Moderate-intensity Aerobic Training Research Articles

Moderate intensity aerobic exercise prevents myopathic consequences of glucocorticoid administration in aged female mice

Elevated glucocorticoids induce a myopathy characterized by the loss of muscle mass and increased muscle fatiguability. The elderly is highly susceptible to the myopathic effects as they are more likely to experience elevated glucocorticoid levels. Aerobic exercise can prevent glucocorticoid-induced loss of muscle in younger rodents; however, it is unknown whether aerobic exercise can influence glucocorticoid myopathic features in aged muscle. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to define the extent to which moderate intensity aerobic exercise influenced glucocorticoid myopathy in aged muscle. 24-month-old female C57BL/6 mice were randomized into 4 groups of equal bodyweights. Two groups remained sedentary while the other 2 groups began treadmill aerobic exercise performed 5x/week at 10 m/min for 30 min at 5% grade. At the end of the first week of exercise, one group of sedentary mice and one group of exercising mice began receiving once daily subcutaneous injections of dexamethasone (1 mg/kg; DEX). The other group of sedentary mice and group of exercising mice began receiving once daily subcutaneous injections of saline only. All treatments (sedentary/exercise or DEX/saline) continued for an additional 2 weeks. At the end of week 3, the contractile properties of the triceps surae muscle complex were assessed in situ via electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve. Specific measures included twitch force, sub tetanic force (60 Hz stimulation frequency), tetanic force (125 Hz stimulation frequency), and a fatigue protocol consisting of 60 high force contractions, with each contraction separated by 4 seconds. After testing, muscles of the triceps surae complex were extracted and weighed. Total protein content of the gastrocnemius was determined by the Bradford method. DEX lowered muscle mass, lowered gastrocnemius total protein content, and enhanced fatigue, with aerobic exercise preventing those changes. Interestingly, main effects were noted for DEX to increase twitch and 60 Hz absolute force, normalized force, and RFD in both sedentary and exercise trained mice. Neither DEX nor exercise altered half-relaxation time at any stimulation frequency, nor did they alter tetanic force at the 125 Hz stimulation. These data show that the detrimental effects of elevated glucocorticoids to skeletal muscle morphology and contractile function in aged muscle can be mitigated by moderate intensity aerobic exercise training. They also indicate that there may be some positive benefits to submaximal force generating capacity following a clinically relevant dose of glucocorticoids in aged females. This work was supported by a Doctoral grant from the American College of Sports Medicine (GRL) and NIH R03AG073445 (BSG). This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

EXPLORING THE EFFECTS OF VIGOROUS INTERVAL TRAINING, MODERATE RESISTANCE TRAINING AND PILATES ON ARTERIAL STIFFNESS AND BLOOD PRESSURE DURING PREGNANCY: A RANDOMISED CROSS-OVER TRIAL

