Moderate-intensity Continuous Exercise Research Articles

Acute endothelial, blood pressure, and glycemic responses after aerobic sessions in type-2 diabetic with hypertension: A double-blinded randomized study

ObjectivesTo compare the acute response of moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE) vs moderate intensity interval exercise (MIIE) on endothelial function, post-exercise hypotension (PEH), and glycemia in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with hypertension. MethodsTwelve T2DM (aged 52.8±3.8 years old) patients with hypertension underwent a randomized cross-over study following isocaloric (200 kcal) protocols: (i) MICE: walk-jogging at 50% of VO2peak, (ii) MIIE session: walking – jogging (stimulus/recovery – 3:3 minutes each) at 60% of VO2peak followed by recovery at 40% of VO2peak, and (iii) control (CON): lying quietly in a supine position for 30 minutes. A generalized estimating equation was utilized to verify possible differences over time × session. ResultsThe %FMD (Baseline: 3.59±1.58 vs. 30 min: 6.73±4.34) and the absolute FMD changed after MIIE (Baseline: 0.16±0.10 vs. 30 min: 0.17±0.14). Only absolute FMD changed after MIIE (Baseline: 0.14±0.07 vs. 30 min: 0.16±0.07). Besides, MIIE at 30 minutes provides higher absolute FMD values when compared to baseline from MICE and baseline, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes from control. Regarding blood pressure, no PEH statistical main effect was found. Finally, the glycemia changed at baseline vs. 30 minutes and 60 minutes after MIIE (210.5±9.4 vs. 127.6±10.0 and 120±8.9), MICE (219.5±12.7 vs. 125.2±12.0 and 118.2±11.6), and control sessions (215.9±11.8 vs. 187.4±11.2 and 172.6±11.3 mg/dL, p<0.05). However, MIIE and MICE showed higher decreases compared to the control. ConclusionsMIIE and MICE sessions are similar and effective exercise strategies to induce changes in endothelial function and glycemic responses in type-2 diabetics with hypertension.

Comparison of acute cardiovascular and perceptual responses between moderateintensity interval and continuous exercise in inactive obese young adults

Comparison of acute cardiovascular and perceptual responses between moderateintensity interval and continuous exercise in inactive obese young adults

Brief cycling intervals incrementally increase the number of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in human peripheral blood.

Peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) donation is the primary procedure used to collect hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Single bouts of exercise transiently enrich peripheral blood with HSPCs and cytolytic natural killer cells (CD56dim), which are important in preventing post-transplant complications. To provide a rationale to investigate the utility of exercise in a PBSC donation setting (≈3h), this study aimed to establish whether interval cycling increased peripheral blood HSPC and CD56dim concentrations to a greater degree than continuous cycling. In a randomised crossover study design, eleven males (mean ± SD: age 25 ± 7years) undertook bouts of moderate intensity continuous exercise [MICE, 30min, 65%-70% maximum heart rate (HRmax)], high-volume high intensity interval exercise (HV-HIIE, 4 × 4min, 80%-85% HRmax) and low-volume HIIE (LV-HIIE, 4 × 2min, 90%-95% HRmax). The cumulative impact of each interval on circulating HSPC (CD34+CD45dimSSClow) and CD56dim concentrations (cells/µL), and the bone marrow homing potential of HSPCs (expression of CXCR-4 and VLA-4) were determined. There was an increase in HSPC concentration after two intervals of LV-HIIE (Rest: 1.84 ± 1.55 vs. Interval 2: 2.94 ± 1.34, P = 0.01) and three intervals of HV-HIIE only (Rest: 2.05 ± 0.86 vs. Interval 3: 2.51 ± 1.05, P = 0.04). The concentration of all leukocyte subsets increased after each trial, with this greatest for CD56dim NK cells, and in HIIE vs. MICE (LV-HIIE: 4.77 ± 2.82, HV-HIIE: 4.65 ± 2.06, MICE: 2.44 ± 0.77, P < 0.0001). These patterns were observed for concentration, not frequency of CXCR-4+ and VLA-4+ HSPCs, which was unaltered. There was a marginal decrease in VLA-4, but not CXCR-4 expression on exercise-mobilised HSPCs after all trials (P < 0.0001). The results of the present study indicate that HIIE caused a more marked increase in HSPC and CD56dim NK cell concentrations than MICE, with mobilised HSPCs maintaining their bone marrow homing phenotype. LV-HIIE evoked an increase in HSPC concentration after just 2 × 2-minute intervals. The feasibility and clinical utility of interval cycling in a PBSC donation context should therefore be evaluated.

