AE15. At 20min, the blood pressure of AE10 significantly decreased, and the dynamic resistance, pulsatility index, and peripheral resistance of CE partially recovered. Conclusion: There is no significant difference in the acute effects of continuous exercise and accumulated exercise on the arterial stiffness and diameter of the carotid artery. Compared with continuous exercise, accumulated exercise with an increased number of bouts is more effective in increasing cerebral blood supply and blood pressure regulation, and its oscillatory shear index recovers faster. However, the improvement of blood flow resistance in continuous exercise was better than that in accumulated exercise.

The effect of high-intensity intermittent and moderate-intensity continuous exercises on neurobiological markers and cognitive performance

BackgroundThe effects of exercise on cognitive functions and general brain health have been increasingly studied. Such studies conducted among athletes are very important to understanding the effects of different exercise methods on biochemical parameters and cognitive performance. The present study aimed to compare the neuroprotective effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) based on biochemical parameters and cognitive performance in athletes.MethodsA total of twenty-eight elite male boxing athletes aged > 18 years, with at least eight years of training experience, who successfully achieved national and international levels were included in this study. The elite athletes participating in the study were aged 24.43 ± 4.72 years, 14.45 ± 5.89 years of training experience, had a body weight of 74.64 ± 7.82 kg, and had a height of 177 ± 7.15 cm. Athletes who consumed any stimulants during the testing or supplementation phase, nutritional supplements, or steroids that may have affected hormone levels or sports performance in the last three months were excluded from this study. Venous blood samples were obtained, and cognitive performance tests (Stroop tests) were applied (i) immediately after high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE), (ii) one hour after HIIE, (iii) immediately after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE), and (iv) one hour after MICE. Serum BDNF, S100B, and NSE levels were measured after each session.ResultsSerum BDNF levels were significantly (F = 2.142, P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.589) greater in the HIIE group (5.65 ± 1.79 ng/mL) than in the control group (1.24 ± 0.54 ng/mL) and MICE group (3.38 ± 1.29 ng/mL) for the samples obtained immediately after exercise. Serum S100B levels were significantly (F = 3.427, P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.427) greater in the HIIE group (71.92 ± 23.05 ng/L) than in the control group (47.39 ± 15.78 ng/L), however there was no significant difference between the HIIE and MICE groups (59.62 ± 28.90 ng/L) in the samples obtained immediately after exercise. Serum NSE levels were significantly (F = 1.475, P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.312) greater in the HIIE group (14.57 ± 2.52 ng/mL) than in the control group (9.51 ± 3.44 ng/ML mL), however there was no significant difference between the HIIE and MICE groups (59.62 ± 28.90 ng/L) in the samples obtained immediately after exercise. Compared with control groups, both HIIE and MICE improved cognitive performance demonstrated by the Stroop test results. Again, HIIE was superior to MICE in terms of Stroop task reaction time and error rate (incongruent task) scores.ConclusionHIIE and MICE have favorable effects on improving cognitive performance and neuroprotection in an athlete population. HIIE is considered to be superior to MICE in improving neuroprotection and cognitive performance. Our study has remarkable results demonstrating the benefits of HIIT on neuroprotection and cognitive performance. HIIE is recommended instead of MICE, especially in sports where cognitive performance is more important.

The role of continuous moderate-intensity exercise on increasing collagen density after tooth extraction

Background: The wound healing process post-extraction is expected to be quick, which can reduce the risk of complications and restore normal tissue function. A minimum oxygen supply needs to be met so that acceleration of the wound healing process can occur. Wound healing can be accelerated by continuous moderate-intensity exercise with increasing tissue oxygenation. Collagen requires oxygen in the procollagen formation process to support wound healing. Purpose: This study aimed to prove the role of continuous moderate-intensity exercise in increasing collagen density in the dental sockets of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) after tooth extraction. Methods: Four groups of Wistar rats were created: control groups K1 (on day 3) and K2 (on day 7), and treatment groups K3 (on day 3) and K4 (on day 7). K1 and K2 were submerged in a bucket of water, and K3 and K4 received daily moderate-intensity exercise for a duration of two weeks. The rats’ incisors were extracted on the day 15. Post-extraction collagen density was measured on day 3 (K1 and K3) and on day 7 (K2 and K4). The one-way ANOVA test and post-hoc Tukey test were used in the statistical analysis of the data. Results: There was a significant difference between all groups (p: 0.0001; p&lt;0.05). Group K4 had a higher collagen density than the other groups. Conclusion: Continuous moderate-intensity exercise played a role in increasing the density of collagen in the rat tooth socket after tooth extraction.

Effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise versus moderate-intensity continuous exercise on renal hemodynamics assessed by ultrasound echo.

High-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) has become attractive for presenting a variety of exercise conditions. However, the effects of HIIE on renal function and hemodynamics remain unclear. This study aimed to compare the effects of HIIE and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on renal hemodynamics, renal function, and kidney injury biomarkers. Ten adult males participated in this study. We allowed the participants to perform HIIE or MICE to consider the impact of exercise on renal hemodynamics under both conditions. Renal hemodynamic assessment and blood sampling were conducted before the exercise (pre) and immediately (post 0), 30 min (post 30), and 60 min (post 60) after the exercise. Urine sampling was conducted in the pre, post 0, and post 60 phases. There was no condition-by-time interaction (p = 0.614), condition (p = 0.422), or time effect (p = 0.114) regarding renal blood flow. Creatinine-corrected urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin concentrations increased at post 60 (p = 0.017), but none exceeded the cut-off values for defining kidney injury. Moreover, there were no significant changes in other kidney injury biomarkers at any point. These findings suggest that high-intensity exercise can be performed without decreased RBF or increased kidney injury risk when conducted intermittently for short periods.