INTRODUCTION Regular moderate intensity exercise throughout pregnancy provides significant benefits to both maternal and foetal cardiovascular health outcomes. Current exercise guidelines recommend a combination of moderate intensity aerobic and resistance training (RT). However, there is limited research exploring the cardiovascular effects of higher intensities (vigorous/high) in comparison to common pregnancy exercise modalities such as RT and Pilates (PIL). AIM: To investigate the acute effects of three modes of exercise (resistance, vigorous aerobic intervals and Pilates) during trimester two (T2) and three (T3) of pregnancy on measures of arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity [PWV]) and blood pressure (BP). METHODS Eleven women with uncomplicated pregnancies (age 32 ± 3 years, pre-pregnancy BMI 23.9 ± 3.5 kg/m2) completed testing in T2 (average 20 ± 1.6 weeks gestation) and T3 (average 29 ± 2.5 weeks gestation). Participants performed one each of vigorous intensity interval training (VIIT) (∼33 min), resistance training (RT) (∼35 min) and Pilates (PIL) (∼35 min) in T2 and T3 in randomised order approximately 1 week apart each trimester. Resting outcome measures of PWV, BP and foetal heart rate (FHR) were obtained following 5 minutes of rest and again immediately and 10 minutes post exercise session. BP, maternal heart rate (MHR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored throughout. RESULTS There was no difference in the acute PWV response to each type of exercise across the trimesters (1 min VIIT: T2 = 5.53 ± 0.85m/s, T3 = 5.26 ± 0.67m/s, 95%CI[-1.36-0.67]; RT: T2 = 5.4 ± 0.80m/s, T3 = 5.48 ± 0.56m/s, 95%CI[-0.88-1.10]; PIL: T2 = 5.44 ± 0.68m/s, T3 = 5.44 ± 0.68m/s, 95%CI[-0.93-1.01]). There was no significant difference in the acute response in SBP to VIIT (T2 = 116 ± 12.1mmHg, T3 = 122 ± 7.2mmHg, 95%CI[-0.42 - 1.65]. SBP was significantly higher in T3 than T2 1 minute following PIL (T2 = 110 ± 5.8mmHg, T3 = 121 ± 11.7mmHg, 95%CI[0.04-2.1]) and 10 minutes following RT (T2 = 105 ± 10.1mmHg, T3 = 116 ± 5.0mmHg, 95%CI[0.27 - 2.46]. CONCLUSION VIIT, RT and PIL appear to elicit similar post-exercise haemodynamic and arterial stiffness responses in both the mother and foetus. As such, VIIT may be a suitable addition to standard moderate intensity and RT prescription during an uncomplicated pregnancy.

Exercise Training for Women With Fibromyalgia Syndrome

Background: To identify in the literature the exercise training therapies for females with fibromyalgia that may improve pain management and quality of life (QOL). Methods: A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE and PEDro databases for human studies up to June 2021. We considered studies if they investigated exercise therapies and their impact on pain, QOL, physical function, and mental health in female patients with fibromyalgia. Results: We identified 112 clinical trials. After posterior analyses, 15 articles were selected, and 8 were considered eligible. Conclusions: Selected studies demonstrated that high-intensity and moderate-intensity aerobic training combined or not with muscle strength anaerobic exercise reduces pain and improves QOL in females with fibromyalgia.

The effect of moderate and vigorous aerobic exercise training on the cognitive and walking ability among stroke patients during different periods: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The study examined whether rehabilitation using aerobic exercise is more appropriate for patients less than 3 months post-stroke or more appropriate for patients more than 3 months post-stroke. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and CNKI databases were searched from inception to September 2023. All studies included must be written in English and grey literature was excluded. The quality of the study was evaluated using the PEDro scale. Standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. The primary outcomes are cognitive ability and walking ability. The intervention of the experimental group must be or include high-intensity aerobic training or moderate-intensity aerobic training. In addition, we required low intensity routine exercises in control group. Only 15 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that aerobic exercise has a positive rehabilitation effect on cognitive and walking ability of stroke patients. Global Cognitive Function (SMD = 0.81 95%CI 0.49-1.12), Walking Capacity (SMD = 1.19, 95%CI 0.75-1.62), VO2peak (SMD = 0.97, 95%CI 0.66-1.28), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (SMD = 2.73, 95%CI 2.03-3.43). We further observed that patients who suffered a stroke within the past three months exhibited superior rehabilitation outcomes compared to patients who suffered a stroke more than three months ago, specifically in terms of cognitive ability, walking tests, and cardiopulmonary function. It is recommended to carry out treatment for patients in the initial stage of stroke, and it is required to pay attention to exercise intensity in the process of treatment to ensure patient safety.

Myocardial proteome changes in aortic stenosis rats subjected to long-term aerobic exercise.