Comparison of Blood Flow Characteristics in Young Healthy Males between High-Intensity Interval and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise

Comparison of Blood Flow Characteristics in Young Healthy Males between High-Intensity Interval and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise

Acute natural killer cells response to a continuous moderate intensity and a work-matched high intensity interval exercise session in metastatic cancer patients treated with chemotherapy

BackgroundIt has been suggested that the acute natural killer (NK) cell response to aerobic exercise might contribute to the tumor suppressor effect of regular exercise observed in preclinical studies. Moreover, because this response is modulated by exercise intensity, high-intensity intervals exercise (HIIE) might represent an interesting therapeutic approach in cancer patients. However, this immune response remains unstudied in cancer patients currently undergoing chemotherapy. ObjectiveTo characterize the acute NK cell response following a moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise session (MOD), and a HIIE session in metastatic cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. MethodsTwelve cancer patients (45–65 years old) underwent a MOD and a duration and work-matched HIIE trial, in a block-randomized order. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated before, after and 1h after each trial. NK cell subsets were enumerated using flow cytometry and complete blood counts. The surface expression of the cytotoxic NK cell (cNK; CD56dimCD16+) subset was evaluated for its expression of the differentiation markers CD57 and CD158a, the activating receptor NKG2D, the immune checkpoints TIM-3 and PD-1, and the chemokine receptors CXCR3, CXCR4 and CCR2. ResultscNK cell blood counts increased immediately following MOD (p < 0.001) and decreased back to pre-exercise values 1 h after exercise cessation (p < 0.001). The most responsive cNK cell subsets were expressing CD57, CD158a, NKG2D, TIM-3 and CXCR3. The HIIE trial elicited a similar biphasic response, without any difference between trials (all p ≥ 0.38). However, significant changes in the MFI values of CXCR4 and NKG2D were observed in the cNK cell subset following HIIE (all p ≤ 0.038), but not MOD. ConclusionIn metastatic cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, both MOD and HIIE can elicit an acute mobilisation and egress of NK cells exhibiting phenotypic characteristics associated with high cytotoxicity and tumor homing. Future longitudinal trials are needed to determine if combining aerobic exercise training and chemotherapy will translate towards favorable immune and clinical outcomes.

Comparative effects of lifelong moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training on blood lipid levels and mental well-being in naturally ageing mice

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the impact of lifelong exercise, including both moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training, on blood lipid levels and mental behaviour in naturally ageing mice to identify effective exercise strategies for ageing-related health issues. MethodsSix-week-old male BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to one of four groups: young control (YC), natural ageing control (OC), lifelong moderate-intensity continuous exercise (EM), and lifelong high-intensity interval exercise (EH) groups. The EM group was trained at a speed corresponding to 70 % of the maximum running speed, while the EH group was trained at a running speed alternating between 50 % of the maximum running speed, 70 % of the maximum running speed, and 90 % of the maximum running speed. All exercise sessions were conducted three times per week, with each session lasting 50 min. Behavioural tests and blood sample collection were conducted at 72 weeks of age. ResultsAgeing in mice led to changes in muscle and fat mass. Both the EM and EH groups showed greater muscle mass and lower fat mass than did the OC group. Ageing was associated with elevated anxiety (fewer open arm entries, time spent in the central region) and depression (lower sucrose preference) indicators. However, these changes were reversed in both exercise groups, with no differences between the two exercise groups. Blood lipid levels, including total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and free fatty acid (FFA) levels, were greater in the OC group than in the YC group. Additionally, the OC group exhibited lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. However, both the EM and EH groups exhibited improved lipid profiles compared to those of the YC group. ConclusionLifelong exercise, whether moderate-intensity continuous or high-intensity interval training, can preserve body health during ageing, prevent anxiety and depression, and maintain stable blood lipid levels. Both exercise types are equally effective, suggesting that exercise intensity may not be the critical factor underlying these beneficial adaptations.