Acute effect of exercise intensity on circulating FGF-21, FSTL-1, cathepsin B, and BDNF in young men

Background/objectivesExercise intensity is potentially an important regulator of various exerkines secretion, but the optimal exercise intensity to increase and sustain exerkines levels, including FGF-21, FSTL-1, cathepsin B, and BDNF in humans, has not yet been fully elucidated. This study aimed to examine the circulating levels of FGF-21, FSTL-1, cathepsin B, and BDNF according to the exercise intensity. MethodsNine young men (24.0 ± 0.4 years old) performed 4 different experimental sessions at 1-week intervals: 1) a control session (CTRL; no exercise); 2) moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE, 55% HRR); 3) vigorous-intensity continuous exercise (VICE, 85% HRR); and 4) high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE, 4 repetitions of a 30-s of “all out” cycling workout followed by a 4-min recovery). Blood samples were collected at 4 different time points (pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, 30 min post-exercise, and 90 min post-exercise). ResultsSerum FGF-21, FSTL-1, cathepsin B, and BDNF were higher in HIIE than in CTRL immediately post-exercise, and FSTL-1, cathepsin B, and BDNF were higher in HIIE than in MICE immediately post-exercise (P < 0.05). The AUC for FGF-21, FSTL-1, and BDNF was higher in HIIE than in CTRL, and the AUC for FGF-21 and BDNF was higher in HIIE than in MICE (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the change in blood lactate was positively correlated with the changes in all exerkines. ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that acute HIIE effectively increases serum FGF-21, FSTL-1, cathepsin B, and BDNF compared to MICE. Therefore, the secretion of exerkines, including FGF-21, FSTL-1, cathepsin B, and BDNF may be exercise intensity-dependent.

School-based high-intensity interval exercise program in children with overweight induce a greater improvements in body composition and physical fitness than moderate-intensity continuous exercise

BackgroundHigh-intensity interval running exercise (HIIE) is emerging as a time-efficient exercise modality for improving body composition and fitness in comparison with moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise (MICE); however, existing evidence is still unclear in children with overweight and thus we compared the effects of HIIE and MICE on body composition, muscular, and cardiorespiratory fitness in children with overweight.MethodsIn this randomized study, 40 male children with overweight aged 7–10 years were divided into an 8-week exercise regime: (1) HIIE group [n = 20; 2 sets of 15 × 20s at 85–95% maximal aerobic speed (MAS) separated by 15 × 20s recovery at 50% MAS, 3 days per week] and (2) MICE group [n = 20; 30 min at 60–70% MAS, 3 days per week]. Body composition, muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness were assessed before and after the 8-week intervention at similar times and conditions of the day.ResultsFollowing the 8-week HIIE protocol, weight, BMI, and fat mass decreased significantly (weight: − 1.4% vs. 0.2%, p < 0.05; BMI: − 3.1% vs. − 0.7%, p < 0.05; fat mass: − 7.7% vs. − 1.6%, p < 0.01) as compared with MICE; while the VO2peak and MAS increased significantly in both groups, the increase in HIIE group was significantly greater than that of MICE group (VO2peak: 10.3% vs. 3.5%, p < 0.01; MAS:7.7% vs. 4.5%, p < 0.05). Although significant improvements in muscular fitness were observed in HIIE and MICE groups [counter movement jump (CMJ): 7.8% vs. 5.4%; sprinting ability: − 3.7% vs. − 1.7%], no significant differences were seen between them (p > 0.05).ConclusionOur findings suggested that school-based HIIE intervention was highly in improving body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness of children with overweight than the MICE regime; however, MICE still provided improvements over time that were just not to the same magnitude of HIIE.

Physiological and skeletal muscle responses to high-intensity interval exercise in Thoroughbred horses.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether acute high-intensity interval exercise or sprint interval exercise induces greater physiological and skeletal muscle responses compared to moderate-intensity continuous exercise in horses. In a randomized crossover design, eight trained Thoroughbred horses performed three treadmill exercise protocols consisting of moderate-intensity continuous exercise (6 min at 70% VO2max; MICT), high-intensity interval exercise (6 × 30 s at 100% VO2max; HIIT), and sprint interval exercise (6 × 15 s at 120% VO2max; SIT). Arterial blood samples were collected to measure blood gas variables and plasma lactate concentration. Biopsy samples were obtained from the gluteus medius muscle before, immediately after, 4 h, and 24 h after exercise for biochemical analysis, western blotting and real-time RT-PCR. Effects of time and exercise protocol were analyzed using mixed models (p < 0.05). Heart rate and plasma lactate concentration at the end of exercise were higher in HIIT and SIT than those in MICT (heart rate, HIIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0005; SIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0015; lactate, HIIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0014; SIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0003). Arterial O2 saturation and arterial pH in HIIT and SIT were lower compared with MICT (SaO2, HIIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0035; SIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0265; pH, HIIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0011; SIT vs. MICT, p = 0.0023). Muscle glycogen content decreased significantly in HIIT (p = 0.0004) and SIT (p = 0.0016) immediately after exercise, but not in MICT (p = 0.19). Phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in HIIT showed a significant increase immediately after exercise (p = 0.014), but the increase was not significant in MICT (p = 0.13) and SIT (p = 0.39). At 4 h after exercise, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α mRNA increased in HIIT (p = 0.0027) and SIT (p = 0.0019) and vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA increased in SIT (p = 0.0002). Despite an equal run distance, HIIT and SIT cause more severe arterial hypoxemia and lactic acidosis compared with MICT. In addition, HIIT activates the AMPK signaling cascade, and HIIT and SIT elevate mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis, whereas MICT did not induce any significant changes to these signaling pathways.