The effects of exercise training (ET) on the heart of aortic stenosis (AS) rats are controversial and the mechanisms involved in alterations induced by ET have been poorly clarified. In this study, we analyzed the myocardial proteome to identify proteins modulated by moderate-intensity aerobic ET in rats with chronic supravalvular AS. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sedentary control (C-Sed), exercised control (C-Ex), sedentary aortic stenosis (AS-Sed), and exercised AS (AS-Ex). ET consisted of five treadmill running sessions per week for 16 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis and Goodman tests. Results were discussed at a significance level of 5%. At the end of the experiment, AS-Ex rats had higher functional capacity, lower blood lactate concentration, and better cardiac structural and left ventricular (LV) functional parameters than the AS-Sed. Myocardial proteome analysis showed that AS-Sed had higher relative protein abundance related to the glycolytic pathway, oxidative stress, and inflammation, and lower relative protein abundance related to beta-oxidation than C-Sed. AS-Ex had higher abundance of one protein related to mitochondrial biogenesis and lower relative protein abundance associated with oxidative stress and inflammation than AS-Sed. Proteomic data were validated for proteins related to lipid and glycolytic metabolism. Chronic pressure overload changes the abundance of myocardial proteins that are mainly involved in lipid and glycolytic energy metabolism in rats. Moderate-intensity aerobic training attenuates changes in proteins related to oxidative stress and inflammation and increases the COX4I1 protein, related to mitochondrial biogenesis. Protein changes are combined with improved functional capacity, cardiac remodeling, and LV function in AS rats.

Dose-response effects of exercise on mental health in community-dwelling older adults: Exploration of genetic moderators

Background/Objective(1) Examine the role of exercise intensity on mental health symptoms in a community-based sample of older adults. (2) Explore the moderating role of genetic variation in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) on the effects of exercise on mental health symptoms. MethodThis study is a secondary analysis of a three-arm randomized controlled trial, comparing the effects of 6 months of high-intensity aerobic training vs. moderate-intensity aerobic training vs. a no-contact control group on mental health symptoms assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS). The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and APOE ε4 carrier status were explored as genetic moderators of exercise effects on mental health symptoms. ResultsThe exercise intervention did not influence mental health symptoms. The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism did not moderate intervention effects on mental health symptoms. APOE ε4 carrier status moderated the effect of intervention group on perceived stress over 6 months, such that APOE ε4 carriers, but not non-carriers, in the high-intensity aerobic training group showed a decline in perceived stress over 6 months. ConclusionsAPOE ε4 carrier status may modify the benefits of high-intensity exercise on perceived stress such that APOE ε4 carriers show a greater decline in stress as a result of exercise relative to non-APOE ε4 carriers.

Aerobic training and vitamin E administration ameliorates cardiac apoptosis markers in rats exposed to methamphetamine.

Methamphetamine (MA) abuse is related to risks to the cardiovascular system. The present study aimed to compare the effects of moderate-intensity aerobic training (MIAT) and vitamin E (Vit.E) supplementation on markers of cardiac apoptosis following MA exposure. Fifty-four rats were randomly divided into six groups. CON group did not receive MA, while the others received MA alone or in combination with MIAT, Vit. E, MIAT+Vit E, or paraffin (PAR). These groups received MA incrementally for 23 consecutive days. Vit.E and MIAT+Vit.E groups received vitamin E three times a week for six weeks. MIAT and MIAT+Vit.E groups exercised for 25-40 min. Immunohistochemical and gene expression analyses were performed on the heart tissues. Bax and TGF-β expression was significantly higher, while Bcl-2 and VEGF expression was significantly lower in the MA and PAR groups than in the other groups (p < 0.05). Bcl-2 and VEGF expression was higher, and Bax and TGF-β expression was significantly lower in the MIAT and MIAT+Vit.E groups than in the other groups (p < 0.05). In Vit.E treated groups, Bax and TGF-β expression were lower, and VEGF was higher than that in the MA and PAR groups, but higher than those in the CON, MIAT and MIAT+Vit.E groups. MA increased the expression of Bax and TGF-β, and decreased the expression of Bcl-2 and VEGF, suggesting increased cardiac apoptosis. In contrast, MIAT and Vit.E decreased the expression of Bax and TGF-β, suggesting a reduction in cardiac apoptosis induced by MA.

Exercise training reduces systemic inflammation and improves general health status in female migraineurs: a randomised controlled trail.