Interval training and cardiometabolic health in reproductive-aged females.

Physical activity and exercise training are especially important for reproductive-aged females as exercise-induced health benefits can also affect their infants. However, levels of physical inactivity remain high among females in this age group, before, during, and after pregnancy. There is a great need for practical and feasible exercise modes to increase adherence to exercise in this population, and interval training may be a time-efficient training modality. Interval training is a form of exercise involving intermittent bouts of intense effort interspersed with recovery periods of rest or lower-intensity exercise. A substantial amount of research indicates that interval training induces superior cardiometabolic health benefits compared with iso-energetic moderate-intensity continuous exercise. This review provides a comprehensive overview of research on interval training interventions in reproductive-aged females across various life stages, focusing on the cardiometabolic health benefits. We discuss the potential role of interval training in premenopausal females with overweight/obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome, and subfertility, as well as the potential influence of oral contraceptives on cardiometabolic adaptations to interval training. Furthermore, this review also highlights recent findings supporting the beneficial role of high-intensity interval training for cardiometabolic health outcomes during pregnancy. In summary, the existing evidence suggests that interval training can improve several cardiometabolic and reproductive outcomes in females spanning different life stages. However, more research is needed to further strengthen the evidence-base for physical activity recommendations for females in their reproductive years of life.

Effects of Center Based vs. Telerehabilitation using an Interval and Continuous Aerobic Training among Post-Coronary Revascularization Patients-A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: This investigation used continuous aerobic and high-intensity interval training to compare the differences between centre-based and telerehabilitation. This study seeks to identify the most efficient rehabilitation strategy positioned to empower patients on their path to recovery and well-being in the contemporary era of cardiac care. Methodology: The study was a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial involving 80 patients who had undergone coronary revascularization procedures, were enrolled in the cardiac rehabilitation department, and were eligible for Phase-III CR. Patients were divided into Group A, receiving centre-based Continuous Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Exercise, 3–4 days a week, at 50%-70% of MHR. Group B received high-intensity interval-based training for 3–4 days and at four subsequent intervals. Telerehabilitation was conducted with Group C following the same protocol as Group A and Group D following the same protocol as Group B, while each group had n=20 participants. Results: The within-group analysis showed significant improvements in the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and Self-reported Seven-Day Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAR) across all groups (p&lt;0.001). Significant improvements in the Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) were found in Groups A and B (p&lt;0.05). ANOVA results indicated that centre-based rehabilitation was significantly more effective than telerehabilitation in improving 6MWT and RPE scores (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Centre-based intervention is more effective than telerehabilitation in Phase-III Cardia Rehabilitation patients. However, high-intensity interval-based training was more effective in centre-based, while continuous moderate-intensity aerobic exercise was effective in telerehabilitation. Keywords: Aerobic Exercises, Cardiac Rehabilitation, Coronary Artery, Physical Activity.

EFFECTS OF CARDIAC REHABILITATION IN PATIENTS WITH VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICES: A SCOPING REVIEW

Introduction Ventricular assist devices represent a treatment option for patients with advanced heart failure, offering control over various haemodynamic variables. Similarly, the prescription of exercise within a cardiac rehabilitation programme for heart failure patients is recommended to reduce symptoms, hospitalisations, improve cardiorespiratory fitness, and increase exercise tolerance. Therefore, exercise prescription can impact those with ventricular assist devices. Given the limited evidence on exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programmes for this population, this review aims to describe the most commonly used strategies and their health benefits when physical exercise is included in a cardiac rehabilitation programme for patients with ventricular assist devices. Materials and Methods An exploratory review was conducted through searches in the databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, PeDro, and ScienceDirect. The search was limited to studies published between 2013 and 2023. Filters were applied independently by title, abstract, and full text. The included articles were analysed based on the description of the types of cardiac rehabilitation strategies used in patients with ventricular assist devices. Results Seven articles were included. Each programme employed a cardiopulmonary exercise test before prescribing physical exercise. The most commonly used strategy was aerobic exercise, predominantly high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with intensities close to 90% of peak VO2, followed by continuous moderate-intensity exercise. Limb strength exercises were included in three programmes. Conclusions The analysed literature suggests that cardiac rehabilitation in patients with ventricular assist devices is safe and can provide benefits in cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise tolerance. High-intensity interval training is identified as an appropriate strategy for achieving results, offering short-term improvements.