The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of 8 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training on permeability inflammatory indicators of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and specific tissue inhibitors of MMPs in female migraineurs. Female migraineurs (n = 28, age 32 ± 6) were randomised into two groups: migraine with exercise training (EXE + Mig, n = 13) and migraine without exercise training (NON-EXE + Mig, n = 15). Matched healthy women were also recruited as a healthy control group (CON, n = 15). The EXE-Mig group performed 8weeks of aerobic training. Pre and post intervention, serum matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and 9) and specific tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP-1 and 2) were measured. In addition, body composition indices and VO2max were determined. Exercise training reduced serum MMP-9 in female migraineurs with between-group changes and a time x group interaction (p < 0.05). In addition, exercise training reduced the serum MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in female migraineurs with between-group changes and time x group interaction(p < 0.05). However, no training-induced effect was observed in serum TIMP-1, TIMP-2, MMP-2 contents (p > 0.05) and MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio (p > 0.05). Finally, exercise training reduced body fat content, WHR and BMI, and improved VO2max (p < 0.01). Our results demonstrated beneficial effects of aerobic exercise training on some circulatory inflammation factors (MMP9, MMP-9/TIMP-1) and some health indicators in female migraineurs, suggesting that such training can be employed as a non-pharmacological therapeutic method.

The effectiveness of high-intensity interval training compared to moderate-intensity continuous training in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background/Introduction Cardiac rehabilitation including exercise therapy is beneficial for improving exercise tolerance, physical function, quality of life (QOL), and life expectancy in patients with heart failure. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has attracted attention as a new training modality in heart failure, whereas moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training (MCT) is recommended as the main training modality to improve exercise tolerance. However, the effects of HIIT in patients with heart failure remain controversial. Purpose This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effectiveness of HIIT compared to MCT on exercise tolerance in patients with heart failure. Methods We searched for studies published up to 4 March 2022 in EMBASE, MEDLINE via Ovid SP, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library via Wiley Online Library with no limitations on data, language, or publication status. We included randomised controlled trials comparing the effectiveness of HIIT and MCT on peak oxygen uptake (VO2), as a measure of exercise tolerance, aerobic threshold (AT) VO2, ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide (VE/VCO2), and QOL. We pooled the data on peak VO2, compared HIIT to MCT, and conducted a sub-analysis if there was heterogeneity in the result. Results We identified 15 randomised controlled trials with 557 patients from a total of 23,272 records. Our meta-analysis showed that participants who underwent HIIT achieved a significantly higher peak VO2 than those who underwent MCT (mean difference 1.46 ml/kg/min, 95% confidence interval 0.39 to 2.53; I2 = 65.7%; very low-quality evidence) (Figure 1). Participants who underwent HIIT had no statistically significant difference in AT VO2, VE/VCO2, and QOL compared to those who underwent MCT. The meta-regression analysis, conducted as a sub-analysis to explore possible causes of heterogeneity, revealed that the effect size of HIIT compared to MCT was inversely associated with body mass index (r = -0.508, p = 0.028, 95% confidence interval -0.95 to -0.07) (Figure 2). Conclusions Our systematic review showed that HIIT achieved a higher peak VO2 than MCT in patients with heart failure. In addition, HIIT may be more effective in improving exercise tolerance in patients with low body mass index.

Impact of an Eight-Week Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Training Program, Combined With Supplementation of the Aqueous Extract of Cynodon dactylon, on Hemorheological Indices in Young Non-athletic Men