Acute exercise activates the AHR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in an intensity-dependent manner.

The kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation generates several metabolites such as kynurenine (KYN) or kynurenic acid (KA) that serve as endogenous ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Due to its distinct biological roles particularly modulating the immune system, the AHR is a current therapeutic target across different inflammation-related diseases. Here, we show an acute exercise-induced increase in AHR ligand availability on a systemic level and a kynurenine pathway activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Concurrently, the AHR is activated in PBMCs following acute exercise. Exercise effects on both, kynurenic acid and AHR activation in PBMCs were greater in response to high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) (50 min, six 3-min intervals at 90% V̇o2peak, and 3-min intervals at 50% V̇o2peak in between) compared with workload-matched moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) (50 min). In conclusion, these data indicate a novel mechanistic link in how exercise modulates the immune system through the kynurenine pathway-AHR axis, potentially underlying exercise-induced benefits in various chronic diseases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The findings of this study show that acute endurance exercise activates a receptor that has been described to integrate metabolic signals into the immune system. We uncover a potential mechanistic link on how exercise modulates the immune system through the kynurenine pathway-AHR axis, potentially underlying exercise-induced benefits in various chronic diseases and of relevance for other cell types.

Effects of different training models and subsequent exercise cessation on adipose tissue and associated variables

BackgroundThe General Adaptation Syndrome and the supercompensation Model are concepts widely applied in exercise science. Considering that fat is essential for tissue and the main energy source during continuous moderate-intensity exercise (MICE), the hypothesis arises that this type of effort may pay off after a detraining period. ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate how different exercise models, followed by a period of detraining, affected adipose tissue cellularity in adult rats. Two specific models were examined: moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIT). Materials and methodsThis is an experimental study in which rats were allocated into three groups: i) Continuous moderate-intensity exercise (MICE); ii) High-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIT); and iii) Control group (GC). Data were collected in three moments, namely: baseline values (T1), after which the animals exercised on a treadmill for eight weeks (T2) and then were followed up for four weeks after interruption of physical exercise (T3). For statistical analysis, a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, with Tukey's post-hoc for the group (GC, MICE, or HIIT) and Bonferroni's for the moment (T1, T2 and T3). ResultsRegarding the periepididymal mass, GC showed an increase of 45% in T3 compared to T2. The HIIT and MICE groups had lower T3 values when compared to the CG. Comparing groups relative to the delta variation between T2 and T3 showed a difference in periepididymal mass (p=0.012), with HIIT showing lower values than CG (p=0.009). Analysis of the number of periepididymal adipocytes showed that HIIT (p<0.001) and GC (p=0.003) captured smaller numbers of cells than MICE. ConclusionIn conclusion, our findings demonstrated positive effects of both interventions (HIIT and MICE) in the control of periepididymal adipose tissue mass of adult rats after 4 weeks of exercise interruption, with less mass gain in HIIT. More adipocytes were observed in MICE compared to HIIT and GC. These results suggest that both exercise models helped control fat accumulation, even after detraining.

Effects of Short-term Repeated Sprint Exercise Training and Moderate Intensity Continuous Exercise Training on Vascular Function in Healthy Young Adults

Effects of Short-term Repeated Sprint Exercise Training and Moderate Intensity Continuous Exercise Training on Vascular Function in Healthy Young Adults

Enjoyment and Affective Responses to Moderate and High-Intensity Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Individuals with Subsyndromal PTSD.