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in developing countries and hemorheological indices are the main factors in developing these diseases. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of eight weeks of moderate intensity aerobic training combined with supplementation of aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon L. Pers on hemorheological parameters in non-athletic young men. Methods: A total of 40 young non-athletes (with a mean age of 35.63±6.43 years and a body mass index (BMI) of 23.55±2.13 kg/m2 ) were randomly assigned to one of four groups, including control (C), aerobic exercise (E), the C. dactylon extract (CD), and aerobic exercise+C. dactylon extract (E+CD). Changes in fibrinogen, blood and plasma viscosity, and hematocrit were measured at two stages (baseline and 24 hours after the intervention ended). Results: The blood fibrinogen level in three groups of E, CD, and E+CD showed a significant decline compared to the baseline status (P&lt;0.05). Additionally, there were significant decreases in blood viscosity levels in groups E (P=0.006), CD (P=0.048), and E+CD (P=0.001) after eight weeks of intervention. The plasma viscosity also showed a significant reduction only in group E after eight weeks of intervention (P=0.004). Moreover, hematocrit level significantly decreased in group E+CD (P=0.018). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that eight weeks of moderate intensity aerobic exercises alone and in combination with the consumption of the aqueous extract of C. dactylon L. Pers could improve hemorheological indices and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Elevated meteorin-like protein from high-intensity interval training improves heart function via AMPK/HDAC4 pathway

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been found to be more effective in relieving heart failure (HF) symptoms, than moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training (MICT). Additionally, higher meteorin-like protein (Metrnl) levels are seen after HIIT versus MICT. We investigated whether Metrnl contributed to post-HF cardiac functional improvements, and the signaling pathways involved. 50 HF patients underwent MICT, and another 50, HIIT, which was followed by cardiac function and serum Metrnl measurements. Metrnl was also measured in both blood and skeletal muscle samples of mice with transverse aortic constriction-induced HF after undergoing HIIT. Afterward, shRNA-containing adenovectors were injected into mice, yielding five groups: control, HF, HF + HIIT + scrambled shRNA, HF + HIIT + shMetrnl, and HF + Metrnl (HF + exogenous Metrnl), followed by a pressure-volume assessment. Mass spectrometry identified specific signaling pathways associated with increased Metrnl, which was confirmed with biochemical analyses. Glucose metabolism and mitochondrial functioning were evaluated in cardiomyocytes from the five groups. Both HF patients and mice had higher circulating Metrnl levels post-HIIT. Metrnl activated AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) in cardiomyocytes, subsequently increasing histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) phosphorylation, leading to its cytosolic sequestration and inactivation via binding with chaperone protein 14-3-3. HDAC4 inactivation removed its repression on glucose transporter type 4, which, along with increased mitochondrial complex I-V expression, yielded improved aerobic glucose respiration and alleviation of mitochondrial dysfunction. All these changes ultimately result in improved post-HF cardiac functioning. HIIT increased skeletal muscle Metrnl production, which then operated on HF hearts to alleviate their functional defects, via increasing aerobic glucose metabolism through AMPK-HDAC4 signaling.

Aerobic exercise training reduces deep-frying oil-induced apoptosis of hippocampal tissue by reducing oxidative stress in male rats

Deep-frying oil (DFO) contains high amounts of free radicals, and consuming foods prepared with this method causes damage to nervous tissue due to oxidative stress (OS). Since moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training (AT) reduces OS, the current search investigated the effects of AT on OS, apoptosis, and neurogenesis markers in the hippocampal tissue of DFO-fed rats. Eighteen Wistar male rats (200–280 gr) were randomly allocated to a control group fed with normal food (Con-ND), a control group receiving DFO (Con-DFO), and a group receiving DFO-aerobic exercise (EX-DFO) (n = 6 in each). DFO was gavaged for four weeks, five days a week, with a dose of 2 ml. AT included running on a treadmill for four weeks and five sessions per week (40 min per session). The expression of genes B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), Protein X associated with Bcl-2 (BAX), Caspase-3 (Casp-3), and Caspase-9 (Casp-9) was measured by PCR method. The ELISA method was used to calculate levels of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). Also, the expression of the proteins Cannabinoid receptor type 1(CB1), Cannabinoid receptor type2 (CB2), Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Neuronal nuclei (NeuN), and DNA fragmentation was evaluated by Immunohistochemical and TUNEL staining. DFO feeding led to a significant increase in apoptotic markers, such as BAX, Casp-3, and Casp-9 gene expression, and DNA fragmentation (p ≤ 0.05) while decreasing BDNF concentration SOD activity (p ≤ 0.05). AT significantly reduced the BAX, Casp-3, Casp-9, MDA, CB1, GFAP, and DNA fragmentation (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, AT can reduce the harmful effects of feeding with DFO on the hippocampal tissue.

Investigating the Impact of Eight Weeks of Aerobic Training on Liver Enzymes and Hematological Profile in Children with Leukemia

Objectives: The objective of the evaluation was to study and determine the impact of eight weeks of aerobic training (AT) on liver enzymes and changes in hematological profile in children with leukemia.Methods: This is a semi-experimental and applied study. Statistical samples include 24 children aged 7 to 10 years that referred to hospital and were divided randomly into two control (n=12) and experimental (n=12) groups. Eight-week AT with 40 to 70 percent of heart rate reserve, three sessions per week, no exercise training program was observed in the controls during the study. We measure Liver enzymes such as Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Hemoglobin (Hb), White Blood Cells (WBC), platelets (PLT), and bilirubin. Data analysis using a paired t-test and analysis of covariance was performed with software SPSS version 20.Results: The results showed that moderate-intensity AT has a significant effect on hemoglobin and liver enzyme levels and a significant increase in Hb (p&lt;0.05) and significant reduction the ALT and AST (p&lt;0.05) whereas there was no significant influence on WBC, ALT, and bilirubin (p&gt;0.05).Conclusion: AT may accelerate the oxygen supply and reduce liver damage caused by medications in children diagnosed with leukemia without having corrupting effect on PLT, bilirubin, and safety factors.

Effect of Aerobic Training on Immune and Hormonal Responses to 30 Hours of Sleep Deprivation in Young Women

Background: Sleep deprivation might suppress the immune system by stimulating stress hormones and increasing susceptibility to infection. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training on immune and hormonal responses to 30 hours of sleep deprivation in young women. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 21 young women aged 20 - 40 years were divided into control (n = 10) and aerobic training (n = 11) groups. The study was conducted in three separate stages. In the first stage, after 30 hours of sleep deprivation, blood sampling was performed. After 2 days, the subjects in the training group followed an aerobic training protocol consisting of 30 - 50 minutes of continuous running 3 days a week for 8 weeks with an intensity of 50 - 65% of the heart rate reserve (HRR). At least 48 hours after the last training session, the subjects in both control and training groups were deprived of sleep for 30 hours, and the blood samples were taken again. Leukocyte counts, serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and cortisol concentrations were measured. Results: The results showed that in the aerobic training group, the leukocytes count (P = 0.0001), serum IgA (P = 0.0001), and cortisol (P = 0.023) concentrations decreased significantly, compared to the control group (P &lt; 0.05). However, serum IgG concentrations did not change significantly in both aerobic and control training groups during the intervention period (P = 0.084). Conclusions: According to the results of this study, it can be said that moderate-intensity aerobic training attenuated the disruption of immune and hormonal responses to 30 hours of sleep deprivation in young women.

579-P: Exercise Upregulates Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) Proteins Involved in Immunomodulatory and Mitochondrial Pathways in Human Subjects