This crossover randomized controlled trial examined the acute psychological effects of a bout of moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise (MICE) and a bout of high-intensity functional exercise (HIFE), relative to a no-exercise sedentary control (SED), in participants (N = 21; 15 f; 24.7 ± 9.3 years) with subsyndromal post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Affective state (Energy, Tiredness, Tension, Calmness) was assessed before (Pre), immediately after (Post 0), 20-min after (Post 20), and 40-min after (Post 40) each condition. Affective valence was assessed during each condition, and exercise enjoyment was assessed at Post 0. Enjoyment was significantly greater following HIFE and MICE relative to SED. Energy was significantly increased Post 0 HIFE and MICE but decreased Post 0 SED. Tension was reduced following all conditions and was significantly lower at Post 40 relative to Pre for HIFE, MICE, and SED. Tiredness was significantly reduced at Post 40 relative to Pre following MICE only, while Calmness was significantly lower at Post 40 relative to Pre following MICE and SED. Overall, both exercise conditions were enjoyed to a greater extent than the control, but MICE may provide greater psychological benefits with respect to Calmness and Tiredness. This study is among the first to assess acute changes in affective states relative to various exercise modes in individuals living with subsyndromal PTSD.

Senolytic effects of exercise in human muscles require acute inflammation.

Higher intensity exercise, despite causing more tissue damage, improved aging conditions. We previously observed decreased p16INK4a mRNA in human skeletal muscle after high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), with no change following equivalent work in moderate-intensity continuous exercise. This raises the question of whether the observed senolytic effect of exercise is mediated by inflammation, an immune response induced by muscle damage. In this study, inflammation was blocked using a multiple dose of ibuprofen (total dose: 1200 mg), a commonly consumed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), in a placebo-controlled, counterbalanced crossover trial. Twelve men aged 20-26 consumed ibuprofen or placebo before and after HIIE at 120% maximum aerobic power. Multiple muscle biopsies were taken for tissue analysis before and after HIIE. p16INK4a+ cells were located surrounding myofibers in muscle tissues. The maximum decrease in p16INK4a mRNA levels within muscle tissues occurred at 3 h post-exercise (-82%, p < 0.01), gradually recovering over the next 3-24 h. A concurrent reduction pattern in CD11b mRNA (-87%, p < 0.01) was also found within the same time frame. Ibuprofen treatment attenuated the post-exercise reduction in both p16INK4a mRNA and CD11b mRNA. The strong correlation (r = 0.88, p < 0.01) between p16INK4a mRNA and CD11b mRNA in muscle tissues suggests a connection between the markers of tissue aging and pro-inflammatory myeloid differentiation. In conclusion, our results suggest that the senolytic effect of high-intensity exercise on human skeletal muscle is mediated by acute inflammation.

THE ACUTE EXERCISE-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS

INTRODUCTION &amp; AIMS Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), are characterised by intestinal inflammation that presents severe symptoms and continued complications throughout the lifespan. These gastrointestinal (GI) disorders have a growing prevalence worldwide with no known cure. Management strategies often require a ‘trial and error’ process before an effective pharmacal/s is established; the successful interim varies considerably with prevalent adverse side-effects and gradual decline in the effectiveness of medication. Accordingly, alternative mechanisms to complement management options, reduce side-effects, and improve well-being warrant investigation. Physical activity is known to be beneficial for a variety of inflammatory conditions; the advantageous effects are associated with the exercise-induced inflammatory response directly from active muscle tissue. Despite this knowledge, minimal studies have attempted to quantify the inflammatory effect of exercise. This study investigates the inflammatory response of acute exercise. METHODS Participants were allocated into one of two groups: GI disorders (IBD &amp; IBS; n = 11) or apparently healthy control (AHC; n = 11). All participants completed three sessions: 1) initial familiarisation: questionnaires, anthropometry measures, DEXA scan, and a graded exercise test; 2) protocol 1: moderate-intensity continuous exercise; and 3) protocol 2: alternating high- and low-intensity exercise. Participants were randomly allocated to the acute exercise protocols. Each protocol had a fasted pre-exercise venous blood sample, 35-minutes cycle, fasted blood sample immediately post-, 2hrs post-, and 24hr post-exercise. RESULTS Significant differences were observed between groups in body mass index, waist and hip circumstances, percentage of fat mass, and VO2peak (p &amp;lt; .05). Analyses of venous blood samples will be presented. CONCLUSION With no known cure, lifestyle management is important for those with GI disorders. Exercise hosts several benefits; however, given the inflammatory nature of the condition, the acute responses of exercise are important for clinicians working with IBD/IBS patients.