Emerging data suggest that single bouts of exercise increase circulating hormones, cytokines, and EVs, and that these circulating factors may play a fundamental role in the beneficial effects of exercise on health. Here, we identify circulating factors in response to both acute exercise and exercise training and determine the effects of nutritional status on these responses. Blood samples were first collected before and immediately after an acute bout of maximal exercise in healthy, lean subjects (N=8, 3M/5F; age=27±2, V̇O2peak=28.4±1.2ml/kg/min). Subjects then completed a 10 wk moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training program (up to 65-70% VO2peak, 4x/week) with the same post-training sample collection. Proteomics (SOMAscan) quantified 1,310 circulating factors. In the untrained state, acute exercise upregulated 196 proteins and after training exercise upregulated only 65 proteins, with 47 proteins simultaneously upregulated in both the untrained and trained state. Interestingly, cellular component analysis showed that 1/3 of these shared proteins are localized in EVs. Next, we determined the baseline effects of exercise training in the fed and fasted state in the absence of acute exercise. Training upregulated 220 and 178 proteins in fed and fasted state, respectively. Exercise training commonly upregulated 120 proteins in the fed and fasted state with 1/3 localized in EVs. Integration using Vesiclepedia of the upregulated proteins in all 4 comparison groups showed 3 upregulated proteins in both acute exercise and training regardless of nutritional status: PPIF, PTPN6, and CLEC1B. These proteins are found in macrophages and neutrophils, and mediate immunomodulatory effects, promote tissue remodeling, and mitochondrial function. As EVs deliver molecules to cells altering their metabolism, they may play an important role in mediating the beneficial effects of exercise and warrant further mechanistic studies. Disclosure M.Vamvini: None. P.Nigro: None. L.Goodyear: None. R.J.W.Middelbeek: Research Support; Novo Nordisk. Funding Daiichi Sankyo; National Institutes of Health (R01DK099511 to L.G.), (5P30DK36836), (F32DK126432), (K23DK114550 to R.J.W.M.); Joslin Diabetes Center (to M.V.); Boston Area Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center (to R.J.W.M.)

Effects of different exercise patterns on drug craving in female methamphetamine-dependent patients: Evidence from behavior and fNIRS

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of short-term moderate-intensity cycle ergometer and aerobic calisthenics training on drug craving and brain activity. MethodsForty female methamphetamine (MA)-dependent patients were randomly assigned to receive 30 min of either moderate-intensity cycle ergometer or aerobic calisthenics training. Before and after exercise, drug-cue exposure task was used to assess changes in subjective drug craving, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to assess activation of prefrontal cortex. ResultsAfter the intervention, drug craving was significantly decreased in both groups, and activation of frontal polar area (FPA) was significantly decreased in the cycle ergometer group. Functional connectivity between right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and FPA in the aerobic calisthenics group was significantly reduced. Pre-exercise levels of drug craving correlated positively with FPA activation. ConclusionBoth short-term moderate-intensity cycle ergometer and aerobic calisthenics training effectively reduced subjective drug craving in female MA-dependent patients. Cycle ergometer training mainly decreased neural activity in FPA, and likely suppressed drug craving by reducing the episodic memory and pleasure experience of drug-related cues. Aerobic calisthenics training reduced functional connectivity between FPA and right DLPFC, and likely helped subjects reduce the motivation for drug-related behavior and inhibit drug craving.

High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in patients with heart failure (HF) remain controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the efficacy of HIIT versus moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training (MCT) on exercise tolerance in patients with HF. We searched for studies published up to 4 March 2022 in Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library with no limitations on data, language, or publication status. We included randomized controlled trials comparing the efficacy of HIIT and MCT on peak oxygen uptake (VO2), as a measure of exercise tolerance. We pooled the data on peak VO2, compared HIIT to MCT, and conducted a sub-analysis if there was heterogeneity in the result.We identified 15 randomized controlled trials with 557 patients. Our meta-analysis showed that participants who underwent HIIT achieved a significantly higher peak VO2 than those who underwent MCT (mean difference 1.46ml/kg/min, 95% confidence interval 0.39 to 2.53; participants = 557; studies = 15; I2 = 65.7%; very low-quality evidence). The meta-regression analysis, conducted as a sub-analysis to explore possible causes of heterogeneity, revealed that the difference in peak VO2 between HIIT and MCT was inversely associated with body mass index (r = - 0.508, p = 0.028, 95% confidence interval - 0.95 to - 0.07).Our systematic review showed that HIIT achieved a higher peak VO2 than MCT in patients with HF. In addition, HIIT may be more effective in improving exercise tolerance in patients with low body mass index.

Aerobic Physical Training Attenuates Oxidative Stress in the Spinal Cord of Adult Rats Induced by Binge-like Ethanol Intake.