CENTRAL BLOOD PRESSURE AND VASCULAR RESPONSES TO DIFFERENT PHYSICAL EXERCISE INTENSITIES IN NORMAL AND HIGH-NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE AS A TOOL TO IDENTIFY EARLY VASCULAR DAMAGE

Objective: To evaluate acute changes in arterial distensibility and central pressure by high-intensity interval physical exercise (HIIPE) compared to moderate intensity continuous physical exercise (MICPE) sessions in subjects with normal and high-normal blood pressure (BP). Design and method: A randomized two-period crossover trial with 29 subjects (48±7years, 76%female, BMI=28.3±4.3kg/m2) divided into two groups according to Normal BP (120-129 and/or 80-84 mmHg) or HighNormal BP (130-139 and 85-89 mmHg) levels. They underwent either MICPE-HIIPE or HIIPE-MICPE sequences. Exercise intensity was defined according to the cardiopulmonary exercise test. The measures included aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) and applanation tonometry (Sphygmocor®) changes at baseline, immediately, and 24 hours after each physical exercise session. Results: In HighNormal BP group, PWV was significantly lower 24h after MICPE compared to baseline (7.49 ±0.95 vs 8.20± 0.64 m/s; p=0.022). Aortic SBP was significantly lower immediately after HIIPE than baseline and 24h after MICPE (113 ± 8; 124±9 and 121±9; p &lt; 0.05). Comparison between groups, aortic SBP was higher in HighNormal BP at baseline and immediately after MICPE compared to Normal BP (124 ±9 and 122 ±17 vs 114± 9 and 110 ±8; respectively p=0.012). Conclusions: In subjects with normal and high-normal BP, vascular distensibility response to exercise is more dependent on basal levels of stiffness and more sensitive to the stimulus of MICPE; however, changes in aortic BP are more dependent on basal BP levels and more sensitive to high-intensity stimuli.

Effects of 12 Weeks of Moderate-intensity Continuous Exercise and High-intensity Interval Exercise on Cognitive Function in Elderly Subjects

OBJECTIVES This study analyzed the possibility of brain function activation after exercise training of high-intensity interval exercise and moderate-intensity continuous exercise in elderly people.METHODS The subjects of the study were elderly female people aged 65 years or older and were divided into three groups : control group, moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Changes of body composition, physical fitness, cognitive function, and cognitive function-related blood variables were compared between before and after 12 weeks of exercise training.RESULTS Body weight, BMI (body mass index), and WHR (waist hip ratio) of body composition in HIIT group decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) after exercise training, and there was no significant difference in MICT group and the control group. HIIT group significantly (p&lt;0.05) improved in grip strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, balance, cardiorespiratory endurance, and walking ability after exercise training, while MICT group showed significant (p&lt;0.05) improvements only in flexibility, balance, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Regarding blood variables, HIIT group showed significant (p&lt;0.05) differences in BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), irisin, and β-amyloid after exercise training, MICT group showed significant (p&lt;0.05) differences only in β-amyloid. Cognitive function in HIIT group and MICT group significantly (p&lt;0.05) improved in terms of temporal and spatial orientation, memory, and total scores after exercise training. During the recovery phase after one session of high-intensity interval exercise, blood lactic acid concentration increased significantly.CONCLUSIONS This study was confirmed the possibility of giving that high-intensity interval exercise for the elderly not only produces positive changes in body composition and improves physical fitness and cognitive function, but also frequently stimulates lactate production, helping to activate brain function through changes in BDNF and irisin in the blood.

Cardiac biomarker responses following high-intensity interval and continuous exercise: the influence of ACE-I/D gene polymorphism and training status in men.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between pre- and postexercise cardiac biomarker release according to athletic status (trained vs. untrained) and to establish whether the I/D polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene had an influence on cardiac biomarkers release with specific regard on the influence of the training state. We determined cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in 29 trained and 27 untrained male soccer players before and after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) running tests. Trained soccer players had higher pre (trained: 0.014 ± 0.007 ng/mL; untrained: 0.010 ± 0.005 ng/mL) and post HIIE (trained: 0.031 ± 0.008 ng/mL; untrained: 0.0179 ± 0.007) and MICE (trained: 0.030 ± 0.007 ng/mL; untrained: 0.018 ± 0.007) cTnI values than untrained subjects, but the change with exercise (ΔcTnI) was similar between groups. There was no significant difference in baseline and postexercise NT-proBNP between groups. NT-proBNP levels were elevated after both HIIE and MICE. Considering three ACE genotypes, the mean pre exercise cTnI values of the trained group (DD: 0.015 ± 0.008 ng/mL, ID: 0.015 ± 0.007 ng/mL, and II: 0.014 ± 0.008 ng/mL) and their untrained counterparts (DD: 0.010 ± 0.004 ng/mL, ID: 0.011 ± 0.004 ng/mL, and II: 0.010 ± 0.006 ng/mL) did not show any significant difference. To sum up, noticeable difference in baseline cTnI was observed, which was related to athletic status but not ACE genotypes. Neither athletic status nor ACE genotypes seemed to affect the changes in cardiac biomarkers in response to HIIE and MICE, indicating that the ACE gene does not play a significant role in the release of exercise-induced cardiac biomarkers indicative of cardiac damage in Iranian soccer players.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study investigated the impact of athletic status and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene I/D polymorphism on cardiac biomarkers in soccer players. Trained players showed higher baseline cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels, whereas postexercise ΔcTnI remained consistent across groups. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide increased after exercise in both groups, staying within normal limits. ACE genotypes did not significantly affect pre-exercise cTnI. Overall, athletic status influences baseline cTnI, but neither it nor ACE genotypes significantly impact exercise-induced cardiac biomarker responses in this population.

Hemodynamic and Metabolic Responses to Moderate and Vigorous Cycle Ergometry in Men Who Have Had Transtibial Amputation.

Adults who have had an amputation face barriers to having an active lifestyle which attenuates cardiorespiratory fitness. Prior studies in amputees typically involve treadmill walking or arm ergometry, yet physiological responses to bilateral leg cycling are less understood. This study assessed the hemodynamic and metabolic responses to moderate and vigorous cycle ergometry in men who have had a transtibial amputation (TTA). Five men who had had a unilateral TTA (age = 39 ± 15 yr) and six controls (CONs) without an amputation (age = 31 ± 11 yr) performed two 20 min bouts of cycling differing in intensity. Cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured during moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) using thoracic impedance and indirect calorimetry. In response to MICE and HIIE, the HR and VO2 levels were similar (p > 0.05) between groups. Stroke volume and CO were higher (p < 0.05) in the CONs, which was attributed to their higher body mass. In men with TTAs, HIIE elicited a peak HR = 88%HRmax and substantial blood lactate accumulation, representing vigorous exercise intensity. No adverse events were exhibited in the men with TTAs. The men with TTAs show similar responses to MICE and HIIE versus the CONs.

Influence of disease course and comprehensive management on blood glucose level in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the status of glycemic control, and assess the effects of the disease course and comprehensive management measures on the blood glucose level in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The study collected the clinical data of type 2 diabetes patients in Beijing Children's Hospital from January 2015 to September 2020. Patients were grouped based on the disease course to compare their glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level, islet β-cell function, insulin resistance and comprehensive management measures. Of the 170 participants, the median disease course was 2.0 years (interquartile range [IQR] 1.0-4.0 years). The baseline HbA1c was 11.2% (IQR 9.2-12.4%). According to the grouping by the disease course, the median HbA1c was the lowest (5.7% [IQR 5.3-6.1%]) in the half-year course group and the highest in the 4-year course group (9.0 [IQR 6.8%-11.3%]). Compared with the group with a disease duration <2 years, patients in the >4 years group had a lower proportion of patients with HbA1c <7% (29.2% vs 66.2%), a lower homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function, and a lower proportion with a controlled diet, moderate-intensity exercise, regular follow up and no drug treatment. We deemed HbA1c as the dependent variable, and found that disease duration, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function at follow up, continuous moderate-intensity exercise, regular review and treatment regimen were significant influencing factors for glycemic control. Children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes and a prolonged disease course showed poor glycemic control and decreased islet β-cell function. A good lifestyle, especially moderate-intensity exercise, can help such cases better control their blood glucose level.