Binge drinking is the most frequent consumption pattern among young adults and remarkably changes the central nervous system; thus, research on strategies to protect it is relevant. This study aimed to investigate the detrimental effects of binge-like EtOH intake on the spinal cord of male rats and the potential neuroprotective effects provided by moderate-intensity aerobic physical training. Male Wistar rats were distributed into the 'control group', 'training group', 'EtOH group', and 'training + EtOH'. The physical training protocol consisted of daily 30-min exercise on a treadmill for 5 consecutive days followed by 2 days off during 4 weeks. After the fifth day of each week, distilled water ('control group' and 'training group') or 3 g/kg of EtOH diluted at 20% w/v ('EtOH group' and 'training + EtOH group') was administered for 3 consecutive days through intragastric gavage to simulate compulsive consumption. Spinal cord samples were collected for oxidative biochemistry and morphometric analyses. The binge-like EtOH intake induced oxidative and tissue damage by decreasing reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, increasing lipid peroxidation (LPO), and reducing motor neurons (MN) density in the cervical segment. Even under EtOH exposure, physical training maintained GSH levels, reduced LPO, and prevented MN reduction at the cervical segment. Physical training is a non-pharmacological strategy to neuroprotect the spinal cord against oxidative damage induced by binge-like EtOH intake.

The Positive Effect of Four-Week Combined Aerobic–Resistance Training on Body Composition and Adipokine Levels in Obese Females

Obesity is a metabolic disease that is caused by a lack of physical activity and is associated with an increased risk of chronic inflammation. A total of 40 obese adolescent females with an average age of 21.93 ± 1.35 years and average body mass index (BMI) of 30.81 ± 3.54 kg/m2 were enrolled in this study, randomized, and divided into four groups, i.e., control (CTL; n = 10), moderate intensity aerobic training (MAT; n = 10), moderate intensity resistance training (MRT; n = 10), and moderate intensity combined aerobic-resistance training (MCT; n = 10). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits method was used to analyze the adiponectin and leptin levels between pre-intervention and post-intervention. Statistical analysis was conducted using a paired sample t-test, while correlation analysis between variables used the Pearson product-moment correlation test. Research data showed that MAT, MRT, and MCT significantly increased adiponectin levels and decreased leptin levels compared to the CTL (p ≤ 0.05). The results of the correlation analysis of delta (∆) data showed that an increase in adiponectin levels was significantly negatively correlated with a decrease in body weight (BW) (r = -0.671, p ≤ 0.001), BMI (r = -0.665, p ≤ 0.001), and fat mass (FM) (r = -0.694, p ≤ 0.001) and positively correlated with an increase in skeletal muscle mass (SMM) (r = 0.693, p ≤ 0.001). Whereas, a decrease in leptin levels was significantly positively correlated with a decrease in BW (r = 0.744, p ≤ 0.001), BMI (r = 0.744, p ≤ 0.001), and FM (r = 0.718, p ≤ 0.001) and negatively correlated with an increase in SMM (r = -0.743, p ≤ 0.001). In summary, it can be concluded that our data show that adiponectin levels increased and leptin levels decreased after the intervention of aerobic, resistance, and combined aerobic-resistance training.

Physical Performance and Skeletal Muscle Transcriptional Adaptations Are Not Impacted by Exercise Training Frequency in Mice with Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease.

Exercise training is an important therapeutic strategy for lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, the effects of different exercise frequency on physiological adaptations remain unknown. Thus, this study compared the effects of a 7-week moderate-intensity aerobic training performed either three or five times/week on skeletal muscle gene expression and physical performance in mice with PAD. Hypercholesterolemic male ApoE-deficient mice were subjected to unilateral iliac artery ligation and randomly assigned to sedentary or exercise training regimens either three or five times/week. Physical performance was assessed using a treadmill test to exhaustion. Expression of genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, muscle fiber-type, angiogenesis, and inflammation was analyzed in non-ischemic and ischemic gastrocnemius muscles by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Physical performance was improved to the same extent in both exercise groups. For gene expression patterns, no statistical differences were observed between three or five times/week exercised mice, both in the non-ischemic and ischemic muscles. Our data show that exercising three to five times a week induces similar beneficial effects on performance. Those results are associated with muscular adaptations that remain identical between the two frequencies.